Cultural Anthropology: The Human Challenge

Front Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 15
CHAPTER 1 The Essence of Anthropology......Page 35
The Development of Anthropology......Page 37
The Anthropological Perspective......Page 38
Biocultural Connection: The Anthropology of Organ Transplantation......Page 40
Physical Anthropology......Page 41
Cultural Anthropology......Page 42
Anthropology Applied: Forensic Anthropology: Voices for the Dead......Page 43
Archaeology......Page 45
Anthropology, Science, and the Humanities......Page 47
Anthropologists of Note: Franz Boas, Matilda Coxe Stevenson......Page 48
Original Study: Fighting HIV/AIDS in Africa: Traditional Healers on the Front Line......Page 49
Questions of Ethics......Page 51
Anthropology and Globalization......Page 52
Suggested Readings......Page 54
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 55
CHAPTER 2 Characteristics of Culture......Page 57
Culture Is Learned......Page 59
Culture Is Shared......Page 60
Anthropology Applied: New Houses for Apache Indians......Page 64
Culture Is Integrated......Page 65
Culture Is Dynamic......Page 67
Culture and Adaptation......Page 68
Functions of Culture......Page 69
Culture and Change......Page 70
Culture, Society, and the Individual......Page 71
Evaluation of Culture......Page 72
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 74
CHAPTER 3 Ethnographic Research: Its History, Methods, and Theories......Page 75
Salvage Ethnography or Urgent Anthropology......Page 77
Acculturation Studies......Page 78
Studying Cultures at a Distance......Page 79
Peasant Studies......Page 80
Advocacy Anthropology......Page 81
Globalization and Multi-Sited Ethnography......Page 82
Preparatory Research......Page 84
Participant Observation......Page 85
Data Gathering: The Ethnographer’s Approach......Page 86
Anthropologists of Note: Gregory Bateson, Margaret Mead......Page 89
Challenges of Ethnographic Fieldwork......Page 90
Original Study: The Importance of Trobriand Women......Page 93
Putting It All Together: Completing an Ethnography......Page 94
Ethnology: From Description to Interpretation and Theory......Page 95
Ethnology and the Comparative Method......Page 96
Anthropology’s Theoretical Perspectives: An Overview......Page 97
Biocultural Connection: Pig Lovers and Pig Haters......Page 98
Questions for Reflection......Page 99
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 100
CHAPTER 4 Becoming Human: The Origin and Diversity of Our Species......Page 101
Evolution Through Adaptation......Page 103
Humans and Other Primates......Page 104
Anatomical Adaptation......Page 105
Original Study: Reconciliation and Its Cultural Modification in Primates......Page 107
Anthropologists of Note: Jane Goodall, Kinji Imanishi......Page 111
The First Bipeds......Page 112
Early Homo......Page 114
Tools, Food, and Brain Expansion......Page 115
Homo erectus and the Spread of the Genus Homo......Page 116
The Beginnings of Homo sapiens......Page 119
Race as a Social Construct......Page 124
Race as a Biological Construct......Page 126
Suggested Readings......Page 128
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 129
CHAPTER 5 Language and Communication......Page 131
Original Study: Language and the Intellectual Abilities of Orangutans......Page 134
Linguistic Research and the Nature of Language......Page 135
Descriptive Linguistics......Page 136
Syntax and Grammar......Page 137
Biocultural Connection: The Biology of Human Speech......Page 138
Historical Linguistics......Page 139
Processes of Linguistic Divergence......Page 140
Language in Its Social and Cultural Settings......Page 143
Sociolinguistics......Page 144
Ethnolinguistics......Page 145
Body Language......Page 148
The Origins of Language......Page 150
From Speech to Writing......Page 153
Literacy in Our Globalizing World......Page 154
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 155
CHAPTER 6 Social Identity, Personality, and Gender......Page 157
Enculturation: The Human Self and Social Identity......Page 159
Self-Awareness......Page 160
The Self and the Behavioral Environment......Page 162
Personality......Page 163
The Development of Personality......Page 164
Group Personality......Page 167
Anthropologists of Note: Margaret Mead, Ruth Fulton Benedict......Page 168
National Character......Page 169
Core Values......Page 170
Original Study: The Blessed Curse......Page 171
Sadhus: Holy Men in Hindu Culture......Page 176
A Cross-Cultural Perspective on Mental Disorders......Page 178
Ethnic Psychoses......Page 179
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 181
CHAPTER 7 Patterns of Subsistence......Page 183
Adaptation......Page 185
Adaptation in Cultural Evolution......Page 186
Biocultural Connection: Surviving in the Andes: Aymara Adaptation to High Altitude......Page 187
Characteristics of Foraging Communities......Page 191
Food-Producing Societies......Page 196
Crop Cultivation in Gardens: Horticulture......Page 198
Original Study: Gardens of the Mekranoti Kayapo......Page 199
Crop Cultivation: Agriculture......Page 200
Mixed Farming: Crop Growing and Animal Breeding......Page 201
Pastoralism......Page 203
Intensive Agriculture and Nonindustrial Cities......Page 204
Questions for Reflection......Page 207
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 208
CHAPTER 8 Economic Systems......Page 209
The Yam Complex in Trobriand Culture......Page 211
Control of Land and Water Resources......Page 213
Technology Resources......Page 214
Labor Resources and Patterns......Page 215
Distribution and Exchange......Page 218
Reciprocity......Page 219
Redistribution......Page 223
Market Exchange......Page 225
Local Cultures and Economic Globalization......Page 227
Biocultural Connection: Cacao: The Love Bean in the Money Tree......Page 228
Anthropology Applied: Anthropology in the Corporate Jungle......Page 229
Questions for Reflection......Page 230
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 231
CHAPTER 9 Sex, Marriage, and Family......Page 233
Marriage and the Regulation of Sexual Relations......Page 236
The Incest Taboo......Page 239
Endogamy and Exogamy......Page 240
Monogamy......Page 241
Polygamy......Page 242
Other Forms of Marriage......Page 244
Original Study: Arranging Marriage in India......Page 245
Cousin Marriage......Page 247
Same-Sex Marriage......Page 248
Marriage and Economic Exchange......Page 249
Divorce......Page 250
Family and Household......Page 251
Forms of the Family......Page 252
Residence Patterns......Page 256
Questions for Reflection......Page 257
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 258
CHAPTER 10 Kinship and Descent......Page 259
Unilineal Descent......Page 261
Biocultural Connection: Maori Origins: Ancestral Genes and Mythical Canoes......Page 262
Other Forms of Descent......Page 267
Original Study: Honor Killings in The Netherlands......Page 268
From Lineage to Clan......Page 270
Anthropology Applied: Resolving a Native American Tribal Membership Dispute......Page 271
Phratries and Moieties......Page 273
Bilateral Kinship and the Kindred......Page 274
Cultural Evolution of the Descent Group......Page 275
Eskimo System......Page 276
Hawaiian System......Page 277
Iroquois System......Page 278
Suggested Readings......Page 279
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 280
CHAPTER 11 Grouping by Gender, Age, Common Interest, and Class......Page 281
Grouping by Gender......Page 283
Grouping by Age......Page 284
Institutions of Age Grouping......Page 285
Grouping by Common Interest......Page 287
Original Study: The Jewish Eruv: Symbolic Place in Public Space......Page 288
Social Class and Caste......Page 291
Anthropology Applied: Anthropologists and Social Impact Assessment......Page 292
Biocultural Connection: African Burial Ground Project......Page 296
Maintaining Stratification......Page 297
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 299
CHAPTER 12 Politics, Power, and Violence......Page 301
Uncentralized Political Systems......Page 303
Centralized Political Systems......Page 308
Political Systems and the Question of Legitimacy......Page 312
Politics and Religion......Page 313
Political Leadership and Gender......Page 314
Externalized Controls......Page 316
Social Control Through Witchcraft......Page 317
Definition of Law......Page 318
Functions of Law......Page 319
Crime......Page 320
Violent Conflict and Warfare......Page 321
Anthropology Applied: Dispute Resolution and the Anthropologist......Page 322
Biocultural Connection: Sex, Gender, and Human Violence......Page 324
Suggested Readings......Page 327
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 328
CHAPTER 13 Spirituality, Religion, and the Supernatural......Page 329
Supernatural Beings and Powers......Page 333
Religious Specialists......Page 337
Biocultural Connection: Change Your Karma and Change Your Sex?......Page 339
Original Study: Healing among the Ju/’hoansi of the Kalahari......Page 340
Rites of Passage......Page 342
Anthropology Applied: Reconciling Modern Medicine with Traditional Beliefs in Swaziland......Page 343
Rites of Intensification......Page 344
Magic......Page 345
Witchcraft......Page 346
Ibibio Witchcraft......Page 347
The Functions of Witchcraft......Page 348
The Functions of Religion......Page 349
Religion and Culture Change: Revitalization Movements......Page 350
Questions for Reflection......Page 352
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 353
CHAPTER 14 The Arts......Page 355
The Anthropological Study of Art......Page 357
Visual Art......Page 359
Original Study: The Modern Tattoo Community......Page 360
Southern Africa Rock Art......Page 362
Verbal Art......Page 363
Myth......Page 364
Legend......Page 365
Tale......Page 367
Other Verbal Art......Page 368
Musical Art......Page 369
Functions of Art......Page 370
Functions of Music......Page 371
Art, Globalization, and Cultural Survival......Page 374
Suggested Readings......Page 375
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 376
CHAPTER 15 Processes of Change......Page 377
Mechanisms of Change......Page 380
Innovation......Page 381
Diffusion......Page 383
Acculturation and Ethnocide......Page 385
Genocide......Page 387
Directed Change......Page 388
Reactions to Repressive Change......Page 389
Revitalization Movements......Page 391
Rebellion and Revolution......Page 392
Modernization......Page 394
Self-Determination......Page 395
Globalization in the “Underdeveloped” World......Page 397
Globalization: Must It Be Painful?......Page 398
Questions for Reflection......Page 399
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 400
CHAPTER 16 Global Challenges, Local Responses, and the Role of Anthropology......Page 401
Global Culture......Page 403
Is the World Coming Together or Coming Apart?......Page 404
Global Culture: A Good Idea or Not?......Page 406
Ethnic Resurgence......Page 407
Cultural Pluralism and Multiculturalism......Page 408
The Rise of Global Corporations......Page 409
Original Study: Standardizing the Body: The Question of Choice......Page 413
Structural Power in the Age of Globalization......Page 414
Problems of Structural Violence......Page 417
Hunger and Obesity......Page 418
Pollution......Page 420
Biocultural Connection: Toxic Breast Milk Threatens Arctic Culture......Page 422
The Culture of Discontent......Page 424
Questions for Reflection......Page 426
The Anthropology Resource Center......Page 427
Glossary......Page 428
Bibliography......Page 432
Index......Page 443