Cubic Zirconia and Skull Melting

CONTENTS......Page 5
PREFACE......Page 7
INTRODUCTION......Page 9
1.1. INDUCTION HEATING OF MATERIALS. DEVELOPMENT OF THEORY......Page 15
1.2. PARAMETERS OF DIRECT HF HEATING OF THE MELT......Page 27
1.3. THE MECHANISM OF MELTING OF DIELECTRICS BY THE HIGH-FREQUENCY FIELD......Page 30
2.1. SPECIAL FEATURES OF HEATING MATTER IN THE COLD CRUCIBLE......Page 39
2.2 STARTING HEATING......Page 40
2.3. MAINTAINING THE MELT IN THE STATIONARY STATE......Page 44
2.4 DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE IN THE MELT VOLUME......Page 47
2.5. EFFECT OF POROSITY OF THE INITIAL MATERIAL ON MELTING CONDITIONS......Page 53
3.1. RADIOFREQUENCY GENERATORS. COLD CRUCIBLE......Page 61
3.2. METHODS AND DEVICES FOR CONTROLLING AND REGULATING THE TEMPERATURE OF THE MELT......Page 69
4.1. THE COLD CRUCIBLE – EFFICIENT CHEMICAL REACTOR......Page 77
4.2. PRODUCTION OF MOLTEN MULLITE......Page 88
4.3. POLYCRYSTALLINE ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING CHROMITES OF YTTRIUM AND LANTHANUM......Page 92
5.1. GROWING CORUNDUM, RUBY AND OTHER CRYSTALS, USING A SEED (THE CZOCHRALSKI METHOD)......Page 99
5.2. DIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF THE MELT IN A COLD CRUCIBLE......Page 105
5.3. MODIFICATION OF THE PROCESS OF CRYSTALLISATION IN THE COLD CRUCIBLE......Page 123
6.1. ELEMENTS OF GLASS PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY......Page 130
6.2. OPTICAL HOMOGENEITY OF GLASS......Page 146
6.3. REFRACTORY GLASSES OF THE R2O3– Al2O3– SiO2 SYSTEM (R = Sc, Y, La, Nd, Er)......Page 155
7.1. POLYMORPHISM AND THE STRUCTURE OF PHASES OF PURE ZIRCONIA......Page 165
7.2. PHASE DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM ZrO2–R2O3 (WHERE R – Y, Eu, Gd, Yb)......Page 171
7.3. PRODUCTION OF FIANITES......Page 180
7.4. CRYSTAL CHEMISTRY OF THE CUBIC PHASE OF SOLID SOLUTIONS BASED ON ZIRCONIA......Page 190
7.5. DEFECTS IN THE STRUCTURE OF FIANITE CRYSTALS......Page 204
7.6. MECHANISMS OF FORMATION OF DEFECTS INFIANITES......Page 222
7.7. MECHANICAL STRESSES AND THERMAL ANNEALING OF FIANITES......Page 235
7.8. PHYSICOCHEMICAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF FIANITES......Page 245
7.9. OPTICAL AND SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF FIANITES......Page 251
7.10. ELECTROPHYSICAL, ACOUSTIC, ELASTIC AND PHOTOELASTIC PROPERTIES OF FIANITES......Page 261
7.11. JEWELLERY QUALITIES OF THE FIANITES......Page 268
8.1. PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN CRYSTALS OF PARTIALLY STABILISED ZIRCONIA......Page 280
8.2. THE PHASE COMPOSITION OF THE CRYSTALS OF PARTIALLY STABILISED ZIRCONIA......Page 290
8.3. PRODUCTION OF CRYSTALS OF PARTIALLY STABILISED ZIRCONIA......Page 293
8.4. THE DOMAIN STRUCTURE OF CRYSTALS OF PARTIALLY STABILISED ZIRCONIA......Page 296
8.5. THE MICROSTRUCTURE OF PARTIALLY STABILISED ZIRCONIA CRYSTALS......Page 303
8.6. THE MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF CRYSTALS OF PARTIALLY STABILISED ZIRCONIA......Page 310
8.7. THE STRENGTH CHARACTERISTICS OF CRYSTALS OF PARTIALLY STABILISED ZIRCONIA......Page 320
8.8. CURRENT VIEWS REGARDING THE MECHANISM OF HARDENING OF CRYSTALS OF PARTIALLY STABILISED ZIRCONIA......Page 329
8.9 MOST PROMISING AREAS OF APPLICATION OF CRYSTALS OF PARTIALLY STABILISED ZIRCONIA......Page 332
9.1. PRODUCTION OF C–OX CRYSTALS......Page 339
9.2. THE SPECTROSCOPIC PROPERTIES OF C–OX CRYSTALS......Page 345
9.3 EFFECT OF ANNEALING ON THE VALENCE STATE OF COBALT IN THE ZrO2–Y2O3 CRYSTALS......Page 355
9.4 USING C–OX CRYSTALS IN JEWELLERY INDUSTRY......Page 359
10. CONCLUSION......Page 360