CSAT Conceptual Approach to Paper II

Cover
Contents
Preface
Expressions of Gratitude
Diagnostic Test
	Guidance for the Diagnostic Test
	Chapter 1: Diagnostic Test
		OMR Answer Sheet
	Brief Solutions
Part 1: Numeracy and Problem Solving for the CSAT
	Chapter 1: Number System
		Some Important Definitions
		Various Types of Numbers
		Number Line
		Working with Numbers
		BODMAS Rule for Simplification
		Absolute Value
		Digits and 10: Building Blocks of Natural Numbers
		Tests of Divisibility
		Unit’s Digit in Products
		Unit’s Digit in Integral Powers of Natural Numbers
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 2: Square, Square Rootand Cube
		Introduction
		Some Important Definitions
		Procedure to Find Square and Cube Roots of Natural Numbers
		Properties of Square of Integer or Natural Number
		To Find Square Root of Fractions
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 3: Prime Numbers, Factorization and HCF and LCM
		Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
			‘Factor Tree’ Method
		Number System: Importance of Pattern Recognition
		Definitions
		HCF of Given Numbers
		Procedure to Find out the HCF of three or More Numbers
		Procedure to Find out the LCM of Given Natural Numbers
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 4: Decimal Fraction
		Introduction
			Definitions
		Conversion of Decimal Fraction into Vulgar Fraction
		Operations on Decimal Fractions
		Comparing Fractions using Decimals
		Recurring Decimals
		Types of Recurring Decimal
		Conversion of a Pure Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction
		Conversi on of a Mixed Recurring Decimal into Vulgar Fraction
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 5: Ratio, Proportionand Variation
		Introduction
		Properties of a Ratio
		Proportion
		Direct Variation
		Inverse Variation
		Some Important Results
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 6: Rule of Three and Chain
		Rule of Three
		Chain Rule
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 7: Partnership
		Introduction
		What is the Meaning of Partnership?
		Various Types of Partners
		How to Divide Profit/Loss Among Partners?
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 8: Percentage
		How to Find the Fraction Equivalent of a Given%
		How to Increase or Decrease a Number by a Given Percentage
		How to find % Increase and % Decrease of a Number
		Percentage Relation of Two Quantities in same Units—Effect of Switching the Base for Comparison
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 9: The Need for Algebra
		Use of Symbols
			Rules for Manipulation of Symbols
		BODMAS or PEMDAS
			Technique of Substitution
			Constants and Variables
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 10: Equations
		Linear Equations in One Unknown
			Equation—Definition and Example
			Techniques to Simplify Equations
			Linear Equation in One Unknown
		Simultaneous Linear Equations in Two Variables
			Introduction by Illustration
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 11: Problems on Ages
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 12: Power and Exponent
		Defining xn, n a positive integer
		Results Governing xn, n ∈ N + {0}
		Similarly, we can Define xp when p is a Fraction or –ve Number
		Definition of a Function
		General Characteristics of Some Important Functions
		Next, Let us take
		Let us Now Take the Third Function
		Squares and Cubes of Binomial Expressions
		Concept of Factorization
		Factorization of Difference of Squares and Cubes
		Reciprocals in Binomial Expressions
		Surds
		Rationalization of Binomial Surds
		Conclusion: The Multiplier Needed to Rationalize a Surd is Specific to the Surd
		Square/Cube Root of Surds
		Comparison of Surds
		Practice Exercise
		Additional Practice Exercise
	Chapter 13: Profit and Loss
		Terminology of Profit and Loss
		Problems on Discount
		Successive Discounts
		Dishonest Trader and His Gains
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 14 :Mixture and Alligations
		Introduction
			Cost of Mixture – Given the Cost of Ingredients
			Determination of Mixing Ratio—Given the Target Cost
			Two Mixtures (Alloys) of Same Ingredients
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 15: Simple and Compound Interest
		Simple and Compounded Interest : Basic Concepts
		Calculations for Simple Interest
		Calculations for Compound Interest
			Concept of Effective Interest Rate
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 16: Time and Work
		Introduction
		General Concepts and their Application
		Some Useful Results
			Work and Wages
		General Rules (Pipes and Cisterns )
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 17: Time and Distance
		Fundamental Relationships
		Unit Conversion
		Understanding Problems on Trains
		Understanding Problems on Boats and Streams
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 18: Set Theory
		Introduction
		Sets and Elements
		Specifying Sets
		Universal Set and Empty Set
		Subsets
		Venn Diagrams
		Set Operations
		Finite Sets, Counting Principle
		From the Above Discussion
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 19: Counting, Permutations and Combinations
		Preparatory Maths: Concept of Factorial
		Fundamental Principles of Counting
			Principle of Multiplication
			Principle of Addition
			Difference between the two principles
		Permutation
			The Concept of Permutation
			Derivation of the Formula for P(n, r)
			Permutation Under Certain Conditions
			Permutations with Repetitions
			Circular Permutations
		Combination
			Algebraic Properties of nCr
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 20: Probability Theory
		Introduction
			This Intuitive Result is Fundamental and Important
		Complementary Events
		Addition Principle
		Independent Events
		Geometric Probability
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 21: Inequalitie
		Introduction
			Application to Problems of Maxima and Minima
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 22: Quantitative Comparison
		Quantitative Comparisons
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 23: Quadratic Equation in One Variable
		Quadratic Equation and its Solution
		Properties of Roots of a Quadratic Equation
		Factorization: A Tool to Solve Quadratic Equations
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 24: Sequences and Progressions
		Definition and Illustrations
		Arithmetic Progression
		The Sum of First N Natural Numbers
		The Sum of the First N Terms of an AP in General
		Geometric Progression
		Infinite Geometric Series
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 25: Lines, Angles and Triangles
		Lines , Angles and Common Geometrical Figures
			Some Important Definitions
			Definitions: Exterior, Interior, Alternate Interior and Corresponding Angles
			Types of Angles
			Some Important Properties Related to Angles
		Triangles
			Various Types of Triangles
			Some Important Terms
			Important Properties Relating to Measure of Sides
			Pythagoras Theorem for Right Triangles
		Quadrilaterals
			Some Important Terms
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 26: Circles
		Some Important Definitions and Properties
		Important Properties of a Tangent Line
		Important Properties of a Chord
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 27: Mensuratio
		Figures in a Plane
			Introduction
			Rectangle
			Area of a Rectangle
			Diagonal of a Rectangle
			Triangle
			Parallelogram
			Area of a Parallelogram
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 28: Volume and Surface Area
		Introduction
		Rectangular Solid
			Definition
		Diagonal Length, Surface Area and Volume of a Rectangular Solid
		Cube
			Definition
		Cylinder
			Surface Areas and Volume of a Cylinder
		Cone
			Slant Height, Curved Surface and Volume of a Cone
		Sphere
			Surface Area and Volume of the Sphere
			Curved Surface Area of the Hemisphere
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 29: Measures of Central Tendency
		Introduction
		Various Measures of Central Tendency
			1 Mode
			2 Median
			3 Arithmetic Mean or Average
			Geometric Mean
			Amalgamation and Decomposition of Groups
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 30: Measures of Dispersion
		Comparis on of Mean and Median
		Dispersion of Data
		Range
		Weakness of Range
		Variance
		Mathematical Formulae for Statistical Measures
			Effects of Shifting the Origin and Changing the Scale of Measurements
		IELTS Test in Sheridan College, Canada
		Concept of Frequency and its Uses
		Practical Significance of Standard Deviation
		Cumulative Frequency Table
		Top and Bottom Performers: Percentiles
		Quartiles
		Practice Exercise
		Answers to Quizzes
	Chapter 31: Calendar
		Introduction
		Concept of an Extra Day
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 32: Clocks
		Introduction
		Question Sources
			Definition
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 33: Races
		Definitions
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 34: Introduction to Rectangular Co-ordinates
		(A) Rectangular Coordinates
		(B) Quadrants
		Distance between Two Points
		Section Formulae
		Area of a Triangle in Special Situations
		Change of Axis of Reference
			Shifting of Origin
		Practice Exercise
Part 2: General Mental Ability for the CSAT
	Chapter 1: Pictorial Reasoning
		Introduction
			Definitions
		Linear Movement/Rotation
			Rotation about the vertical and horizontal axes: Mirror and water images
			Mirror images-properties
			Water image-porperties
			Mirror and Water Images of Digits and Letters of Alphabet
			Types of Questions in Competitive Exams
			Types of Questions on Series
			Classification or Identification of the Odd Figure
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 2: Geometric Perception
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 3: Number Series
		Building Blocks of Number Series
		Combination of Building Blocks
		Practice Exercise
	Chapter 4: Coding and Decoding
		Characteristics of Letters in English Alphabet
		Ordinal Number of Letters and Quick Counting
		Reverse Counting of Alphabets
		Practice Exercise
Part 3: Logical, Analytical and Critical Reasoning
	Section 1: Logical Reasoning
		Chapter 1: Everybody Needs Logic
			Everybody Needs Logic
			Question Types
			An Argument—What it Means
			Deductive Argument: An illustration
			Inductive Argument : An Example
				First Task: Understanding the Structure of the Argument
				Recognizing Conclusion
				Recognizing Premises
				Hidden Assumptions: A Potential Pitfall
			Practice Exercise
		Chapter 2: Venn Diagrams and Syllogism Problems
			Introduction
				Structure of a Syllogism
				Essentials of a Venn Diagram
				Scope of the Terms in a Categorical Statement
				Testing Arguments by Venn Diagrams
				Venn Diagrams of Categorical Statements
				Conclusion from Single Categorical Statement
				Concept of Contradiction
				General Method of Testing Arguments by Venn Diagram
				Modified Syllogism
			Practice Exercise
		Chapter 3: Truth-table
			Practice Exercise
		Chapter 4: Unraveling Assumptions and Administrative Course of Action
			Statement —Assumptions
			Statement and Courses of Action
			Statement —Conclusions
			Degree of Truth or Falsity
			Strong and Weak Arguments
			Practice Exercise
	Section 2: Analytical Reasoning
		Chapter 1: Analytical Reasoning
			Question Format
			Architecture of an Analytical Reasoning Problem
			Truth from Half-truths
			Any Tickery? - Not really
		Chapter 2: Games with Multifarious Situations
			Game 1
				Musical Chair with Seating Restrictions
			Game 2
				Workflow in an Insurance Company
			Game 3
				Scheduling of sports and cultural events in Vizag
			Game 4
				Assorting candies for Gift Wrapping
			Game 5
				Selecting team from among Individuals with Partnering Preferences
			Game 6
				Scheduling for a Nautanki Crazy Guy
			Game 7
				Round the Table at Sarvodaya College Board Meeting
			Game 8
				Relative Locations of Parallel Roads in Cutenagar
			Game 9
				Planning Tour of Daler Mehndi’s Troupe
			Game 10
				Trekking in Manali
			Game 11
				How was the Dog that Moved my Cheese?
			Game 12
				Who had the Highest Sale of nuts?
			Game 13
				Seven Friends on a Circular Table
		Chapter 3: Attribute Search Questions
			Practice Exercise
		Chapter 4: Magnitude Comparison of More Than Two Entities
			Practice Exercise
		Chapter 5: Direction Problems
			Practice Exercise
		Chapter 6: Family Related Questions
			Practice Exercise
	Section 3: Critical Reasoning
		Chapter 1: Cause and Effect: Important Foundation of Critical Reasoning
			Theory of Causation
			Cause and Effect—Temporal Relationship
			Regularity —The Second Aspect of Causality
			Mechanics of Causation
			Necessary and Sufficient Causes
			Necessary Cause
			Sufficient Cause
			Interceptors
			Methods of Identifying the Cause of Phenomenon
			Method of Agreement
			Method of Difference
			Joint Applicati on of Agreement and Difference
		Chapter 2: Fallacies: Avoiding Invalid Arguments
			Hasty Generalization/Scanty Evidence
			Post Hocreasoning
			Ad Hominem Attack
			A Dubious Assumption
			The Excluded Middle
			Circularreasoning/Tautology
			Appeal to Popularity of a Position/Bandwagon Argument
			Illegitimate Use of Authority
			Shifting of Terms
			Argument by Analogy
			Example
			‘You too’ Fallacy
			Straw Manfallacy
		Chapter 3: Strategy of Answering Critical Reasoning Questions
			General Strategy
				Type I: Pick the Rebuttal
				Type II: Unearth the Assumption
				Type III: Weigh New Evidence
				Type IV: Draw Your Own Conclusion
			Warnings
				Forget What You Know
				Don’t Think Outside The Box
			Practice Exercise
Part 4: Decision Making for the CSAT
	Chapter 1: Decision Making Under Specific Conditions
	Chapter 2: Decision Making in Civil Services
		Introduction
		Origins of Moral/Ethical Doctrines
		Sources of Moral Principals for Civil Servants
		Perspective of Possible Questions
	Chapter 3: Good Governance and Decision Making
		Introduction
		Origin of the Phrase
		Mandates of Good Governance
			Strengthening of PRIs
			Transparency
			RTI act—Dawn of new era
			Potential impact of rti act
			Accountability
			Accountability in regard to position— Not just own action
			Inclusiveness
			Rule of law
			Focus on outcomes
			Effective and efficient public service through e-governance
		Good Examples of IT Application in Public Services
			Integrity in public services
			Meaning of integrity
			Importance of regulators in infrastructure sector
		Practice Exercise
		Hints and Solutions
Part 5: Data Interpretation for the CSAT
	Chapter 1: Speed-maths for Data Interpretation
		Answers
	Chapter 2: Data Interpretation
		Intelligent Use of Units
		Practice Exercise 1
		Practice Exercise 2
Part 6: Data Sufficiency
	Chapter 1: Data Sufficiency Questions –Solution Techniques
		Structure of Data Sufficiency Problem
			Concept of Sufficiency
		General Method to Solve DS Problem
		DS Tree in Steps
		Smaller Tree—A Time-saver
		A Suggestion to Save Time
		Warnings : Pitfalls to Avoid
			Do not trim the steps 1-4
			Do not construe data narrowly
			Three Statement DS Question – A Sample
		Practice Questions: Set 1
		Practice Questions: Set 2
		Practice Questions: Set 3
		Practice Questions: Set 4
Part 7: English Language Comprehension Skills
	Chapter1: English Language Comprehension Skills
		Introduction
		Methods of Testing Comprehension Skills
		Comprehension—What it Means
			About Ideas
			About Facts
			About Arguments
			About Purpose
			About Tone and Attitude
		Types of Passages
			Data-driven Passages
			Descriptive Passages
			Analytical Passages
			Philosophical or Abstract Passages
			Motivational or Inspirational Passages
			Question Type
			Strategy of Answering the Questions
		Solved Passages
		Practice Exercise
Part 8: Comprehension
	Chapter 1: Comprehension
Part 9: Interpersonal and Communication Skills
	Chapter 1: Interpersonal and Communication Skills
		Introduction
		Interpersonal Behaviour—One Necessary Key to a Blazing Career
		Behaviour is the Man
		Goodwill Accounts
		Challenge of Creating and Keeping Positive Goodwill Balance
		Accumulating Debit Balance—Implies Obligation
		Understanding Others’ Needs: Legitimate or Otherwise
		Value of Intent Listening in Communication
		No Interruption, Please
		OK and Not-OK Positions in Interaction between two Individuals
		In Praise of Assertiveness
		Being Politely Assertive
		Ego—A Big Problem
		Avoidance of Stereotypes and Prejudices
		Managing Emotions for Better Interpersonal Relations
		Dealing with Anger
		Channels of Communication
		Multiplying Channels of Communication
		Filtering of Communication
		Self-filtering of Communication
		Becoming Artful Critic
		From the Other Side of the Table
		Personal Space
		The Power Seat
		Aggressive Proxemics
		Biological Need for Space
		Intimate Distance
		Personal Distance
		Impersonal Distance
		Public Distance
		Group Dynamics
			Purpose, Structure and Goal-focus of Teamwork
			Chairperson’s Role
			Participant’s Role
			Challenges of the Solution Provider Team
		Practice Exercise
Part 10: Mock Tests
	Guidance for the Mock Tests
	Chapter 1: Mock Test 1
		OMR Answer Sheet
		Brief Solutions
	Chapter 2: Mock Test 2
		OMR Answer Sheet
		Brief Solutions
	Chapter 3: Mock Test 3
		OMR Answer Sheet
		Brief Solutions
	Chapter 4: Mock Test 4
		OMR Answer Sheet
		Brief Solutions
	Chapter 5: Mock Test 5
		OMR Answer Sheet
		Brief Solutions