Cryogenic Receivers

Contents
Preface
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Chapter 1
Introduction
	1.1. General
	1.2. Goals of Present Work
	References
Chapter 2
Review on State-of-the-Art  of Receiver Systems  with Superconducting  Electronic Components
	2.1. Some National and European Programs
	2.2. Systems with Superconducting  Filters and Cold LNA
		2.2.1. Superconducting Technology Inc. (STI)
		2.2.2. HYPRES Inc.
		2.2.3. Tsinghua University
		2.2.4. Cryoelectra GmbH with other European and Chinese Institutions
		2.2.5. Tianjin Hi-tech Developments Inc.
		2.2.6. Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science
		2.2.7. Toshiba Corporation: Communication System
		2.2.8. NTT DoCoMo Inc.
		2.2.9. University of Birmingham
		2.2.10. Chung-Shan Institute of Science, Taiwan
		2.2.11. Radars and Communication Systems for Space Applications
	2.3. Array Antenna with SC Filters  and Other Cold Elements
		2.3.1. S-Band 8 Element Transceiver Module with Cold Bandpass Filter and LNA
		2.3.2. 16 Element Transceiver Module with Cold Limiter, Bandpass Filter and LNA
		2.3.3. X-Band 16 Element Transceiver Module with Cold Bandpass Filters and LNA
		2.3.4. X-Band 16 Element Transceiver Module with Cold Phase Shifters, 16 Way Divider/Combiner, Tx-Rx Switch, Limiter and LNA
		2.3.5. Superconducting Antenna, Filter and CMOS-Based LNA
	2.4. Chapters 2.2 and 2.3: Lessons Learnt,  Future Trends and Research Activities
		2.4.1. Future Work, Trends and Research Activities
	2.5. HYPRES Inc. Systems with SC  Electronics Based on RSFQ Logic
		2.5.1. General Description
		2.5.2. First Generation
		2.5.3. Second Generation
		2.5.4. Third Generation
		2.5.5. Fourth Generation
		2.5.6. Most Critical Components
			2.5.6.1. ADC
				2.5.6.1.1. Flash-Type ADC
				2.5.6.1.2. Phase Modulation-Demodulation (PMD) Oversampling ADC
				2.5.6.1.3. Bandpass Δ-Σ ADC
				2.5.6.1.4. Time-to-Digital Converters (TDC)
				2.5.6.1.5. ADC with Current Measurements at Input
			2.5.6.2. Digital Signal Processor (DSP)
			2.5.6.3. Decimation Digital Filter (DDF)
			2.5.6.4. Decerializer (Demultiplexer)
			2.5.6.5. Correlation-Based Matched Filter
			2.5.6.6. Digital Channelizer
			2.5.6.7. Clock
			2.5.6.8. DAC
			2.5.6.9. Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) for Digital-RF Transmitter
			2.5.6.10. Digital-RF (Asynchronous) Switch Matrix (Non-Blocking and Multicasting)
			2.5.6.11. Data Transfer
		2.5.7. Future Trends and Area of Possible Research Activities
	2.6. Superconductor Antennas
		2.6.1. General
		2.6.2. Loop and Dipole Antenna
		2.6.3. Microstrip Antenna
		2.6.4. Array Antennas
		2.6.5. Trends and Future Activities
	2.7. Antenna Based On SQUID/SQIF Elements
		2.7.1. General
		2.7.2. SQIF/bi-SQUID Antenna Working at 4K Temperature Level
		2.7.3. SQIF/bi-SQUID Antenna Working at 40-80K Temperature Level
		2.7.4. Short Summary of Experimental Data
		2.7.5. Trends and Future Activities
	2.8. Filters
		2.8.1. General
		2.8.2. Non-Tunable Filters
		2.8.3. Duplexer and Multiband Filters
		2.8.4. Tunable Filters
		2.8.5. High Power Filters
		2.8.6. Trends and Future Activities
	2.9. Power Limiters
	2.10. Other Developments
		2.10.1. Analogue SQUID
		2.10.2. Digital SQUID and Digital DROS
		2.10.3. Mixers Realized on Josephson Junction
		2.10.4. Trends and Future Activities
	References
Chapter 3
Overall Design of L-Band Phased Array Antenna System Based on Parallel Operations of Superconductor and Semiconductor (Conventional) Electronics
	3.1. RF Parameters: Specification
	3.2. RF Design: Advantages of  “Conventional” Cryogenic Receiver
		3.2.1. Superconducting Limiter
		3.2.2. Superconducting Filter
		3.2.3. LNA
		3.2.4. Matching Network
		3.2.5. Summary
	3.3. Main Components and Estimation of Cold  and Warm Receiver Noise Figures
	3.4. Cold LNA
	3.5. Superconducting Filters
	3.6. Cold Antenna
		3.6.1. Possible Choices of Cold Antenna
		3.6.2. “RF-Unit-Cell” Design
			3.6.2.1. RF-Unit-Cell with cold antenna
	3.7. Warm Antenna
	3.8. Comments to Chapter 3
	References
Chapter 4
HF Design of Phased Array Antenna System Based on SC Electronics  with Cold Antenna
	4.1. Case 1: Superconducting Filter and Cold LNA
	4.2. Case 2: Superconducting Antenna,  Filter and Cold LNA
	4.3. Case 3: Electrically Small Active Antenna Based on bi-SQUID/SQIF Elements at 77K or 4K
		4.3.1. SQIF/bi-SQUID Antenna Working  at 4K Temperature Level
		4.3.2. SQIF/bi-SQUID Antenna Working at 40-80K Temperature Level
	4.4. Case 4: Digital SQUID and Digital DROS
	4.5. Case 5: Superconducting Filter  and Antenna for High Power Operation
	4.6. Case 6: SQUID-Based Downconverter
	4.7. Case 7: Digital Receiver Based  on HYPRES Inc. Development
		4.7.1. Digital Receiver with Warm Antenna
		4.7.2. Digital Receiver with bi-SQUID/SQIF Antenna  at 4K Temperature Level
	4.8. Case 8: Digital Transmitter  (Direct Digital Synthesizer)
		4.8.1. DAC
		4.8.2. Some Prototypes Built
	4.9. Case 9: SFQ-Based Computer
	References
Chapter 5
Mechanical, Cryogenic  and Vacuum Designs of Receiver
	5.1. Requirements
	5.2. Modular Cryostats with Separate  Vacuum Vessel and Cryocooler
		5.2.1. Modular Design of Cold Antenna  and Electronics at 40-80K Temperature Level
		5.2.2. Modular Design of Cold Antenna  and Electronics at 4 K Temperature Level
	5.3. Comments and Notes to Chapter 5
	References
Conclusion
Appendix A: “Most Significant Change to Satellite Communications Worldwide in 30 Years”
	Superconductivity: Applications in Wireless Communications
		HTS Filters
		All-Digital Receivers
		“Most Significant Change to Satellite Communications Worldwide in 30 Years”
		Issues and Recommendations
Appendix B: Application of 4th Generation ADR with Multiple Channels for Naval Radio  Frequency Systems
	Who
	What
	When
	How
About the Author
Index
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