Crowley's An Introduction to Human Disease. Pathology and Pathophysiology Correlations

Dedication
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
New to This Edition
About the Authors
Acknowledgments
Reviewers
A Visual Walkthrough
Case Studies
Teaching and Learning Aids
1 General Concepts of Disease: Principles of Diagnosis
	What Is Disease?
	How Do We Know We Are Sick?
	Classifications of Disease
	Principles of Diagnosis
		The History
		The Physical Examination
	Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
	Choosing a Diagnostic Test
	Classification of Diagnostic Tests and Procedures
		Clinical Laboratory Tests
		Imaging Techniques
		Imaging Technology to Detect Specific Molecules and Processes
		Ultrasound
		Cytologic and Histologic Examinations
		Tests of Electrical Activity
		Endoscopy and Laparoscopy
		Treatment
2 Cells and Tissues: Their Structure and Function in Health and Disease
	Organization of Cells
	The Cell
		The Nucleus
		The Cytoplasm
		Major Cell Organelles and Their Functions
	Tissues
		Epithelium
		Connective and Supporting Tissues
		Muscle Tissue
		Nerve Tissue
	Organs and Organ Systems
	The Germ Layers and Their Derivatives
	Movement of Materials Into and Out of Cells
		Diffusion and Osmosis
		Active Transport
	Adaptations of Cells to Changing Conditions
		Atrophy
		Hypertrophy and Hyperplasia
		Metaplasia
		Dysplasia
		Changes in Enzyme Synthesis
	Cell Injury, Cell Death, and Cell Necrosis
		Cell Injury
		Cell Death and Cell Necrosis
		Programmed Cell Death: Apoptosis
	Aging and the Cell
3 Genes, DNA, Chromosomes, and Cell Division
	Introduction
	Genes and Inheritance Patterns
		X Chromosome Inactivation: The Lyon Hypothesis
		Chromosome Analysis
	The Structure of DNA in the Chromosomes
		Duplication (Replication) of DNA
		Translation of DNA into Proteins
		Mitochondrial Genes and Inheritance
	Cell Division
		Mitosis
		Meiosis
	Gametogenesis
		Spermatogenesis
		Oogenesis
		Comparison of Spermatogenesis and Oogenesis
	New Research on Genes
		Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms
		Genes and Recombinant DNA Technology (Genetic Engineering)
4 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases
	Introduction
	Intrauterine Injury
		Harmful Drugs and Chemicals
		Radiation
		Maternal Infections
	Genetic Disease
	Chromosomal Abnormalities
		Chromosome Deletions and Translocations During Gametogenesis
		Chromosome Nondisjunction in the Zygote
		Sex Chromosome Abnormalities
		Autosomal Abnormalities
	Genetically Transmitted Diseases
		Autosomal Dominant Inheritance
		Autosomal Recessive Inheritance
		Codominant Inheritance
		X-Linked Inheritance
		Multifactorial Inheritance
	Prenatal Diagnosis of Congenital Abnormalities
5 Inflammation and Repair
	Introduction: Host Defense
	The Inflammatory Reaction
	Local and Systemic Effects
		Chemical Mediators of Inflammation
		The Role of Lysosomal Enzymes in the Inflammatory Process
		Harmful Effects of Inflammation
	Role of Inflammation in Infection
		Factors Influencing the Outcome of an Infection
		Role of Inflammatory Cells in Antimicrobial Defense
		Terminology of Infection
		Chronic Infection
6 Immunity, Hypersensitivity, Allergy, and Autoimmune Diseases
	Introduction: The Body’s Defense Mechanisms
	Innate Versus Adaptive Immunity
		Innate Immunity
		Adaptive Immunity
	Development of Immune Competence
		Formation of Antigen Binding Regions in T and B Cells
		Maturation of Other Cell Types (B Cells and Natural Killer Cells)
	Humoral Immunity
		T Cell Independent and Dependent Humoral Responses
		Antigen Dependent Lymphocyte Proliferation: B Cells
		B Cell Class Switching, Affinity Maturation, and Plasma Cell Production
		Effector Molecules of Humoral Immunity: Immunoglobulins
		Immunoglobulin Effector Functions
	The Role of Complement in Immune Responses
	HLA Types and Susceptibility to Disease
	Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune System–Related Tissue Injury
		Type I: Immediate Hypersensitivity Reactions (Allergy and Anaphylaxis)
		Type II: Hypersensitivity Reactions
		Type III: Tissue Injury Caused by Immune Complexes (“Immune Complex Disease”)
		Type IV: Delayed (Cell-Mediated) Hypersensitivity Reactions
	Suppression of the Immune Response
		Chemical Agents (Drugs)
		Biological Agents (Monoclonal Antibodies)
	Immunodeficiency Disease
	Tolerance and Its Failure: Autoimmune Disease
		Mechanisms of Tolerance Generation
		Failure of Tolerance: Autoimmune Disease
		Lupus Erythematosus
7 Neoplastic Disease
	Introduction
	Classification and Nomenclature
	Comparison of Benign and Malignant Tumors
	Benign Tumors
	Malignant Tumors
		Development of Malignant Neoplasms
	Growth of Neoplasms
	Necrosis in Tumors
	Genetic Change in Neoplastic Disease
		Proto-oncogenes
		Tumor Suppressor Genes
		DNA Repair Genes
		Genes Regulating Apoptosis
		Multistep Progression of Genetic Changes Leading to Cancer
		Viruses
		Chemical Carcinogens
		Failure of Immunologic Defenses
	Heredity and Tumors
	Diagnosis of Tumors
		Early Recognition of Neoplasms
		Cytologic Diagnosis of Neoplasms
		Fine Needle Aspiration
		Circulating Tumor Cells
		Frozen-Section Diagnosis of Neoplasms
		Tumor-Associated Antigen Tests
	Treatment of Tumors
		Grading and Staging Malignant Tumors
		Surgery
		Radiotherapy
		Hormone Therapy
		Anticancer Drugs
		Adjuvant Chemotherapy
		Immunotherapy
	Survival Rates in Neoplastic Disease
8 Pathogenic Microorganisms
	Introduction
	Bacteria
		Classification of Bacteria
		Identification of Bacteria
		Major Classes of Pathogenic Bacteria
		Antibiotic Treatment of Bacterial Infections
		Antibiotic Sensitivity Tests
		Adverse Effects of Antibiotics
		Chlamydiae
		Rickettsiae and Ehrlichiae
		Mycoplasmas
	Viruses
		Classification of Viruses
		Hemorrhagic Fevers
		Mode of Action
		Inclusion Bodies in Viral Disease
		Bodily Defenses Against Viral Infections
		Treatment with Antiviral Agents
	Fungi
		Superficial Fungal Infections
		Highly Pathogenic Fungi
		Other Fungi of Medical Importance
		Treatment of Systemic Fungal Infections
9 Parasitic Disease
	The Parasite and Its Host
	Infections Caused by Protozoa and Related Organisms
		Malaria
		Amebiasis
		Amebic Meningoencephalitis
		Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)
		Leishmaniasis
		Trichomiad Genital Tract Infections
		Giardiasis
		Toxoplasmosis
		Cryptosporidiosis
	Metazoal Infections
		Roundworms
		Tapeworms
		Flukes
	Arthropods
		Scabies
		Crab Louse Infestation
10 Communicable Disease Control and Sexually Transmitted Disease
	Methods of Transmission and Control
		Methods of Transmission
		Methods of Control
	Types of Communicable Disease
	Sexually Transmitted Diseases Other Than HIV
		Syphilis
		Gonorrhea
		Herpes
		Genital Chlamydial Infections
	Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections and AIDS
		HIV Transmission
		HIV Life Cycle
		Mother-to-Infant Transmission
		Manifestations of HIV Infection
		Measurement of Viral RNA and CD4 Lymphocytes as an Index of Disease Progression
		Complications of AIDS
		Vaccines and Prevention of HIV Infection
		Treatment of HIV Infection
11 The Cardiovascular System
	Cardiac Structure and Function
		Cardiac Valves
		Blood Supply to the Heart
		Conduction System of the Heart
		The Cardiac Cycle
		Blood Pressure
	Tools to Examine Cardiovascular Function
		The Electrocardiogram
		Echocardiography
	Heart Disease: An Introduction
	Congenital Heart Disease
		Cardiac Development and Prenatal Blood Flow
		Pathogenesis and Manifestations of Congenital Heart Disease
		Common Cardiovascular Abnormalities
	Primary Myocardial Disease
		Myocarditis
		Cardiomyopathy
	Valvular Heart Disease
		Rheumatic Fever and Rheumatic Heart Disease
		Nonrheumatic Aortic Stenosis
		Mitral Valve Prolapse
		Prosthetic (Artificial) Heart Valves
		Infective Endocarditis
	Cardiac Arrhythmias
		Atrial Fibrillation
		Treatment of Atrial Fibrillation
		Ventricular Fibrillation
		Heart Block
	Myocardial Ischemia and Its Complications: A “Heart Attack”
		Cardiac Arrest
		Acute Coronary Syndrome
		Diagnosis of Myocardial Infarction
		Treatment of Acute Coronary Syndrome (Unstable Angina and Myocardial Infarcts)
		Subsequent Treatment and Prognosis of Myocardial Infarction
		Location of Myocardial Infarcts
		Major Complications of Myocardial Infarcts
		Survival After Myocardial Infarction
	Risk Factors for Coronary Artery Disease
		Taking Aspirin to Reduce the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease
		Cocaine-Induced Arrhythmias and Myocardial Infarcts
	Heart Failure
		Pathophysiology and Treatment
		Acute Pulmonary Edema
		Types of Heart Failure
		Natriuretic Peptides in Heart Failure
12  Diseases of Blood Circulation
	Blood Vessels
		Factors Regulating Fluid Flow Between Capillaries and Interstitial Tissue
		Flow of Fluid into and Out of Capillaries
	Circulatory Disturbances: Introduction
	Venous Thrombosis and Pulmonary Embolism
		Large Pulmonary Emboli
		Small Pulmonary Emboli
		Diagnosis of Pulmonary Embolism
		Treatment of Pulmonary Embolism
	Embolism as a Result of Foreign Material
		Fat Embolism
		Amniotic Fluid Embolism
		Air Embolism
		Embolism of Particulate Foreign Material
	Varicose Veins
		Complications of Varicose Veins
		Treatment of Varicose Veins
		Varicose Veins in Other Locations
	Edema
		Pathogenesis and Classification of Edema
	Shock
		Classification
		Prognosis and Treatment
	Thrombosis at Nonvenous Sites
		Arterial Thrombosis
		Intracardiac Thrombosis
		Thrombosis in Patients with Cancer
	Atherosclerosis
		The Response to Injury Hypothesis
		Natural History of Atherosclerosis
	Risk Factors for Atherosclerotic Disease: Introduction
		Blood Lipids
		C-Reactive Protein
		Homocysteine
	Hypertension and Hypertensive Cardiovascular Disease
		Primary Hypertension
		Secondary Hypertension
		Treatment of Hypertension
	Hypertension and the Aorta: Aneurysms
		Arteriosclerotic Aneurysm
		Dissecting Aneurysm of the Aorta
		Diagnosis of Coronary Artery Disease
		Treatment of Coronary Artery Disease
13 The Hematopoietic and Lymphatic Systems
	The Hematopoietic System
		Composition and Function of Human Blood
	Normal Hematopoiesis
	Structure and Function of Hemoglobin
		Oxygen Transport by Hemoglobin
		Iron Metabolism and Hematopoiesis
		Methemoglobin
		Carboxyhemoglobin
	Anemia
		Etiologic Classification of Anemia
		Iron Deficiency Anemia
		Anemia of Chronic Disease
		Vitamin B12 and Folic Acid Deficiency
		Acute Blood Loss
		Accelerated Blood Destruction
		Diagnostic Evaluation of Anemia
	Polycythemia
		Secondary Polycythemia
		Primary Polycythemia
		Complications and Treatment of Polycythemia
	Thrombocytopenia
	The Lymphatic System
		Diseases of the Lymphatic System
	Leukemia
		Classification of Leukemia
		Precursors of Leukemia: The Myelodysplastic Syndromes
	Lymphomas
	Metastatic Tumors in Lymph Nodes
		The Enlarged Lymph Node as a Diagnostic Problem
	Principles of Treatment
		Hematopoietc Stem Cell Therapy (Bone Marrow Transplantation)
14 Abnormalities of Blood Coagulation
	Description of Hemostasis
	Blood Vessels and Their Endothelial Lining
		Abnormalities of the Vessel Wall and Endothelial Cells
	Blood Vessels and Platelets
		Abnormalities of Platelet Numbers or Function
	Plasma Coagulation Factors
	Coagulation Inhibitors and Fibrinolysis
	Calcium and Blood Coagulation
	Deficiency of Plasma Coagulation Factors
	Liberation of Procoagulant Material into the Circulation
	Laboratory Tests to Evaluate Hemostasis
15 The Respiratory System
	Oxygen Delivery: A Cooperative Effort
	Structure and Function of the Lungs
		Bronchi, Bronchioles, and Alveoli
		Ventilation
		Gas Exchange
	The Pleural Cavity
	Pulmonary Function Tests
	Pneumothorax
	Atelectasis
		Obstructive Atelectasis
		Compression Atelectasis
	Pneumonia
		Classification of Pneumonia
		Clinical Features of Pneumonia
	Additional Lung Infections: SARS, MERS, and COVID-19
	Pneumocystis Pneumonia
	Tuberculosis
		Course of a Tuberculous Infection
		Extrapulmonary Tuberculosis
		Diagnosis and Treatment of Tuberculosis
		Drug-Resistant Tuberculosis
	Bronchitis and Bronchiectasis
	Pulmonary Emphysema/Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
		Derangements of Pulmonary Structure and Function in Emphysema
		Pathogenesis of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
		Prevention and Treatment
		Emphysema as a Result of Alpha1 Antitrypsin Deficiency
	Bronchial Asthma
	Respiratory Distress Syndrome
		Respiratory Distress Syndrome of Newborn Infants
		Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome
	Pulmonary Fibrosis
	Vaping- (E-Cigarette-) Induced Lung Injury
	Lung Carcinoma
16 The Breast
	Structure and Physiology of the Breast
	Abnormalities of Breast Development
		Accessory Breasts and Nipples
		Unequal Development of the Breasts
		Breast Hypertrophy
		Gynecomastia
		Inflammatory Lesions of the Breast
		Nonproliferative Fibrocystic Change in the Breast
		Fibroadenoma
	Carcinoma of the Breast
		Breast Carcinoma Susceptibility Genes
		Classification of Breast Carcinoma
		Evolution of Breast Carcinoma
		Mammograms
		Clinical Manifestations
		Treatment
		Staging of Breast Cancer: The TNM System
		Staging of Breast Cancer: The Role of the Sentinel Node
		Surgical Techniques in Breast Cancer Therapy
		Overall Breast Cancer Therapy
		Metastatic Breast Cancer Therapy
17 The Female Reproductive System
	Anatomy of the Female Genital Tract
	The Menstrual Cycle
	Infections of the Female Genital Tract
		Vaginitis
		Cervicitis
		Salpingitis and Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
		Toxic Shock Syndrome
		Condylomas of the Genital Tract and HPV Infection
	Diseases of the Vulva
		Vulvar Intraepithelial Neoplasia
	Conditions of the Cervix
		Cervical Polyps
		Cervical Intraepithelial Lesions (CIN)
		HPV Vaccine
		Diagnosis and Treatment of Cervical Dysplasia
		Other Sites of HPV Infection
	Conditions of the Uterus
		Benign Proliferative Changes in the Uterus
		Uterine Leiomyomas
	Neoplastic Proliferative Changes in the Uterus
	Irregular Uterine Bleeding
		Dysfunctional (Abnormal) Uterine Bleeding
		Diagnosis and Treatment
	Endometriosis
	Dysmenorrhea
	Cysts and Tumors of the Ovary
		Nonneoplastic Lesions
		Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
		Ovarian Neoplasms
	Contraception
		Emergency Contraception
18 Prenatal Development and Conditions Associated with Pregnancy
	Fertilization and Prenatal Development
		Development of Gametes and Fertilization
		Early Development of the Fertilized Ovum
		Stages of Prenatal Development
		Duration of Pregnancy
	Decidua, Fetal Membranes, and Placenta
		The Decidua
		The Chorion and Chorionic Villi
		The Amniotic Sac
		The Yolk Sac
		The Placenta
		Amniotic Fluid
	Hormone-Related Conditions Associated with Pregnancy
	Gestational Diabetes
		Effects of Hyperglycemia on Pregnancy
	Spontaneous Abortion
	Ectopic Pregnancy
	Abnormal Attachment of the Umbilical Cord and Placenta
		Velamentous Insertion of the Umbilical Cord
		Placenta Previa
	Twins and Multiple Pregnancies
		Dizygotic (Fraternal) Twins
		Monozygotic (Identical) Twins
		Determination of Zygosity of Twins from Examination of Placenta
		Twin Transfusion Syndrome
		Vanishing Twins and Blighted Twins
		Conjoined Twins
		Disadvantages of Twin Pregnancies
	Toxemia of Pregnancy: Preeclampsia and Eclampsia
	Hydatidiform Mole and Choriocarcinoma
		Hydatidiform Mole
		Choriocarcinoma
	Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (Erythroblastosis Fetalis)
		Prevention of Rh Hemolytic Disease with Rh Immune Globulin
		Treatment of Hemolytic Disease
		ABO Hemolytic Disease
19 The Urinary System and Fluid Homeostasis
	Control of Overall Extracellular Water Volume and Osmolality
	Body Water Content
	Regulation of Plasma pH
		Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis
		Respiratory Control of pH
	Structure of the Urinary System
		The Kidneys
		The Ureters
		The Bladder and Urethra
		The Nephron
	Glomerular Function
		Filtration
		Control of Plasma Osmolality
		Control of Circulating Volume
	Structure of Renal Tubules
		Tubular Functions
		Tubular Sodium Reabsorption
		Tubular Water Reabsorption
	Diuretics and Renal Function
	Potassium Homeostasis
	Developmental Disturbances of the Urinary System
	Disturbances of Normal Renal Function
		Renal Failure (Uremia)
	Chronic Kidney Disease
		Definition and Frequency
		Pathophysiology of CKD
		Hypertensive Nephrosclerosis
		Diabetic Nephropathy
		End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD)
		Treatment for Renal Failure
	Diseases of the Renal Compartments
		Glomerular Disease
		Acute Renal Tubular Injury
		Tubulointerstitial Nephritis
	Other Renal Diseases
		Renal Cysts
		Congenital Polycystic Kidney Disease
	Tumors of the Urinary Tract
		Renal Cortical Tumors
		Transitional Cell Tumors
		Nephroblastoma (Wilms Tumor)
	Diseases of the Urinary Tract (Urological Disease)
		Infections of the Urinary Tract
		Vesicoureteral Reflux and Infection
		Urolithiasis
		Diagnostic Evaluation of Kidney and Urinary Tract Disease
20 The Male Reproductive System
	Structure and Function of the Male Reproductive Organs
	Diseases of the Male Reproductive System
		Gonorrhea and Nongonococcal Urethritis
		Prostatitis
		Nodular Hyperplasia of the Prostate (Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia)
		Adenocarcinoma of the Prostate
		Carcinoma of the Testis
		Carcinoma of the Penis
	Developmental Abnormalities
		Congenital Disorders of the Ureter
		Congenital Disorders of Penile Development
		Cryptorchidism
		Testicular Torsion
	Scrotal Abnormalities
		Hydrocele
		Varicocele
	Erectile Dysfunction
		Physiology of Penile Erection
		Causes of Erectile Dysfunction
		Treatment
21 The Liver and the Biliary System
	Structure and Function of the Liver
	Causes and Effects of Liver Injury
	Viral Hepatitis
		Clinical Manifestations and Course
		Hepatitis A
		Hepatitis B
		Hepatitis C
		Hepatitis D (Delta Hepatitis)
		Hepatitis E
		Other Hepatitis Viruses
	Fatty Liver
	Alcoholic Liver Disease
	Nonalcoholic Liver Disease
	Cirrhosis of the Liver
		Impaired Liver Function
		Portal Hypertension
		Hepatic Encephalopathy
	Procedures to Treat Manifestations of Cirrhosis
		Liver Transplantation
	Bile: Formation and Excretion
	Jaundice
		Hemolytic Jaundice
		Hepatocellular Jaundice
		Obstructive Jaundice
	Biliary Cirrhosis
		Primary Biliary Cirrhosis
		Secondary (Obstructive) Biliary Cirrhosis
	Cholelithiasis (Gallstones)
		Factors Affecting the Solubility of Cholesterol in Bile
		Formation of Gallstones
		Complications of Gallstones
	Tumors of the Liver
22 The Pancreas and Diabetes Mellitus
	Structure and Function of the Pancreas
	Pancreatitis
		Acute Pancreatitis
		Chronic Pancreatitis
	Cystic Fibrosis of the Pancreas
	Role of Insulin in Metabolism
	Diabetes Mellitus
		Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus
		Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
		Prediabetes
		Gestational Diabetes
		Diabetes and the Metabolic Syndrome
		Monitoring Control of Diabetes
		Treatment of Diabetes
		Complications of Diabetes
		Other Causes of Hyperglycemia
	Hypoglycemia
	Tumors of the Pancreas
23 The Gastrointestinal Tract
	Structure and Functions
	Abnormalities of the Oral Cavity
		Cleft Lip and Cleft Palate
		Abnormalities of Tooth Development
		Inflammation of the Oral Cavity
		Tumors of the Oral Cavity
		Tumors of the Oropharyngeal Cavity
	Diseases of the Esophagus
		Cardiac Sphincter Dysfunction
		Gastric Mucosal Tears
		Esophageal Obstruction
	Diseases of the Stomach
		Gastritis
		Peptic Ulcer
		Carcinoma of the Stomach
	Diseases of the Small Intestine
		Acute Viral Gastroenteritis
		Acute Bacterial Gastroenteritis
		Meckel Diverticulum
	Disturbances of Bowel Function: Food Intolerance
		Lactose Intolerance
		Gluten Intolerance
		Irritable Bowel Syndrome
	Inflammatory Diseases of the Bowel
		Appendicitis
		Chronic Enteritis
		Crohn Disease
		Chronic Ulcerative Colitis
		Treatment of Chronic Enteritis
		Pseudomembranous Colitis
	Structural Diseases of the Bowel
		Intestinal Obstruction
		Mesenteric Thrombosis
	Diseases of the Colon and Anus
		Diverticulosis and Diverticulitis
		Tumors of the Bowel
		Imperforate Anus
		Hemorrhoids
	Diagnostic Evaluation of Gastrointestinal Disease
	Eating Disorders
		Obesity
		Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia Nervosa
	Chronic Malnutrition: Its Causes and Effects
		Causes of Malnutrition
24 The Endocrine Glands
	Endocrine Functions and Dysfunctions
	The Pituitary Gland
		Pituitary Hormones
		Physiologic Control of Pituitary Hormone Secretion
	Effects of Abnormalities in the Secretion of Tropic Hormones
		Pituitary Hypofunction
		Pituitary Tumors
		Overproduction of Growth Hormone
		Overproduction of Prolactin
	The Thyroid Gland
		Actions of Thyroid Hormone
		Goiter
		Hyperthyroidism
		Hypothyroidism
		Chronic Thyroiditis: Hashimoto Thyroiditis
		Tumors of the Thyroid
	The Parathyroid Glands and Calcium Metabolism
		Hyperparathyroidism
		Hypoparathyroidism
	The Adrenal Glands
		The Adrenal Cortex
		Sex Hormones
		Disturbances of Adrenal Cortical Function
		The Adrenal Medulla
		Tumors of the Adrenal Medulla
		Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia Syndrome (MEN)
		Hormone Production by Nonendocrine Tumors
		Endocrine Function of the Pancreatic Islets
		The Gonads
	Stress and the Endocrine System
25 The Nervous System
	Structure and Function
	Interaction of Nervous System with Muscles
	Muscle Paralysis
		Flaccid Paralysis
		Spastic Paralysis
	Development of the Nervous System
	Neural Tube Defects
		Anencephaly
		Spina Bifida
		Prenatal Detection of Neural Tube Defects
	Hydrocephalus
		Congenital Hydrocephalus
		Acquired Hydrocephalus
		Treatment of Hydrocephalus
	Cerebral Injury
	Stroke
		Cerebral Thrombi
		Stroke Caused by Arteriosclerosis of Extracranial Arteries
		Cerebral Hemorrhage
		Manifestations of Stroke
		Rehabilitation of the Stroke Patient
	Other Types of Neurologic Dysfunction
		Transient Ischemic Attack
		Multi-Infarct Vascular Dementia
		Cerebral Aneurysm
	Infections of the Nervous System
		Meningitis Caused by Bacteria and Fungi
		Viral Infections
		Poliomyelitis
		Neurologic Manifestations of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infections
		Manifestations of Prion Infection
	Other Diseases of the Nervous System
		Alzheimer’s Disease
		Multiple Sclerosis
		Parkinson Disease
		Huntington Disease
		Spinocerebellar Degenerative Disease
		Motor Neuron Degenerative Disease (ALS)
	Tumors of the Nervous System
		Peripheral Nerve Tumors
		Tumors of the Brain
	Peripheral Nerve Disorders
		Polyneuropathies (Peripheral Neuritis)
		Guillain-Barré Syndrome
		Peripheral Nerve Injury
26 The Musculoskeletal System
	Structure and Function of the Skeletal System
		Bone Formation
		Bone Growth and Remodeling
		Bone Growth Disturbances Caused by Vitamin D Deficiency: Rickets and Osteomalacia
	Congenital Malformations of the Skeletal System
		Abnormal Bone Formation
		Malformation of Fingers and Toes
		Congenital Clubfoot (Talipes)
		Congenital Dislocation of the Hip (Hip Dysplasia)
	Arthritis
		Rheumatoid Arthritis
		Osteoarthritis
		Gout
	Fracture of Bone
	Infection of Bone
		Hematogenous Osteomyelitis
		Osteomyelitis as a Result of Direct Implantation of Bacteria
		Clinical Manifestations and Treatment
	Tumors of Bone
	Metabolic Bone Disease: Osteoporosis
	Osteonecrosis (Avascular Necrosis)
	Structure and Function of the Spine
		Scoliosis
		Intervertebral Disk Disease
	Structure and Function of the Thorax
		Chest Wall Abnormalities
	Connective Tissue Disease
	Structure and Function of Skeletal Muscle
		Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
		Myasthenia Gravis
		Factors Affecting Muscular Structure and Function
		Inflammation of Muscle (Myositis)
	Muscular Dystrophy
Glossary
Index