Critical Thinking in Contemporary Dermatology - Cognitive Essays (Apr 25, 2024)_(9819704103)_(Springer)

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: The Outer Brain: Ten Amazing Ways the Skin and Brain Connect
	1.1	 How Does the Human Skin Microbiome Influence Our Brain and Mental Status?
	1.2	 Touch: The Primary Brain-Skin Connection
	1.3	 Phantom Vibration Syndrome and Hypervigilance
	1.4	 How Did the Evolution of Hairlessness Help Us to Stay Alive and Create Bigger Brains?
	1.5	 How Can the Skin Provide a Way to Detect Brain Abnormalities?
	1.6	 Do Women and Men Feel and Remember Touch Differently?
	1.7	 What Does the Skin Reveal About Psychiatric Disorders?
	1.8	 What Are the Connections Between Touch, Sight, Hearing, and Mental Illness?
	1.9	 How Does Aging Skin Contain Clues About Aging Brains?
	1.10	 How Can We Deliver Life-Enhancing Therapy to the Brain via the Skin?
	1.11	 Summary
	References
2: Skin Aging
	2.1	 Clinical Features and Pathology
	2.2	 Genetics
	2.3	 Mechanisms
		2.3.1	 DNA Damage and Premature Senescence
		2.3.2	 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Degradation
		2.3.3	 Oxidative Stress and Inflammaging
		2.3.4	 Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs)
		2.3.5	 Neuroendocrine System
		2.3.6	 Dysbiosis
		2.3.7	 Epigenetics
		2.3.8	 Sirtuins
	2.4	 Extrinsic Factors and Their Mechanisms Leading to Skin Aging
	2.5	 Prevention and Treatment of Skin Aging
	2.6	 Prevention of Skin Aging
		2.6.1	 Photoprotection and Sunscreens
		2.6.2	 Antioxidants
		2.6.3	 Dietary and Lifestyle Measures
	2.7	 Treatment of Skin Aging
		2.7.1	 Retinoids
		2.7.2	 Botulinum Toxins, Fillers, and Rejuvenation Procedures
	2.8	 Conclusion
	References
3: The Concept of Beauty and Its Evolutionary Basis
	3.1	 Introduction
	3.2	 Divine Proportions
	3.3	 Perceptions Across Cultures
	3.4	 How Beauty Standards Have Changed Through History
	3.5	 Why Do We Care About Beauty?
	3.6	 Beauty and Reproductive Success
	3.7	 Malleability of Beauty
	3.8	 Social Media Influence
	References
4: Cosmetic Enhancement Should Be Need-Based, Not Greed-Based
	4.1	 When Does It Become Greed-Based and Not Need-Based for Patients?
	4.2	 When Is It Need-Based for Physicians?
	4.3	 Physician Greed-Based Treatments
	References
5: Chasing Attractiveness: The Growing Obsession with Aesthetic Standards in Dermatology—Are We Promoting an Illusion of Beauty?
	References
6: Hair Loss in the Naked Ape
	References
7: Functional, Aesthetic, and Procedural Significance of the Nail Unit
	References
8: Dermatoscopy: What Does It Add?
	8.1	 Introduction
	8.2	 Evolving Dermatoscopes
	8.3	 Technique
	8.4	 Clinical Evaluation with Dermoscopy
	8.5	 Melanocytic Tumors
	8.6	 Common Benign Nonmelanocytic Tumors
	8.7	 Common Malignant Nonmelanocytic Tumors
	8.8	 Pigmentary Dermatoses (Other than Tumors)
	8.9	 Inflammatory Dermatoses
	8.10	 Infectious Diseases
	8.11	 Nail Disorders
	8.12	 Hair and Scalp Disorders
	8.13	 Dermatoscopy Beyond Diagnosis
	8.14	 Teledermatoscopy
	8.15	 Conclusion
	References
9: Bedside, Real-Time Visualization and Diagnosis of Skin Lesions: A Myth or Reality?
	9.1	 In Vivo Microscopy in Dermatology (IVM)
		9.1.1	 Ultrasonography (US)
		9.1.2	 Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)
		9.1.3	 Reflectance Confocal Microscopy (RCM)
		9.1.4	 Multiphoton Microscopy (MPM)
		9.1.5	 Combined Reflectance Confocal and Optical Coherence Tomography (RCM-OCT) Device
	9.2	 Ex Vivo Microscopy in Dermatology (EVM)
		9.2.1	 Ex Vivo Full-Field Optical Coherence Tomography (FF-OCT)
		9.2.2	 Ex Vivo Confocal Microscopy (Reflectance and Fluorescence)
	9.3	 Current Challenges for Clinical Integration of Noninvasive Imaging and Future Directions
	References
10: Noise, Signal, and Confirmation Bias in Dermatological Diagnosis
	References
11: Information Theory in the Diagnosis of Dermatological Disorders
	11.1	 Introduction to Information Theory and the Uncertainty Principle
	11.2	 Interference in Inference
	11.3	 System Understanding and Decision-Making Process in Dermatology
	11.4	 Applying the Cynefin Framework in Dermatology Conditions
	11.5	 Dynamicity of the Skin as an Organ System and Variation with Different Human Systems
	11.6	 Is Less Better?
	11.7	 Conclusion
	References
12: Immune Dysregulation in Skin
	12.1	 Cutaneous Immune Armature
	12.2	 Skin Immune Homeostasis in Steady State
	12.3	 Immune Dysregulation in Skin
		12.3.1	Autoimmune Skin Diseases
			12.3.1.1 Psoriasis
			12.3.1.2 Vitiligo
			12.3.1.3 Pemphigus
		12.3.2	 Allergy
			12.3.2.1 Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD)
		12.3.3	 Infection
			12.3.3.1 Leprosy
	12.4	 Immune Cells as Therapeutic Targets in Cutaneous Disease
		12.4.1	 Autoimmune Skin Diseases
		12.4.2	 Allergic
		12.4.3	 Infectious Skin Disorder
	12.5	 Conclusion
	References
13: Vitiligo: A Patch on Skin and the Mind
	13.1	 Introduction
	13.2	 Etiology of Vitiligo
	13.3	 Treatment
		13.3.1	 Dihydroxyacetone
	13.4	 Conclusion
	References
14: Autoinflammatory Disorders: Under-Discussed Pathologies in Dermatology
	14.1	 Inflammasomopathies [9, 10]: A Few of Them Are Tabulated in Table 14.3
		14.1.1	 Other Inflammasomopathies
	14.2	 Relopathies/Nuclear Factor Kappa-B (NFk-B)-Related AIDs: Some of Them Are Depicted in Table 14.4
	14.3	 Ubiquitinopathies: Some Are Described in Table 14.5
	14.4	 Interferonopathies: Some of Them Are Mentioned in Table 14.6
	14.5	 Other Monogenic AIDs
	14.6	 Autoinflammatory Diseases Without an Identified Monogenic Etiology
	14.7	 Autoinflammatory Bone Disorders
	References
15: Entangled: The New Era of Aggressive Dermatomycosis
	References
16: Skin Disease in Tropics: Impacted by Heat, Humidity, and Healthcare Neglect
	16.1	 Dermatoses Directly Due to the Tropical Climate
	16.2	 Infections
		16.2.1	 Microbiota of the Skin
		16.2.2	 Common Infections and Infestations
		16.2.3	 Peculiar Infections of the Tropics
		16.2.4	 Neglected Tropical Diseases
	16.3	 Others
		16.3.1	 Tropical Skin Diseases beyond the Tropics
	References
17: JAK-STAT Targeted Therapy for Autoimmune Diseases
	17.1	 Summary
	References
18: The Placebo Effect in Dermatology: Managing Patients’ Expectations
	18.1	 Introduction
	18.2	 Definition-Placebo, the Placebo Effect, and the Placebo Response
	18.3	 Classification of Placebos
		18.3.1	 Pure vs. Impure Placebos
		18.3.2	 Open-Label Placebos
		18.3.3	 Dose-Extending Placebos
	18.4	 Do Placebos Work?
	18.5	 Predicting Responders to Placebo
	18.6	 How Do Placebos Work?
	18.7	 Uses and Advantages of Placebo in the Field of Dermatology
		18.7.1	 Research
			18.7.1.1	 Interventional Trials
			18.7.1.2	 Placebo Studies
		18.7.2	 Clinical
			18.7.2.1	 Lack of an Effective Treatment
			18.7.2.2	 Prevention from Seeking Alternative Therapies and Treatment from Quacks
			18.7.2.3	 Ensuring Follow-Up
			18.7.2.4	 Chronic Pruritus: Analogous to Chronic Pain
			18.7.2.5	 Suspected Functional Symptoms
			18.7.2.6	 Differing View of Illness
			18.7.2.7	 For Reducing Active Drug
	18.8	 Criticisms
		18.8.1	 Research
			18.8.1.1	 Not a Suitable Alternative to the No Treatment Group
			18.8.1.2	 Difficulty in Interpretation and Significance of Effect Size
			18.8.1.3	 Lack of Consensual Definitions
		18.8.2	 Clinical
			18.8.2.1	 Lack of Consensual Usage
			18.8.2.2	 Lying to the Patient
			18.8.2.3	 Informed Consent or Paternalism?
	18.9	 Conclusion—The Art of the Placebo
	References
19: Procedural Dermatology: What Dermatologists Can Do and What They Cannot—A Resident Doctor’s Perspective
	References
20: Core Concepts of Dermatologic Surgery
	20.1	 Surgical Frugality/Tissue Saving
	20.2	 Minimalistic Approach
	20.3	 Anti-fragility/Adaptability in the Procedure Room
	20.4	 Appropriate Procedure for Appropriate Indication
	20.5	 Under-Promise and Over-Deliver
	20.6	 Combination for Synergism
	20.7	 Aesthetic Socialism and Dishonest Signaling
	20.8	 What Procedures Should One Do
	20.9	 Conclusion
	References
21: Breaking the Scar
	21.1	 Illusion of Non-existence
	References
22: Why Do We Need Teledermatology?
	22.1	 Introduction
	22.2	 Why Teledermatology?
	22.3	 Types of Teledermatology
	22.4	 Learning Through Images
	22.5	 Pattern Recognition
	22.6	 The World of Images
	22.7	 Image Quality
	22.8	 Diagnostic Error in Dermatology
	22.9	 The Incidental Lesion
	22.10	 COVID-19 Pandemic: The Inflection Point
	22.11	 Conclusions
	References
23: Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) in Dermatology: An Idea Whose Time Has Come
	23.1	 Introduction
	23.2	 Definition
	23.3	 Classification
	23.4	 Development Process of a PROM
	23.5	 Characteristics
		23.5.1	 Internal Consistency
		23.5.2	 Validity
		23.5.3	 Reliability
		23.5.4	 Responsiveness
	23.6	 Some Examples of PROMs in Dermatology
	23.7	 Advantages
		23.7.1	 Holistic
		23.7.2	 Combine Metrics of Advantages and Disadvantages of an Intervention
		23.7.3	 Sensitivity
		23.7.4	 Use in Chronic Diseases
		23.7.5	 Irreplaceable Use
		23.7.6	 Cost- and Time-Effectiveness
		23.7.7	 Telemedicine and Electronic Records
		23.7.8	 Policy-Making
		23.7.9	 Provider Assessment
		23.7.10	 Clinical Practice
		23.7.11	 Patient-Centric Guidance to Interventions
	23.8	 Limitations of PROMs
		23.8.1	 Lack of an Ideal PROM
		23.8.2	 Separate Validation for Different Populations
		23.8.3	 Patient Requirement
		23.8.4	 Trust
		23.8.5	 Internal Controls and Partial Treatment
		23.8.6	 Excessively Patient-Centric in Guiding Interventions and Defects in Routine Clinical Use
		23.8.7	 Too Sensitive
		23.8.8	 Variability in Assessment for Chronic Diseases
		23.8.9	 Too Cumbersome
	23.9	 Patient-Centric Care and Patient-Reported Experience Measures (PREM)
	23.10	 Conclusion
	References
24: Personalized Medicine: Can We Really Achieve This in Dermatology?
	24.1	 Big Data and Artificial Intelligence
	24.2	 Our Microbiome
	24.3	 Genomic Skin Testing
	24.4	 Polymerase Chain Reaction Testing
	24.5	 The Future
	24.6	 Summary
	References
25: Treating the Patient, Not the Disease: Holistic Dermatology Can Benefit
	25.1	 Treating the Patient, Not the Disease: Holistic Dermatology Can Benefit
	25.2	 Why Is the Paradigm Shift Happening in Patients’ Perception of Deliverables by a HealthCare Facility?
	25.3	 How Could One Assess the Patient and Not Just the Disease?
	25.4	 Can One Learn a Patient-Centric Approach from the Literature, or Is the Skill Innate?
	25.5	 What Are the Responsibilities of the Health Seekers and the Attendants?
	References
26: Social Medicine in Dermatology Must Remain Center Stage
	26.1	 Public Health
	26.2	 Chronic Illness
	26.3	 Carcinogens and Chronigens
	26.4	 Health Care Disparity
	26.5	 Climate Change
	26.6	 Skin of Color
	26.7	 Summary
	References
27: Epilogue: Exciting Emerging Trends and Technologies in Dermatology
	27.1	 Targeted Agents: Biologics and Smaller Molecules
	27.2	 Newer Broad Spectrum Immunosuppressive Agents
	27.3	 Artificial Intelligence
	27.4	 Cameras and Photography Technology
	27.5	 Dermoscopy
	27.6	 Newer Imaging Techniques
	27.7	 Newer Research Methods
	27.8	 Procedures and Aesthetics
	27.9	 Precision Medicine
	27.10	 Gene Therapy and Gene Editing
	27.11	 Sensors and Wearables
	27.12	 3-D Printing
	27.13	 Mobile Phone Apps
	27.14	 Metaverse
	27.15	 Conclusion