Criminology: Theories, Patterns and Typologies

Cover
Preface
Contents
Part One: Concepts Of Crime, Law, And Criminology
	Chapter 1: Crime And Criminology
		What Is Criminology?
			Criminology And Criminal Justice
			Criminology And Deviant Behavior
		What Criminologists Do: Criminology In Action
			Criminal Statistics And Crime Measurement
			Socio-Legal Studies
			Theory Construction And Testing
			Criminal Behavior Systems And Crime Typologies
			Punishment, Penology, And Social Control
			Victimology: Victims And Victimization
		How Criminologists View Crime
			The Consensus View Of Crime
			The Conflict View Of Crime
			The Interactionist View Of Crime
			Defining Crime
		Crime And The Law
			A Brief History Of The Law
			Common Law
			The Law In Contemporary Society
			Shaping The Criminal Law
			The Substantive Criminal Law
			The Elements Of Criminal Law
			Criminal Defenses
			The Evolution Of Criminal Law
		Ethical Issues In Criminology
			Who To Study?
			What To Study?
			How To Study?
	Chapter 2: The Nature And Extent Of Crime
		Primary Sources Of Crime Data
			Official Records: The Uniform Crime Report
			Compiling The Uniform Crime Report
			Are The Uniform Crime Reports Valid?
			The National Incident-Based Reporting System (NIBRS)
			Survey Research
			The National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS)
			Self-Report Surveys
			Evaluating The Primary Sources Of Crime Data
		Secondary Sources Of Crime Data
			Cohort Research
			Experimental Research
			Observational And Interview Research
			Meta-Analysis And Systematic Review
			Data Mining
			Crime Mapping
		Crime Trends
			Official Crime Trends
			Victimization Trends
			Trends In Self-Reporting
			International Crime Trends
			What The Future Holds
		Crime Patterns
			The Ecology Of Crime
			Use Of Firearms
			Social Class, Socioeconomic Conditions, And Crime
			Age And Crime
			Co-offending And Crime
			Gender And Crime
			Race And Crime
			Cultural Bias
			Economic And Social Disparity
			Immigration And Crime
			Chronic Offenders/Criminal Careers
	Chapter 3: Victims And Victimization
		Problems Of Crime Victims
			Economic Costs
			Individual Costs
			The Cycle Of Violence
		The Nature Of Victimization
			The Social Ecology Of Victimization
			The Victim’s Household
			Victim Characteristics
			Victims And Their Criminals
		Theories Of Victimization
			Victim Precipitation Theory
			Lifestyle Theory
			Deviant Place Theory
			Routine Activities Theory
		Caring For The Victim
			The Government’s Response To Victimization
			Victim-Offender Reconciliation Programs
			Community Organization
			Victims And Self-Protection
			Victims’ Rights
Part Two: Theories Of Crime Causation
	Chapter 4: Rational Choice Theory
		The Development Of Rational Choice
			Development Of Classical Criminology
			Cesare Beccaria
			Classical Criminology
			Contemporary Choice Theory Emerges
		The Concepts Of Rational Choice
			Why Crime?
			Choosing Crime
			Offense And Offender
			Structuring Criminality
			Structuring Crime
		Is Crime Rational?
			Is Theft Rational?
			Is Drug Use Rational?
			Is Violence Rational?
		Eliminating Crime
		Situational Crime Prevention
			Targeting Specific Crimes
			Situational Crime Prevention: Costs And Benefits
		General Deterrence
			The Perception Of Punishment And Deterrence
			Certainty Of Punishment And Deterrence
			Severity Of Punishment And Deterrence
			Speed (Celerity) Of Punishment And Deterrence
			Analyzing General Deterrence
		Specific Deterrence
			Can Punishment Produce More Crime?
		Incapacitation
			Does Incarceration Control Crime?
		Public Policy Implications Of Choice Theory
			Police And Deterrence
			Courts, Sentencing, And Deterrence
			Just Desert
	Chapter 5: Trait Theories
		Foundations Of Trait Theory
			Biological Positivism
			Cesare Lombroso
			The Legacy Of Biological Criminology
			Sociobiology
			Contemporary Trait Theories
		Biosocial Theory
			Biochemical Conditions And Crime
			Neurophysiological Conditions And Crime
			Arousal Theory
			Genetics And Crime
			Evolutionary Theory
			Evaluation Of The Biosocial Branch Of Trait Theory
		Psychological Trait Theories
			Psychodynamic Theory
			Attachment Theory
			Mental Disorders And Crime
			Behavioral Theory
			Cognitive Theory
		Personality And Crime
			The Antisocial Personality
			Intelligence And Crime
		Public Policy Implications Of Trait Theory
	Chapter 6: Social Structure Theories
		Development Of Sociological Criminology
			Quetelet And Durkheim
			The Chicago School And Beyond
		Socioeconomic Structure And Crime
			The Underclass
			Child Poverty
			Minority Group Poverty
		Social Structure Theories
			Social Disorganization Theory
			The Social Ecology School
			Collective Efficacy
		Strain Theories
			The Concept Of Anomie
			Merton’s Theory Of Anomie
			Institutional Anomie Theory (IAT)
			Relative Deprivation Theory
			General Strain Theory (GST)
			Sources Of Strain
			Coping With Strain
			Evaluating GST
		Cultural Deviance Theories
			Conduct Norms
			Focal Concerns
			Theory Of Delinquent Subcultures
			Theory Of Differential Opportunity
			Evaluating Social Structure Theories
		Public Policy Implications Of Social Structure Theory
			Community Policing
	Chapter 7: Social Process Theories: Socialization And Society
		Socialization And Crime
			Family Relations
			Educational Experience
			Peer Relations And Crime
			Religion And Belief
			Socialization And Crime
		Social Learning Theory
			Differential Association Theory
			Differential Reinforcement Theory
			Neutralization Theory
			Are Learning Theories Valid?
		Social Control Theory
			Self-Concept And Crime
			Hirschi’s Social Bond Theory
		Social Reaction Theory
			Defining Crime And Deviance
			Labeling Effects And Consequences
			Primary And Secondary Deviance
			Research On Social Reaction Theory
			Who Gets Labeled? Differential Enforcement
			Is Labeling Theory Valid?
		Evaluating Social Process Theories
		Public Policy Implications Of Social Process Theory
	Chapter 8: Social Conflict, Critical Criminology, And Restorative Justice
		The Historical Development Of Critical Criminology
			Productive Forces And Productive Relations
			A Marxist Vision Of Crime
		Creating A Critical Criminology
			Contemporary Critical Criminology
		How Critical Criminologists Define Crime
		How Critical Criminologists View The Cause Of Crime
			Failing Social Institutions
			Globalization
			State-Organized Crime
		Instrumental Vs. Structural Theory
			Instrumental Theory
			Structural Theory
		Research On Critical Criminology
			Race And Justice
		Critique Of Critical Criminology
		Alternative Views Of Critical Theory
			Left Realism
			Critical Feminist Theory: Gendered Criminology
			Power–Control Theory
			Peacemaking Criminology
		Critical Theory And Public Policy
			The Concept Of Restorative Justice
			Reintegrative Shaming
			The Process Of Restoration
			The Challenge Of Restorative Justice
	Chapter 9: Developmental Theories: Life Course, Latent Trait, And Trajectory
		Foundations Of Developmental Theory
			Criminal Career Research
			Life Course, Latent Traits, And Trajectories
			Population Heterogeneity vs. State Dependence
		Life Course Fundamentals
			Disruption Promotes Criminality
			Changing Life Influences
		Life Course Concepts
			Problem Behavior Syndrome
			Offense Specialization/Generalization
			Early Onset
			Persistence And Desistance
		Theories Of The Criminal Life Course
			Sampson And Laub: Age-Graded Theory
			The Marriage Factor
			Age-Graded Theory Validity
		Social Schematic Theory (SST)
		Propensity/Latent Trait Theories
			How Can The Aging-Out Process Be Explained?
			Crime And Human Nature
			General Theory Of Crime
		Trajectory Theory
			Early, Late, And Nonstarters
			Chronic Offending
			Pathways To Crime
			Adolescent-Limited Offenders Vs. Life Course Persisters
		Evaluating Developmental Theories
		Public Policy Implications Of Developmental Theory
Part Three: Crime Typologies
	Chapter 10: Interpersonal Violence
		The Causes Of Violence
			Psychological/Biological Abnormality
			Human Instinct
			Substance Abuse
			Socialization And Upbringing
			Exposure To Violence
			Cultural Values: Subculture Of Violence
			Cultural Values: National Values
		Rape
			History Of Rape
			Rape And War
			Incidence Of Rape
			Types Of Rape And Rapists
			The Causes Of Rape
			Rape And The Law
		Murder And Homicide
			Degrees Of Murder
			The Nature And Extent Of Murder
			Murderous Relations
			Multiple Murders
			Serial Murder
			Mass Murders
			Spree Killers
		Assault And Battery
			Nature And Extent Of Assault
			Assault In The Home
			Dating Violence
		Robbery
			Types Of Robbers/Types Of Robberies
			The Calculating Robber
			Acquaintance Robbery
		Emerging Forms Of Interpersonal Violence
			Hate Crimes
			Workplace Violence
			Stalking
	Chapter 11: Political Crime And Terrorism
		Political Crime
			The Nature Of Political Crimes
			The Goals Of Political Criminals
			Becoming A Political Criminal
		Types Of Political Crimes
			Election Fraud
			Abuse Of Office/Public Corruption
			Treason
			Espionage
			State Political Crime
			Using Torture
		Terrorism
			Terrorist And Guerilla
			Terrorist And Insurgent
			Terrorist And Revolutionary
		A Brief History Of Terrorism
			Religious Roots
			Political Roots
		Contemporary Forms Of Terrorism
			Revolutionary Terrorists
			Political Terrorists
			Nationalist Terrorism
			Retributive Terrorism
			State-Sponsored Terrorism
			Lone-Actor Terrorists
		How Are Terror Groups Organized?
		What Motivates The Terrorist?
			Psychological View
			Alienation View
			Socialization/Friendship View
			Ideological View
			Explaining State-Sponsored Terrorism
		Extent Of The Terrorism Threat
		Response To Terrorism
			Confronting Terrorism With Law Enforcement
			Combating Terrorism With The Courts
			Confronting Terrorism With The Law
			Combating Terrorism With Politics
	Chapter 12: Property Crime
		A Brief History Of Theft
			Theft In The Nineteenth Century: Train Robbery And Safecracking
		Contemporary Theft
			Occasional Thieves
			Professional Thieves
			The Fence
			Professional Cargo Thieves
		Larceny/Theft
			Larceny Today
			Shoplifting
			Bad Checks
			Credit Card Theft
			Auto Theft
			False Pretenses/Fraud
			Confidence Games
			Embezzlement
		Burglary
			The Nature And Extent Of Burglary
			Residential Burglaries
			Commercial Burglary
			Careers In Burglary
		Arson
			The Juvenile Fire Starter
			Professional Arson
	Chapter 13: Enterprise Crime: White-Collar, Green, And Transnational Organized Crime
		The Concept Of Enterprise Crime
		White-Collar Crime
			Nature And Extent Of White-Collar Crime
			White-Collar Swindlers
			White-Collar Chiseling
			White-Collar Exploitation
			White-Collar Influence Peddling
			White-Collar Embezzlement And Employee Fraud
			Client Fraud
			Corporate Crime
			White-Collar Law Enforcement Systems
			Controlling White-Collar Crime
		Green Crime
			Defining Green Crime
			The Harms Perspective
			Forms Of Green Crime
			Controlling Green Crime
		Organized And Transnational Organized Crime
			Origins Of Organized Crime
			The Mafia
			The Rise Of Transnational Organized Crime
			Characteristics Of Transnational Organized Crime
			Activities Of Transnational Organized Crime
			Transnational Gangs
			Controlling Transnational Crime
		The Causes Of Enterprise Crime
			Rational Choice: Greed
			Rational Choice: Need
			Rationalization/Neutralization View
			Cultural View
			Self-Control View
	Chapter 14: Public Order Crime: Sex And Substance Abuse
		Law And Morality
			Debating Morality
			Social Harm
			Moral Crusades And Crusaders
			Moral Crusades Today
		Sexually Related Offenses
		Paraphilias
			Pedophilia
		Prostitution
			Prostitution Today
			Incidence Of Prostitution
			Prostitution In Other Cultures
			Types Of Prostitutes
			Who Becomes A Prostitute?
			Controlling Prostitution
			Legalize Prostitution?
		Obscenity And Pornography
			Child Pornography
			Does Pornography Cause Violence?
			Pornography And The Law
			Controlling Pornography
		Substance Abuse
			When Did Drug Use Begin?
			Alcohol And Its Prohibition
			How Much Drug Use Is There Today?
			Alcohol Abuse
			Costs Of Substance Abuse
			What Causes Substance Abuse?
			Is There A Drug Gateway?
			Types Of Drug Users And Abusers
			Drugs And Crime
			Drugs And The Law
			Drug Control Strategies
			Drug Legalization
	Chapter 15: Crimes Of The New Millennium: Cybercrime
		Development Of Cybercrime
			The Stages of Cybercrime
		Contemporary Cybercrime
		Cybertheft: Cybercrimes For Profit
			Computer Fraud
			Theft From ATMs
			Ransomware: Extortion Via The Internet
			Illegal Copyright Infringement
			Internet Securities Fraud
			Identity Theft
			Etailing Fraud
		Cyberdeviance: The Darker Side Of The Net
			Distributing Pornography
			Ehooking
			Distributing Dangerous Drugs
		Cybervandalism: Cybercrime With Malicious Intent
			Data Breaches
			Worms, Viruses, Trojan Horses, Logic Bombs, And Spam
			Website Defacement
			Cyberstalking
			Denial-of-Service Attack
			Cyberbullying
			Cyberspying
		The Costs Of Cybercrime
		Combating Cybercrime
			Cybercrime Enforcement Agencies
			International Treaties
		Cyberwar: Politically Motivated Cybercrime
			Cyberespionage
			Cyberattacks
			Cyberterrorism
			Combating Cyberwar
Glossary
Case Index
Name Index
Subject Index