Criminal Psychology and the Criminal Justice System in India and Beyond

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
Editors and Contributors
1 Psychology: The Science of Mental Processes
	1.1 Early Influencers and Followers
		1.1.1 Various Fields of Psychology
	1.2 Evolution of Psychology via Research
	1.3 Fundamentals of Psychological Theories
		1.3.1 Reaction to Stimulus
		1.3.2 Behavioural Conditioning
		1.3.3 Memory Retention
		1.3.4 Cognition, Decision-Making, and Problem-Solving
	1.4 Motivation as a Causal Factor
	1.5 Conclusion
	References
2 Criminal Psychology: Understanding Criminal Behaviour
	2.1 Introduction
		2.1.1 What Classifies as a Crime?
		2.1.2 What is Criminal Psychology?
		2.1.3 History and Evolution of Criminal Psychology
		2.1.4 History and Evolution of Criminal Psychology in India
	2.2 Roles of a Criminal Psychologist
		2.2.1 Crime Analysis
		2.2.2 Offender Profiling
		2.2.3 Interviewing Victims and Suspects
		2.2.4 Expert Witness
		2.2.5 Assessment and Rehabilitation of Offenders
		2.2.6 Academia and Research
	2.3 Conclusion
	References
3 Theoretical Approaches to Understanding Criminal Behaviour
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Physical Features and Criminal Behaviour
	3.3 Genetical Influence on Criminal Behaviour
	3.4 Psychoanalysis and Criminal Behaviour
		3.4.1 Learning Criminal Behaviour
		3.4.2 A Criminal’s Thought Process
		3.4.3 The IQ—Crime Connection
	3.5 Social Disorganization and Crime
		3.5.1 Cultural and Subcultural Theories of Crime
		3.5.2 Criminal Behaviour as a Self-fulfilling Prophecy
		3.5.3 Routine Activity and Criminal Behaviour
	3.6 Conclusion
	References
4 The Science of Criminal Profiling
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 History of Criminal Profiling
	4.3 Assessment of Offender (Social and Psychological)
		4.3.1 Psychological Evaluation of Belongings of the Offenders
		4.3.2 Approaches and Methods to Conduct Interviews for the Suspected Offenders
	4.4 Development of Criminal Profiling Techniques
		4.4.1 Diagnostic Evaluations
		4.4.2 Criminal Investigative Analysis/FBI Approach or Crime Scene Analysis
		4.4.3 Organized Offenders
		4.4.4 Disorganized Offenders
		4.4.5 Organization of Crime Scenes
		4.4.6 Types of Rapists
		4.4.7 Profiling Inputs
		4.4.8 Decision Process Models
		4.4.9 The Investigative Psychology (IP) or Environmental Psychology Approach
		4.4.10 Contemporarily Prevalent Techniques in Criminal Profiling
	4.5 Criminal Profiling in the East
		4.5.1 Criminal Profiling in India
		4.5.2 Recent Deliberations in the Field of Criminal Profiling
	References
5 Mental Disorders, Violence, and Crime
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Various Mental Disorders and Crime
		5.2.1 Schizophrenia Spectrum and Other Psychotic Disorders
		5.2.2 Addiction Disorders
		5.2.3 Personality Disorders
		5.2.4 Dissociative Disorders
		5.2.5 Sexual Disorders
	5.3 Conclusion and Way Forward
	References
6 Causes of Juvenile Delinquency and Treatment
	6.1 Juvenile Delinquency
	6.2 Developmental Theories Related to Juvenile Delinquency
		6.2.1 Bioecological Model of Urie Bronfenbrenner
		6.2.2 Attachment Theory by John Bowlby and Mary Ainsworth
	6.3 Psychological Constructs Related to Juvenile Delinquency
		6.3.1 Aggression
		6.3.2 Prosocial Behaviour
		6.3.3 Emotional Intelligence
	6.4 Conclusion
	References
7 Gender and Crime
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Theories of the Crime–Gender Gap
	7.3 Patterns of Victimization
	7.4 Patterns of Offending
		7.4.1 Biological Predictors
		7.4.2 Sociological Perspectives of Crime
	7.5 The Criminal Justice System and Intimate Partner Violence
	7.6 Challenges for the Future
	References
8 Serial Killings in India: Case Studies and Profiling Strategies
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Defining Serial Killing
		8.2.1 Serial Killer: A Kind of Murderer
	8.3 Investigation and Identification Strategies
		8.3.1 Case Linkage
		8.3.2 Modus Operandi
		8.3.3 Criminal Profiling
	8.4 Classification of Serial Killers
		8.4.1 Characteristics of Serial Killers
		8.4.2 Modus Operandi
	8.5 Case Studies on Indian Serial Killers
		8.5.1 Sebastian
		8.5.2 Navas
		8.5.3 Killer Kuppusamy
	8.6 Comments on Serial Killing in India
	References
9 Perspectives on Internet-Based Crimes
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Behavioural Theories
	9.3 Legal Challenges
	9.4 Third-Party Liabilities and Role in Law Enforcement
	9.5 Conclusion
	References
10 Mob Psychology and Crowd Control
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Theories of Mob Psychology
		10.2.1 Le Bon’s Theory
		10.2.2 McDougall’s Theory
		10.2.3 Freud’s Theory
		10.2.4 Allport’s Theory
		10.2.5 Turner’s Theory
		10.2.6 Sighele’s Theory
		10.2.7 Tarde’s Theory
		10.2.8 Jung’s Theory
		10.2.9 Adler’s Theory
		10.2.10 Espinas’ Theory
		10.2.11 Reiwald’s Theory
	10.3 Mob Violence in South Asia: Case Studies
		10.3.1 Mob Violence in India
		10.3.2 Mob Violence in Pakistan
		10.3.3 Mob Violence in Bangladesh
		10.3.4 Mob Violence in Nepal
		10.3.5 Mob Violence in Myanmar/Burma
		10.3.6 Mob Violence in Sri Lanka
		10.3.7 Mob Violence in Afghanistan
		10.3.8 Factors Behind Mob Violence in South Asia
	10.4 Methods of Crowd Control
		10.4.1 Observation
		10.4.2 Communication of Interest and Intent (Pike, 2021)
		10.4.3 Diversion
		10.4.4 Cooperation
		10.4.5 Proclamation of Dispersal Orders
		10.4.6 Show of Force
		10.4.7 Arrest of Crowd Members
		10.4.8 Use of Aggressive Measures
	10.5 Conclusion
	References
11 Psychological Approaches to Detection of Deceit
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 The Polygraph
	11.3 Narcoanalysis Interrogation
	11.4 Brain-Mapping Tests
	11.5 Conclusion
	References
12 Investigative Psychology Through a Forensic Victimology Perspective
	12.1 Introduction
		12.1.1 Victimology Defined
		12.1.2 Forensic Victimology
		12.1.3 Role of Forensic Victimology in Investigative Psychology
	12.2 Theories of Victimology
		12.2.1 Victim Precipitation
		12.2.2 Victim Facilitation
		12.2.3 Lifestyle Theory
		12.2.4 Situational Exposure Theory
	12.3 Forensic Profiling of a ‘Victim’
	12.4 Identifying False Allegations
		12.4.1 Motivations for False Allegations
		12.4.2 Tools to Identify Red Flags
	12.5 Role of Professionals
	12.6 Conclusion
	References
13 Investigating the Eyewitness: Accuracy and Fallacies of Memory
	13.1 Investigations and Eyewitnesses
		13.1.1 Legal Perspective
		13.1.2 Credibility of Eyewitness Testimonies
	13.2 Theories of Eyewitness Accounts
	13.3 Memory Processes and Investigation Procedures
	13.4 Situational Effects on Eyewitness Accounts
	13.5 Comments and Theories Against the Memory Approach: Models of Interference
	13.6 Conclusion
	References
14 Is Forensic Evidence Impartial? Cognitive Biases in Forensic Analysis
	14.1 Introduction
		14.1.1 Role of Evidence & Expert Witnesses
	14.2 Role of Cognitive Biases in Analysis and Interpretation
		14.2.1 Types of Cognitive Biases
	14.3 Conditions Impacting Risk of Cognitive Bias
	14.4 Debiasing Countermeasures
	14.5 Conclusion
	References
15 Decision-Making in the Courtroom: Judiciary
	15.1 Background
	15.2 Why Does Psychology Matter in the Courtroom?
		15.2.1 Primacy and Recency Effect
		15.2.2 Placing Emphasis: Repetition, Duration, and the Von Restorff Effect
		15.2.3 Value of Emotional Appeal
	15.3 Art of Persuasion
		15.3.1 Know Your Judge
		15.3.2 Physical Appearance and Believability
		15.3.3 Body Movement and Eye Contact
		15.3.4 Style of Speech
		15.3.5 Persuading a Cold Judge
	15.4 Conclusion
	References
16 Decision-Making in the Courtroom: Jury
	16.1 Introduction
		16.1.1 The Indian Scenario
	16.2 Psychological Influences Affecting Jury
		16.2.1 Pre-trial Publicity of the Case
		16.2.2 Characteristics of Trial Participants
		16.2.3 Emotional Impact
		16.2.4 Social Loafing
		16.2.5 Comprehension of Judicial Instructions
		16.2.6 Conformity
		16.2.7 Foreperson Influence
	16.3 Conclusion
	References
17 Criminal Psychology Through a Positive Psychology Lens: From a Deficit to Asset Perspective
	17.1 Introduction
	17.2 Emergence and Evolution of Positive Psychology
	17.3 Beyond the Traditional Perspective of Criminal Psychology: What and Why
	17.4 Positive Psychology: Contribution to Crime Prevention and Rehabilitation
		17.4.1 Applications of Positive Psychology in Criminal Population: Illustrations from Literature
	17.5 Recommendations for Future Research and Practice
		17.5.1 Better Understanding the Links Between Happiness and Crime
		17.5.2 Exploring Relevance of Diverse Positive Psychological Constructs in Criminal Psychology
		17.5.3 Proper Documentation and Scientific Evidence
		17.5.4 Utilizing Indigenous Best Practices
		17.5.5 Adopting Resource Efficient Mechanisms
		17.5.6 Promoting an Interdisciplinary Approach
	17.6 Conclusion
	References