COVID-19 Metabolomics and Diagnosis: Chemical Science for Prevention and Understanding Outbreaks of Infectious Diseases

Contents
Trends in Electroanalytical Assays for COVID-19 Diagnosis
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Electrochemical Biosensor Operation
		1.2 Structure of SARS-CoV-2
		1.3 RT-qPCR Versus Biosensors
	2 S Protein-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
	3 N Protein-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
	4 RNA-Based Electrochemical Biosensors
	5 Challenges and Perspectives
	References
Microfluidic Devices with Electrochemical Detection Towards Covid-19 Detection
	1 A Brief Historic Overview: Types of Substrates, Fabrication Methods and Systems of Detection
	2 In a Microfluidic World, Why Does Size Matter?
	3 Microfluidic Devices with Electrochemical Detection
	4 Electrochemical Biosensing of COVID-19 Using Microfluidics
		4.1 COVID-19 Diagnostic Strategies in Bioelectrochemical Microfluidics
		4.2 Materials and Immobilization Approaches
	5 Detailed Approaches for Electrochemical Detection of COVID-19 Using Microfluidic Devices
	References
Carbon-Based Materials for Electrochemical Sensing of SARS-CoV-2
	1 Introduction
	2 Carbon-Based Materials Applied for SARS-CoV-2 Biosensing
		2.1 Macro-Materials: Graphite and Diamond
		2.2 Nanostructured Materials
	3 Tendencies and Perspectives
	References
Electrochemical Immunosensor for Diagnosis of COVID-19
	1 Introduction
	2 Biomarkers
	3 Immunosensors
		3.1 Antibodies
		3.2 Immobilization Methods
		3.3 Immunusensors Format
	4 Techniques in Electrochemical Immunosensors
		4.1 Voltammetry
		4.2 Amperometry
		4.3 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
	5 Electrochemical Immunosensors for the Detection of COVID-19
		5.1 Electrochemical Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Proteins
		5.2 Electrochemical Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA
		5.3 Electrochemical Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies
	6 Conclusion
	References
Optical Fibers Sensors for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	1 Fundamentals
	2 Optical Techniques for Covid-19 Detection
		2.1 Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy (SERS)
		2.2 Localized-Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)
		2.3 Luminescence
	3 Optical Fiber for Biosensing
		3.1 Propagation of Light
		3.2 Chemically Modified Optical Fiber for Sensing
		3.3 Fiber Bragg Grating
		3.4 Highlights and Final Comments
	4 Perspectives
	References
Lateral Flow Assays for COVID-19
	1 Introduction
	2 LFA Construction
	3 LFA for COVID-19
		3.1 Nanomaterials for Bioconjugation
		3.2 Human Sampling
		3.3 Antibody Test
		3.4 Antigen Test
		3.5 Viral Nucleic Acid Detection
	4 General Improvements Using LFA
	5 Future Perspectives
	References
The Use of NMR Based Metabolomics to Discriminate Patients with Viral Diseases
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Metabolomics
		1.2 NMR as a Tool in Metabolomics
	2 Advances in NMR Based Metabolomics to Apply to Diagnostic Diseases
		2.1 qNMR Strategies to Overcome the Metabolomics Issues
	3 Viral Diseases Discriminated by NMR Based Metabolomics
		3.1 Metabolomics Analysis in Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Infection
		3.2 Metabolomics Analysis in Hepatitis C Viral Infection
	4 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Application of Quality Statistical Tools for the Evaluation of Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 SARS-CoV-2
		2.1 Diagnostic Tests for SARS-CoV-2 Detection
	3 Quality Assurance
		3.1 Qualitative and Quantitative Methods
		3.2 Method Validation
		3.3 Uncertainty Estimation
		3.4 Proficiency Testing
	4 Application of Quality Statistical Tools in Tests for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2
	5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References