COVID-19 in Dermatology (Updates in Clinical Dermatology)

Foreword
Preface
Contents
1: The Science of COVID-19
	Introduction
	Virology
		Transmission
		Pathogenesis
		Treatment
		Vaccines
		Lab Testing and Interpretation
		Mutations and Implications on Clinical Practice
	Conclusion
	References
2: Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19
	Introduction
	Cutaneous Manifestations of COVID-19
		Maculopapular or Morbilliform Exanthem
		Urticarial Rash
		Papulovesicular Rash
		Pseudo-Chilblains or Pernio-Like Lesions
		Livedoid or Vaso-Occlusive Lesions
		Purpuric Lesions
		Others
	COVID-19 in the Pediatric Population
	Cutaneous Manifestations in Long-COVID Patients
	COVID-19 and Chronic Skin Diseases
		Atopic Dermatitis
		Psoriasis
		Cutaneous Autoimmune Diseases
	Conclusion
	References
3: Cutaneous Reactions to COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines
	Introduction
	mRNA Vaccine-Associated Cutaneous Reactions
		Local Injection Site Reaction
		Delayed Large Local Reaction
		Morbilliform Rashes/Diffuse Erythematous Eruptions
		Acute and Chronic Urticaria
		Dermal Filler Reactions
		Pernio/Chilblains
		Varicella Zoster Virus Reactivation
		V-REPP (Vaccine-Related Eruption of Papules and Plaques)
		Erythema Multiforme
		Autoimmune Bullous Disease
		Hair Loss
		Other Cutaneous Reactions
	Booster Vaccinations
	Characterizing the Severity of Cutaneous Vaccine Reactions
	Cutaneous Reactions in Context
	Conclusion
	References
4: Cutaneous Reactions to Non-mRNA COVID-19 Vaccines
	Introduction
	Incidence, Prevalence, and Type of Cutaneous Adverse Reactions Following Non-mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination
	Cutaneous Adverse Reactions from Non-mRNA COVID-19 Vaccine
		Type 1 Hypersensitivity Reactions
		Type IV Hypersensitivity
		Autoimmune-Mediated Reaction
		Others
	Conclusions
	References
5: Evaluation of the Patient with a Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Vaccine Cutaneous Reaction
	Introduction
	History, Examination and Preliminary Investigation(s) to Determine the Cutaneous Reaction Pattern
		Assessing Causality
	Further Evaluation and Management Based on Cutaneous Reaction Pattern
		Anaphylaxis
		Non-Severe Immediate Reactions
		Urticaria/Angio-oedema
		Vasculitis
		Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reactions (SCARs)
		Delayed Large Local Reaction
		Vaccine-Related Eruption of Papules and Plaques (V-REPP)
		Pemphigoid and Pemphigus
		Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) Reactivation
		Other Cutaneous Reactions
	Conclusion
	References
6: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)-Related Occupational Dermatoses During COVID 19
	Introduction
	Facial PPE Occupational Dermatoses
		Acne and Rosacea
			Recommendations
		Skin Indentations, Pressure Injuries (PIs)
			Recommendations
		Contact and Delayed Pressure Urticaria
			Recommendations
		Contact Dermatitis (CD)
			Recommendations
		Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD)
			Recommendations
		Cheilitis and Other Skin Reactions
			Recommendations
	Skin Reactions Related to Hand Hygiene and Gloves
		Hand Hygiene and Irritant Hand Dermatitis
			Recommendations
		Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD)
			Recommendations
		Glove-Related Skin Reactions
			Irritant Contact Dermatitis
			Recommendations
			Glove-Related Occupational Allergic Skin Reactions
				Recommendations
		General Management for Hand Dermatitis
	Textile-Related Skin Reactions
		Recommendations
	Conclusion
	References
7: COVID-19 Outbreak Response in Dermatology
	Introduction
	Global Dermatology Perspective of COVID-19
		Dramatic Transition from Face to Face to Teledermatology Consultations
		Dermatologists on the Frontlines: Cutaneous Manifestations Associated with the COVID-19 Pandemic
		Dermatology and Education
	Dermatologists Beyond Borders
		Dermatologists on Rural Grounds
		Dermatologists on Social Media
	How to COVID-Proof the Small Office Dermatology Practice
		What Worked, What Didn’t, What Policies and Practices Should Stay
			Workplace Policies and Procedures
			Employee Training
			Health Screening
			Clinic Schedule Management
			Facility Management
			Disinfection Procedures
			Considerations for Aesthetic Procedures
	Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
8: Leveraging on Teledermatology in the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Introduction
		Models of TD
		Platforms
		Usage Prior to COVID-19
	Teledermatology During COVID-19 Pandemic
		Growth of TD During the Pandemic
		Barriers to TD
		Utilization During Pandemic
			Outpatient Setting
				Inflammatory Diseases
				Noninflammatory Diseases
					Skin Cancer
					Infections
					Pediatric Population
			Inpatient Setting
		Benefits of TD
		Limitations of TD
		Cost-Effectiveness of TD
		Challenges in the Setting Up of a TD Service
		Ideal TD Service Setup
	Future of Teledermatology in a Post COVID-19 Era
		Standardized Training for Healthcare Care Providers
		Optimizing the TD Consult
		Addressing Challenges and Obstacles
		Ethical Concerns
	Conclusion
	References
9: COVID-19 Dermatology Registries and the Impact of COVID-19 on Dermatology Research
	Introduction
	Dermatology Registries and COVID-19
		American Academy of Dermatology (AAD)/International League of Dermatological Societies (ILDS) COVID-19 Dermatology Registry
		PsoProtect
		Surveillance Epidemiology of Coronavirus Under Research Exclusion (SECURE)-ALOPECIA
		SECURE-Atopic Dermatitis (AD)
		SECURE-PSORIASIS
		Hidradenitis Suppurativa (HS)-COVID
		Pediatric Dermatology Research Alliance (PeDRA) Registry
		Registry Collaboration
	The Impact of COVID-19 on Dermatology Clinical Practice
		Practice Volume
		Teledermatology
		Treatment Modifications
	The Impact of COVID-19 on Research
		The Impact of COVID-19 on Dermatology-Specific Research
	Conclusion
	References
10: Impact of COVID-19 on Dermatology Medical Education
	Introduction
	Medical Student Dermatology Education
		General Changes
		Away Rotations
		Teledermatology
		Mentorship
	Dermatology Residency Applicants
		Dermatology Residency Applications
		Application Sessions
		Dermatology Residency Programs
	Dermatology Resident and Fellow Education
		General Changes
		Teledermatology
		Procedural Education
		Dermatopathology Education
		Board Certification
		Research and Future Employment
	Dermatology Societies
	Conclusion
	References
11: Management of Immunosuppressed Dermatology Patients During COVID-19
	COVID-19 Pathophysiology
	Scenario 1: Minimising Infection and Transmission
	Scenario 2: Active Infection
	Scenario 3: Vaccination
	Scenario 4: Clinical Trials
	Conclusion
	References
12: Therapeutic Considerations of COVID-19 on Aesthetic Dermatology, Dermatosurgery and Skin Cancer
	Introduction
	Infection Control
		Viral Infectivity and Dermatological Procedures
		Personal Protective Precautions (Table 12.1)
			Masks Minimise Droplet Transmission
			Dermatology Procedures Near the Face Pose a Transmission Risk
			Surgical Masks vs. Respirator Masks
			Other Protective Precautions
		Equipment Care
		Patient Preparation and Antisepsis
	Aerosol-Generating Procedures
		Aesthetic Dermatology
			Laser Plumes
			Air-Cooling and Cryocooling Systems During Laser Procedures
			Chemical Peels
		Dermatosurgery
			Electrosurgical Treatments (Cautery)
			Medical Gases Aerosolised Via a Mask
		Skin Cancer
			Cryotherapy
			Photodynamic Therapy
	Non-Aerosol- and Laser Plume-Generating Procedures
		Adverse Reactions to Hyaluronic Acid Filler Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection
		COVID Vaccine-Related Adverse Effects
	Other Clinic and Patient Factors
		Patient Flow
		Vaccination
		Sedation and General Anaesthetic
		Training
	Conclusion
	References
13: Psychological Aspects, Psychodermatology, and Vaccine Hesitancy During the COVID-19 Pandemic
	Introduction
	Psychological Aspects
	Psychological Impact on Patients with Dermatoses
		Patients with Psoriasis and Connective Tissue Disorders
		Other Dermatoses
	Psychological Impact on Dermatologists and Dermatology Allied Health Professionals
		Supply Chain Disruption
		Teledermatology
		Psychological Impact on Other HCW
	Psychodermatology
	Psychophysiological Dermatoses
	Primary Cutaneous Psychopathology
	Dermatoses That Lead to Psychosocial Comorbidities
	Future of Psychodermatology and the Role of Dermatologists in the Post-COVID Era
	Vaccine Hesitancy
	Pre-Existing Attitudes Toward Vaccinations
	Factors Affecting COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake
		Concerns About Impact on Skin Health
		Understanding of Vaccines
		Misinformation of Social Media
		Cultural and Religious Beliefs
		Personal Resistance
	COVID-19 Vaccine Uptake in HCW
	Overcoming Vaccine Hesitancy
	Conclusion
	References
14: Oral COVID-19 Antiviral Agents in Dermatology Outpatient Treatment
	Introduction
	Methods
	Results and Discussion
		Therapeutic Management of Nonhospitalised Adults with COVID-19
		Nirmatrelvir-Ritonavir (NMV/r)
			Drug-Drug Interactions
			Antibiotics
			Anti-Fungal Agents
			Anti-Parasitic Agents
			Antiviral Agents
			Antihistamines
			Systemic Glucocorticoids
			Biologics
			Systemic Immunomodulators
			Anti-Acne Agents
			Hair Agents
			Other Commonly Encountered Drugs in Dermatology Patients
		Molnupiravir (U.S. Food and Drug Administration 2021b)
	Limitations
	Conclusion
	References
15: The Economic Impact of COVID-19 on Dermatology
	Introduction
	COVID-19 and Its Impact on the Global Economy
	Government Response to COVID-19 and Its Effects
		Expenditure on Healthcare
		Expenditure on Material
		Expenditure on ICU and Chronic Care
		Expenditure on COVID-19 Vaccinations
		Impact on Non-COVID-Related Healthcare
		The Disproportionate Impact of COVID-19 on Health Outcomes
		Impact of COVID-19 Vaccinations on the Global Economy
		Impact of School Closures on the Global Economy
	Impact of COVID-19 on Dermatology and Dermatologists
		Impact on STI Screening and Transmission
		Impact on Oncologic Dermatology
		Impact on Aesthetic Dermatology
	Impact of Technology
		Increased Use of Teledermatology
		The Cost-Effectiveness of Teledermatology
	Lessons Learned and the Way Forward
		China’s Rapid Reopening and Beyond
		Lessons from Singapore’s Model of Pandemic Management
		Building Resiliency for Healthcare and Dermatology
	References
Index