COVID-19 and the Evolving Business Environment in Asia: The Hidden Impact on the Economy, Business and Society

Acknowledgements
About This Book
Contents
Introduction
COVID-19 and the Transformation of the Business Environment
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Aim of the Book and the Approach to the Research
		1.2 Main Themes
	2 Conclusion
	References
Industries and the Economy
Japanese Prefer to Have Face-to-Face Communication in the Workplace Even During the Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 External Incentive Hypothesis—From Meyer (2017)
	3 Internal Motivation Hypothesis—From Maslow\'s Hierarchy of Needs
	4 Integration Through Cultural Self Theory
	5 Conclusion
	References
COVID-19 Implications for Tourism: Shifts, Trends, Challenges, and Opportunities
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Severity of the pandemic’s Impact  on the Tourism Industry
		1.2 Theoretical Consideration: COVID-19-Induced Chaos and Complexity?
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Journal Selection
		2.2 Summative-Inductive Content Analysis
	3 Data Analysis
		3.1 Level 1 Co-Occurrence Analysis: Subthemes of COVID-19 Tourism Research
		3.2 Level 2 Co-Occurrence Analysis: Main Themes of COVID-19 Tourism Research
	4 Discussion and Findings
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix: Thematic Analysis and the Corresponding Examples
	References
COVID-19 and India’s Flirtation with Localism
	1 Introduction
	2 Context
		2.1 Swadeshi and Neo-Swadeshi
	3 Research Questions and Research Objectives
	4 Theoretical Background
		4.1 The Discourse-Theoretical Approach
		4.2 Discursive-Material Knot
		4.3 Antagonism, the Logic of Equivalence, and the Logic of Difference
		4.4 Dislocation and Invitation
	5 Methodology
		5.1 Data Collection and Coding
		5.2 Data Analysis
	6 Findings
		6.1 The Swadeshi Discourse
		6.2 Localist Discourse
	7 Discussion
		7.1 COVID-19 as an Event, and Its Materiality
		7.2 The COVID-19 Pandemic and the Dislocatory Moment of the Swadeshi Discourse
	8 Conclusion
	References
FDI in the Era of the Pandemic: Public Health as a New Country Risk Measure
	1 Introduction
	2 Conceptual Background: Country Risk
		2.1 Political Risk
		2.2 Financial Risk
		2.3 Economic Risk
		2.4 Natural Risk
	3 Research Context: COVID-19 and Foreign  Direct Investment
	4 Data and Methodology
		4.1 Data
		4.2 Methodology
	5 Findings
		5.1 FDI Inflow and COVID Mortality
		5.2 FDI Inflow and Regulatory Quality
		5.3 FDI Inflow and Healthcare Expenditure
		5.4 Healthcare Expenditure and Regulatory Quality
		5.5 COVID Mortality and Health Expenditure
		5.6 COVID Mortality and GDP Per Capita
	6 Discussion
		6.1 Contribution to the Literature
		6.2 Contribution to Policy Formulation
	7 Limitations and Directions for Future Research
	References
Business Innovation and Strategy
E-Commerce Adoption by Women Microentrepreneurs in Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Conceptual Framework and Hypotheses Development
		2.1 Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
		2.2 The Perceived Usefulness (PU) and Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) of ICT
		2.3 Fixed Versus Growth Mindsets and Technology Acceptance
		2.4 Growth Mindset as a Determinant of the Perceived Ease of ICT Use
	3 Data Collection and Empirical Results Analysis
		3.1 Questionnaire Design and Sample Description
		3.2 Data Analysis and Methodology
		3.3 Determination of the Number of Factors
	4 Results
		4.1 Hypotheses Testing Results
	5 Discussion and Practical Implications
	6 Limitations and Future Directions for Research
	7 Conclusion
	Appendix
	References
COVID-19 and the Metamorphosis of the F&B Industry in Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Business Model
		2.2 Sensing
		2.3 Seizing
		2.4 Transforming
		2.5 The Impact of Digitalization and COVID-19 on  the F&B Business Model
	3 Study Context and Methodology
	4 Findings
		4.1 Sensing
		4.2 Seizing
		4.3 Transforming
	5 Discussion
	References
The Perfect Storm: Navigating and Surviving the COVID-19 Crisis
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Research Method
	4 Results, Discussion, and Implications
		4.1 How the COVID-19 Pandemic Has Affected Six Tourism Sub-Sectors in Bali
		4.2 A Typology of Survival and Recovery Strategies
		4.3 Implications
	5 Limitations and Future Research Directions
	References
China’s Digital Commerce: The Recovery Strategies of Hospitality and Tourism Businesses During the COVID-19 Crisis
	1 An Overview of China’s Digital Commerce Landscape
	2 A Shift in Travel Patterns Due to Safety Concerns
	3 Dynamic Capabilities as the New Competitive Advantage
		3.1 Business Resumption and the Recovery of Digital Commerce Activities at Different Touchpoints
		3.2 Other Determinants Contributing to a Fast Recovery
	4 Key Implications and Learnings
		4.1 Challenges Resulting From Digital Commerce Activities
		4.2 Learnings
	References
Socio-Economic Change
Effects of COVID-19 on Mental Health in Business: Increasing the Hikikomori-Like Workers in Japan
	1 Introduction
	2 Online Surveys to Analyze the Impact of COVID-19 Among Workers in Japan
	3 Mental Health Associated with Hikikomori
	4 Does COVID-19 Increase the Number of Hikikomori?
	5 Conclusion
	Appendix A: Hikikomori Questionnaire (HQ-25) [English Version]
	Appendix B: The 22-item Tarumi’s Modern-Type Depression Trait Scale (TACS-22): English Version
	References
Consumer Behavior During and Post-COVID-19 in Indonesia and Malaysia
	1 Introduction
	2 Consumer Behavior During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Early Stage
		2.1 Indonesia
		2.2 Malaysia
	3 Consumer Behavior in the New Normal
		3.1 The New Normal in Indonesia
		3.2 The New Normal in Malaysia
	4 Concluding Remarks: Key Insights and Implications
	References
Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Exploring Leakage and Opportunities Along the Maldives’ Tourism Value Chain
	1 Introduction
	2 Background of Tourism Development in the Maldives
	3 The Tourism Value Chain
	4 Endogenous Growth Theories
	5 Economic Leakage and Opportunities
		5.1 The Construction Sector
		5.2 The Agriculture Sector
		5.3 The Handicraft Sector
	6 Conclusion
	References
Transformation of Personal Selling During and After the COVID-19 Pandemic
	1 Introduction
	2 How Has the COVID-19 Pandemic Changed the PSP?
		2.1 Political Changes
		2.2 Economic Changes
		2.3 Social-Cultural Changes
		2.4 Technological Changes
	3 The Personal Selling Transformation Framework
	4 Components of the Personal Selling Transformation Framework
		4.1 Psychological Capital (PsyCap)
		4.2 Learning Orientation (LO)
		4.3 Work Process
		4.4 The Use of Technology
	5 Implications
	6 Conclusion
	References
COVID-19 and the Evolving Business Environment: From the Lens of Three Innovation Theories
	1 Introduction
	2 Schumpeter’s Theory of Innovation
	3 Barney’s Resource-Based View Theory
	4 Roger’s Diffusion of Innovation Theory
	5 Conclusion
	References
Correction to: COVID-19 and the Evolving Business Environment in Asia
	Correction to:  A. O. J. Kwok et al. (eds.), COVID-19 and the Evolving Business Environment in Asia, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2749-2