COVID-19, Tourist Destinations and Prospects for Recovery: Volume Two: An African Perspective

Preface
Acknowledgements
Contents
About the Editors
About the Authors
Part I: Background and Introduction
	Chapter 1: Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism and Prospects of Recovery: An African Perspective
		1.1 Introduction
		1.2 Tourism in Africa Pre-COVID-19
		1.3 Impacts of COVID-19 on Tourist Destinations in Africa
			1.3.1 The Vulnerability of African Tourist Destinations to Pandemics and Other Crises
		1.4 COVID-19 Recovery Strategies of Tourist Destinations in Africa
		1.5 Post-Pandemic Tourism Outlook for Africa
		1.6 Structure of This Book
		1.7 Methodology
		1.8 Conclusion
		References
Part II: Impact of COVID-19 on African Tourist Destinations
	Chapter 2: The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Small-Scale Hospitality and Tourism Businesses in Coastal Communities in Ghana
		2.1 Introduction
		2.2 Tourism Crisis Management
			2.2.1 Concept of Tourism Crisis Management
			2.2.2 Models of Crisis Management in Tourism
		2.3 Materials and Methods
			2.3.1 Study Area
			2.3.2 Data Collection and Analysis
		2.4 Results
			2.4.1 Knowledge and Awareness of the COVID-19 Pandemic
			2.4.2 Effects of the COVID- 19 on Small-Scale Hospitality and Tourism Businesses
			2.4.3 Coping and Management Strategies in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
		2.5 Discussion
		2.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 3: The Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism in Zambia
		3.1 Introduction and Background
		3.2 Zambia: A Nature, Cultural, and Adventure Tourism Destination
			3.2.1 A Global Perspective of COVID-19 and Its Impacts on the Tourism Sector
			3.2.2 A Zambian Perspective of COVID-19 and Its Impacts on the Tourism Sector
		3.3 Materials and Methods
		3.4 Findings and Discussion
			3.4.1 Government Responses to COVID-19 Pandemic Impact
			3.4.2 Tourism Industry Responses to COVID-19 Pandemic Impact
			3.4.3 Case Study Findings: Livingstone Tourism During the COVID-19 Pandemic
				3.4.3.1 Description of Livingstone as a Tourism Destination
			3.4.4 COVID-19 Impacts on Tourism Businesses in the Livingstone Area
				3.4.4.1 Loss of Revenue
				3.4.4.2 Reduced Occupancy Rates
				3.4.4.3 Closure of Tourism Enterprises
				3.4.4.4 Loss of Employment
			3.4.5 The Impact of COVID-19 on Institutions Responsible for Managing Wildlife and Victoria Falls Heritage Site
				3.4.5.1 Mosi-Oa-Tunya National Park
				3.4.5.2 Community-Based Organisations in and Around Livingstone
				3.4.5.3 Loss of Income for the Institution Responsible for World Heritage Site Management
			3.4.6 Proposed Recovery Strategies and Practical Solutions for Zambia
				3.4.6.1 Mitigate Socio-economic Impacts on Livelihoods
				3.4.6.2 Boost Competitiveness and Build Resilience
				3.4.6.3 Advance Innovation and Digital Transformation of Tourism
				3.4.6.4 Foster Sustainability and Green Growth
				3.4.6.5 Coordination and Partnerships
		3.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 4: Exploring Trends of South African Tourist Accommodation Occupancy During COVID-19
		4.1 Introduction
		4.2 Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic Worldwide
		4.3 The COVID-19 Pandemic in South Africa
		4.4 Methods and Materials
		4.5 Data Presentation and Discussion
		4.6 Proposed Resilience and Recovery Pathways
		4.7 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 5: The Impact of COVID-19 on the Hotels as Quarantine Destinations
		5.1 Introduction and Background
			5.1.1 The Hospitality Industry Before the COVID-19 Pandemic: An International Overview
			5.1.2 Tourism in Zimbabwe
		5.2 Study Design
		5.3 Results and Discussion
			5.3.1 Inadequate Support and Staff Preparation
			5.3.2 The Psychosocial Impact of COVID-19 on Hotel Employees
			5.3.3 Fear and Anxiety
			5.3.4 Stigma and Discrimination
			5.3.5 Financial and Economic Impact of COVID-19
		5.4 Conclusion
			5.4.1 Implications of the Study
			5.4.2 Limitations
		References
Part III: COVID-19 Recovery and Resilience of Tourist Destinations in Africa
	Chapter 6: Evaluation of the Efficacy of the COVID-19 Recovery Plans for Tourism: Limpopo Province in South Africa
		6.1 Introduction and Background
		6.2 Literature Review
			6.2.1 Cultural Heritage Tourism During the COVID-19 Pandemic
			6.2.2 Recovery Plans Presented at Different Government Levels
			6.2.3 Reignite Demand
			6.2.4 Rejuvenation of Supply by Strengthening and Enabling Capability
			6.2.5 Tourism in Limpopo
			6.2.6 The South African Government’s Action Plan to Help the Tourism Industry
			6.2.7 Probable or Possible Direct Interventions
		6.3 The Methodology
		6.4 Findings and Discussions
			6.4.1 The Qualifying Criteria for Relief Fund Assistance in Limpopo
			6.4.2 Number of Beneficiaries
			6.4.3 Challenges for Cultural Heritage Establishments in South Africa in Accessing the Relief Grant or Assistance
			6.4.4 The Support from the South African Government
			6.4.5 Other South African COVID-19 Relief Schemes
		6.5 Implications of the Study
		6.6 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 7: Impact, Recovery and Resilience of the Events and Festivals Sector from COVID-19 Crisis: Lessons from Zimbabwe
		7.1 Introduction and Background
		7.2 Literature Review
			7.2.1 Tourism and Resilience
			7.2.2 Global Perspectives on the State of Event Tourism and the COVID-19 Pandemic
			7.2.3 Overview of the Impact of COVID-19 on the Events and Festivals Industry
		7.3 Materials and Methods
			7.3.1 Description of the Study Area
			7.3.2 Research Design
			7.3.3 Data Collection
			7.3.4 Ethical Considerations
			7.3.5 Data Analysis
		7.4 Findings and Discussion
			7.4.1 Types of Festivals and Special Events Impacted by COVID-19
			7.4.2 COVID-19-Induced Socioeconomic Impacts
			7.4.3 Recovery and Resilient Enhancement Strategies
			7.4.4 Event Consumers’ Mindset Shift
		7.5 Conclusions and Implications
		References
	Chapter 8: Prospects for Tourism Recovery in Kariba Town in the Context of COVID-19
		8.1 Introduction
		8.2 The Context of the Research
		8.3 Research Methods
		8.4 Findings and Discussion
			8.4.1 ZTA’s Weaknesses and Suggestions for Improving Its Operations
			8.4.2 Informal Traders
			8.4.3 Local Governance and Marketing of Tourist Destination
			8.4.4 Managing the COVID-19 Pandemic and Vaccination Programmes
			8.4.5 Infrastructure Development
			8.4.6 Investments in Tourism
		8.5 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 9: The Resilience of Lodges in Private Protected Areas to COVID-19: Lessons from South Africa
		9.1 Introduction
		9.2 Literature Review
			9.2.1 COVID-19 and the Wildlife-Based Tourism Industry
			9.2.2 The Importance of the Wildlife-Based Tourism Industry and Threats from COVID-19
		9.3 Materials and Methods
		9.4 Results
			9.4.1 Impact of COVID-19 on the Components of the Business
			9.4.2 Impact of COVID-19 on Staffing
			9.4.3 Engagement with Local Communities
			9.4.4 How PPA’s Have Diversified Income
		9.5 Discussion
			9.5.1 Factors Affecting the Resilience of Private Protected Areas During COVID-19
			9.5.2 Private Protected Areas’ Effects on Staffing
			9.5.3 National Governance and Private Protected Areas
			9.5.4 Community Resilience and Private Protected Areas
			9.5.5 Lessons in Resilience by Private Protected Areas
		9.6 Conclusions and Implications
		References
Part IV: Tourism Recovery Strategies for African Tourist Destinations
	Chapter 10: Impacts of COVID-19 on Emerging Tourist Destinations and Recovery Strategies in Ghana
		10.1 Introduction
		10.2 Literature Review
			10.2.1 Impacts of COVID-19 Pandemic on Tourist Destinations
			10.2.2 COVID-19 Pandemic Recovery Strategies
		10.3 Materials and Methods
		10.4 Presentation and Discussion of Findings
			10.4.1 Impact of COVID-19 on Tourism in Ghana
			10.4.2 COVID-19 Recovery Strategies in Ghana
				10.4.2.1 Government/Destination Managers
				10.4.2.2 Private Sector/Industry Players
		10.5 Conclusions
		References
	Chapter 11: Tourism Recovery Strategies from COVID-19 Within National Parks in Western Cape, South Africa
		11.1 Background and Introduction
		11.2 Literature Review
			11.2.1 COVID-19 and Protected Areas
			11.2.2 Tourism and National Parks Recovery
			11.2.3 Challenges and Opportunities for Recovery
		11.3 Study Design
		11.4 Results and Discussion
			11.4.1 Recovery Marketing Interventions by SANParks
		11.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
		References
	Chapter 12: COVID-19 and Rural Tourism Destinations in South Africa: Impact, Transformation Opportunities and Potential
		12.1 Introduction and Background
		12.2 Conceptualising the Term Rural Tourism Destination
		12.3 The Context of Rural Tourism Destinations in South Africa
		12.4 Materials and Methods
		12.5 Findings and Discussion
			12.5.1 The Impact of COVID-19 on Rural Tourism Destinations
				12.5.1.1 Decline in Tourist Arrivals and Tourism Activities at Rural Tourism Destinations Caused by the Pandemic
				12.5.1.2 Sudden Loss of Employment and Revenue at Rural Tourism Destinations Caused by the Pandemic
			12.5.2 Transformation Opportunities and the Potential to Develop Future Rural Tourism Destinations
				12.5.2.1 The Potential for Rural Tourism Destinations to Maintain Health Safety Measures
				12.5.2.2 Opportunities to Tap into the Domestic Market
				12.5.2.3 Opportunity for Coordinated Rural Tourism Development
				12.5.2.4 Opportunity to Transform Rural Infrastructure
				12.5.2.5 Opportunity to Transform Technology
		12.6 Conclusion
		References
	Chapter 13: Post-COVID-19 Aviation Industry Recovery, Resilience, Challenges and Opportunities: A Focus on Western Cape Province, South Africa
		13.1 Introduction and Background
		13.2 Study Area
		13.3 Research Methodology
		13.4 Results and Discussion
		13.5 Impact and Recovery of International Air Travel at the Cape Town International Airport
		13.6 Aviation Recovery Challenges and Opportunities
		13.7 Conclusions
		References
Part V: Conclusion and Recommendations
	Chapter 14: African Tourism Destinations in the Post-COVID-19 Era: Conclusions, Recommendations and Implications
		14.1 Introduction
		14.2 Impact of COVID-19 on African Tourism Destinations
		14.3 COVID-19 Recovery and Resilience of Tourism Destinations in Africa
		14.4 Recovery and Resilience of Cultural Destinations and Private Protected Areas
		14.5 Policy and Practical Implications
			14.5.1 Adopting the Smart Destination Framework for African Tourism Destinations
			14.5.2 Putting People and Small Tourism Businesses at the Centre of Recovery and Resilience Building
			14.5.3 Accelerating Positive Action
		14.6 Conclusion
		References
Index