Countries and Concepts: Politics, Geography, Culture

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 4
Copyright Page......Page 5
Acknowledgments......Page 20
Detailed Contents......Page 8
Preface......Page 18
1 The Uses of Comparative Politics......Page 26
The Paralysis Problem......Page 27
DEMOCRACY: Is Democracy Inevitable?......Page 28
COMPARISON: Comparative Politics among Political Science Subfields......Page 29
PERSONALITIES: Aristotle......Page 30
DEMOCRACY: Defining Democracy......Page 31
Nations and States......Page 32
GEOGRAPHY: What Made the Modern State......Page 33
Nationalism......Page 34
Impact of the Past......Page 35
Key Institutions......Page 37
DEMOCRACY: Waves of Democracy......Page 38
Political Culture......Page 39
POLITICAL CULTURE: What Is "Ideology"?......Page 40
The Politics of Social Cleavages......Page 41
GEOGRAPHY: Fake States......Page 42
What They Quarrel About......Page 45
COMPARISON: Country Experts Versus Comparativists......Page 46
Review Questions......Page 47
Key Terms......Page 48
Further Reference......Page 49
2 Britain......Page 50
Impact of the Past......Page 51
Magna Carta......Page 52
GEOGRAPHY: Invadability......Page 54
Parliament versus King......Page 55
GEOGRAPHY: The United Kingdom......Page 56
Prime Ministers and Democracy......Page 57
GEOGRAPHY: Seacoast......Page 58
PERSONALITIES: Hobbes, Locke, Burke......Page 59
The Rise of the Welfare State......Page 60
The Monarch......Page 61
COMPARISON: The Origins of Two Welfare States......Page 62
The Cabinet......Page 63
DEMOCRACY: The Queen Chooses a New Prime Minister......Page 64
The Prime Minister......Page 65
PERSONALITIES: David Cameron......Page 66
Commons......Page 67
Lords......Page 69
The Parties......Page 70
Britain's Two-Party System......Page 71
Public Schools......Page 72
GEOGRAPHY: Centers and Peripheries......Page 73
Class and Voting......Page 74
GEOGRAPHY: The 2010 Elections: Region Trumps Class......Page 75
Pragmatism......Page 76
Traditions and Legitimacy......Page 77
The Ulster Ulcer......Page 78
A Changing Political Culture......Page 79
National and Local Party......Page 80
DEMOCRACY: 2010: A Hung Parliament......Page 81
Politics within the Parties......Page 82
Parties and Interest Groups......Page 83
The Parties Face Each Other......Page 84
The Cabinet and the Civil Servants......Page 85
POLITICAL CULTURE: The Utility of Dignity......Page 86
How Democratic Is Britain?......Page 87
Cameron's Austerity......Page 88
The "British Disease"......Page 89
COMPARISON: The Cost of the Welfare State......Page 90
COMPARISON: The Productivity Race......Page 91
Britain's Racial Problems......Page 92
GEOGRAPHY: Devolution for Scotland and Wales......Page 93
Britain and Europe......Page 95
Key Terms......Page 96
Further Reference......Page 97
3 France......Page 99
The Rise of French Absolutism......Page 100
GEOGRAPHY: Rivers......Page 102
GEOGRAPHY: Core Areas......Page 103
PERSONALITIES: Voltaire, Montesquieu, Rousseau......Page 104
CHINA LESSONS: Avoiding Revolution......Page 105
The Bourbon Restoration......Page 106
COMPARISON: Brinton's Theory of Revolution......Page 107
The Third Republic......Page 108
VICHY: France Splits Again......Page 109
The Fourth Republic......Page 110
The Key Institutions......Page 111
A Semipresidential System......Page 112
Premier and Cabinet......Page 114
DEMOCRACY: France's Presidential Election of 2012......Page 115
PERSONALITIES: François Hollande......Page 116
The National Assembly......Page 117
DEMOCRACY: France's Parliamentary Elections of 2012......Page 119
GEOGRAPHY: Decentralizing Unitary Systems......Page 120
The Constitutional Council......Page 121
French Political Culture......Page 122
French Patriotism......Page 123
A Climate of Mistrust......Page 124
GEOGRAPHY: The Persistence of Region......Page 125
GEOGRAPHY: "Every Country Has a South"......Page 126
POLITICAL CULTURE: How Would You Do on the "Bac"?......Page 127
POLITICAL CULTURE: The French-U.S. Love–Hate Relationship......Page 128
Social Class......Page 129
DEMOCRACY: The Centrist French......Page 130
Patterns of Interaction......Page 131
The Fractured French Right......Page 133
POLITICAL CULTURE: The Events of May 1968......Page 135
Referendum Madness......Page 136
Fragmented Labor Unions......Page 137
Business and the Bureaucracy......Page 138
Government by Bureaucracy......Page 139
COMPARISON: "Putting on the Slippers"......Page 140
Big Guys versus Little Guys......Page 141
COMPARISON: European and U.S. Attitudes on the State......Page 142
COMPARISON: European and U.S. Conservatism......Page 143
UNEMPLOYMENT: The Giant Problem......Page 144
COMPARISON: Nuclear Power à la Française......Page 145
GEOGRAPHY: The Geography of Migration......Page 146
France's Racial Problems......Page 147
France and Europe......Page 148
Review Questions......Page 149
Key Terms......Page 150
Further Reference......Page 151
4 Germany......Page 152
Impact of the Past......Page 153
GEOGRAPHY: Boundaries: Lines on a Map......Page 155
The Rise of Prussia......Page 156
German Nationalism......Page 158
The Second Reich......Page 159
PERSONALITIES: Bismarck's Dubious Legacy......Page 160
GEOGRAPHY: Bound Germany......Page 161
GEOGRAPHY: Bound Poland......Page 162
GEOGRAPHY: Bound Hungary......Page 163
DEMOCRACY: Polarized Pluralism......Page 164
GEOGRAPHY: Another Tale of Two Flags......Page 165
POLITICAL CULTURE: Germany's Political Eras......Page 166
GEOGRAPHY: From Bonn to Berlin......Page 167
The Chancellor......Page 168
PERSONALITIES: Angela Merkel......Page 169
The Bundestag......Page 170
GEOGRAPHY: Federations......Page 171
From "Two-Plus" to Multiparty System......Page 172
CHINA LESSONS: Representation at Three Levels......Page 174
DEMOCRACY: 2013: A Split Electoral System in Action......Page 175
German Political Culture......Page 177
The Moral Vacuum......Page 178
The Remembrance of Things Past......Page 179
POLITICAL CULTURE: Political Generations in Germany......Page 180
Schooling for Elites......Page 182
POLITICAL CULTURE: The Ossi-Wessi Split......Page 183
The German Split Personality......Page 184
Patterns of Interaction......Page 185
Parties and the Electorate......Page 186
The Chancellor and the Electorate......Page 187
German Dealignment?......Page 188
The Bundestag and the Citizen......Page 189
The Union-Party Linkup......Page 190
DEMOCRACY: Germany's Coalitions......Page 191
The Länder and Berlin......Page 192
GEOGRAPHY: Elections and Maps......Page 193
German Voting Patterns......Page 194
The Political Economy of Germany......Page 195
COMPARISON: Who Wins the Manufacturing Race?......Page 196
Merging Two Economies......Page 198
GEOGRAPHY: How Germany Unified......Page 199
Bailing Out the Euro......Page 200
The Flood of Foreigners......Page 201
GEOGRAPHY: Citizenship: Blood or Soil?......Page 202
Is Berlin Weimar?......Page 203
GEOGRAPHY: Demography as Politics......Page 204
Key Terms......Page 205
Further Reference......Page 206
5 Japan......Page 207
Japanese Feudalism......Page 208
GEOGRAPHY: Japan and Britain......Page 210
The 1868 Meiji Restoration......Page 211
The Path to War......Page 212
COMPARISON: A Japanese Model of Industrialization?......Page 213
The Great Pacific War......Page 214
Up from the Ashes......Page 215
Weak Prime Ministers......Page 216
PERSONALITIES: Shinzo Abe......Page 217
The Japanese Diet......Page 218
The Parties......Page 219
Japan's Electoral System......Page 220
The Ministries......Page 221
DEMOCRACY: The 2012 Elections: A Hybrid System in Action......Page 222
Japanese Political Culture......Page 223
POLITICAL CULTURE: The Roots of Nihonjin-Ron......Page 224
POLITICAL CULTURE: Guilt versus Shame......Page 225
The Cult of the Group......Page 226
Education for Grinds......Page 227
Death of a Sarariman......Page 228
COMPARISON: Changing Political Cultures in Germany and Japan......Page 229
DEMOCRACY: Japan's Major Interest Groups......Page 230
COMPARISON: Bureaucratic Elites in France and Japan......Page 231
DEMOCRACY: The Politics of Natural Disasters......Page 232
Corruption Scandals......Page 233
No Losers......Page 234
Reform without Change......Page 235
The Political Economy of Japan......Page 236
CHINA LESSONS: Beware the S-Curve......Page 238
GEOGRAPHY: Living Without Lebensraum......Page 239
Abe's Three Arrows......Page 240
COMPARISON: Japanese and U.S. Economic Problems......Page 241
GEOGRAPHY: Running Out of Japanese......Page 242
Key Terms......Page 243
Further Reference......Page 244
6 Russia......Page 245
The Slavic People......Page 246
Russian Autocracy......Page 248
Marxism Comes to Russia......Page 249
PERSONALITIES: Lenin, the Great Revolutionary......Page 250
World War I and Collapse......Page 252
The Revolution and Civil War......Page 253
PERSONALITIES: Stalin: "One Death Is a Tragedy; A Million Is a Statistic"......Page 254
War Communism and NEP......Page 255
The Stalin System......Page 256
The New System......Page 260
GEOGRAPHY: The Ex-Soviet Republics......Page 262
DEMOCRACY: 1993: The Second Coup That Failed......Page 263
A Dominant-Party System......Page 264
PERSONALITIES: Putin: The KGB President......Page 265
Russian Political Culture......Page 266
The Mask of Legitimacy......Page 267
GEOGRAPHY: Bound Serbia......Page 268
POLITICAL CULTURE: The Philosophical Gap......Page 270
The Rediscovery of Civil Society......Page 271
POLITICAL CULTURE: The Economics Gap......Page 272
POLITICAL CULTURE: The Moral Gap......Page 273
POLITICAL CULTURE: The Legal Gap......Page 274
A Culture of Insecurity......Page 275
DEMOCRACY: Free Media......Page 276
PERSONALITIES: Failed Reformers: Nikita Khrushchev......Page 277
Reformers versus Conservatives......Page 278
The Taming of the Oligarchs......Page 279
COMPARISON: Totalitarian versus Authoritarian......Page 280
PERSONALITIES: Failed Reformers: Mikhail Gorbachev......Page 281
Why Did We Miss It?......Page 282
PERSONALITIES: Failed Reformers: Boris Yeltsin......Page 283
COMPARISON: The Timing of Reforms......Page 284
CHINA LESSONS: Petrification or Pluralism......Page 285
The Political Economy of Russia......Page 286
GEOGRAPHY: Running Out of Russians......Page 287
The Rubble of the Ruble......Page 288
Recover the Lost Republics?......Page 290
GEOGRAPHY: Trouble in the North Caucasus......Page 291
COMPARISON: A Middle Way for Socialism?......Page 292
Review Questions......Page 293
Key Terms......Page 294
Further Reference......Page 295
7 China......Page 296
The Bureaucratic Empire......Page 297
GEOGRAPHY: Bound China......Page 298
POLITICAL CULTURE: Confucianism: Government by Right Thinking......Page 300
POLITICAL CULTURE: Chinese Words in Roman Letters......Page 301
The Long Collapse......Page 302
From Empire to Republic......Page 303
POLITICAL CULTURE: U.S. Involvement in China......Page 304
The Communist Triumph......Page 305
The Key Institutions......Page 306
The New Chinese Model......Page 307
The Importance of the Party......Page 308
The Soviet Parallel......Page 309
COMPARISON: Indirect Analysis of Authoritarian Systems......Page 310
The Party......Page 311
PERSONALITIES: Tandem Power: Mao and Zhou......Page 312
The Army......Page 313
PERSONALITIES: The Invisible Puppeteer: Deng Xiaoping......Page 314
A Decentralized Unitary System......Page 315
PERSONALITIES: China's Third to Fifth Generations of Rulers......Page 316
Traditional Culture......Page 317
Nationalist China......Page 318
GEOGRAPHY: Peasants in the Cities......Page 319
Maoism......Page 320
Something to Believe In......Page 321
POLITICAL CULTURE: How China Uses Its Past......Page 323
Hidden Anger, Crouching Dissent......Page 324
POLITICAL CULTURE: Religion in China......Page 325
GEOGRAPHY: Region and Language......Page 326
A Bourgeois China?......Page 327
DEMOCRACY: Academic Freedom in China......Page 328
Proud China......Page 329
The Great Leap Forward......Page 330
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution......Page 331
Chinese Left and Right Politics......Page 332
Rice-Roots Democracy?......Page 333
Rule by Engineers......Page 334
DEMOCRACY: A Chinese Way to Democracy?......Page 335
Trying to Discipline Corruption......Page 336
COMPARISON: Equality and Growth......Page 337
DEMOCRACY: The Tiananmen Massacre......Page 338
The Political Economy of China......Page 339
It Only Looks Capitalist......Page 340
Rebalance China's Economy?......Page 341
Should China Float?......Page 342
A Market Economy for China?......Page 343
Birth Effects......Page 344
The Trouble with Markets......Page 345
DEMOCRACY: Ten Preliminary Steps to Democracy......Page 346
DEMOCRACY: Do Markets Lead to Democracy?......Page 348
GEOGRAPHY: The Hong Kong Example......Page 349
China and the World......Page 350
Review Questions......Page 351
Key Terms......Page 352
Further Reference......Page 353
8 India......Page 354
GEOGRAPHY: What Are the Developing Areas?......Page 355
Impact of the Past......Page 356
GEOGRAPHY: Bound India......Page 357
COMPARISON: The Uniqueness Trap......Page 358
GEOGRAPHY: Turbulent Frontiers......Page 359
PERSONALITIES: Gandhi: The Great Soul......Page 361
GEOGRAPHY: Partition......Page 362
The Key Institutions......Page 363
The Prime Minister......Page 364
A Fragmented Party System......Page 365
Indian Federalism......Page 366
DEMOCRACY: India's 2014 Elections......Page 367
India's Judiciary......Page 368
Indian Political Culture......Page 369
Religion in India......Page 370
India's Castes......Page 371
Patterns of Interaction......Page 372
POLITICAL CULTURE: Anticolonial Rage......Page 373
India's Fragmented Politics......Page 374
Violent India......Page 375
COMPARISON: India, Mexico, and Colombia......Page 376
COMPARISON: The Three Economic Sectors......Page 377
The Political Economy of India......Page 378
COMPARISON: The India–Pakistan Contrast......Page 379
Quotas and Voters......Page 380
Mass or Elite Education?......Page 381
FOREIGN POLICY: Neutral or Aligned?......Page 382
The Great Asia Wager......Page 383
Key Terms......Page 384
Further Reference......Page 385
9 Mexico......Page 386
New Spain......Page 387
GEOGRAPHY: Mexico's Mountains......Page 388
Mexican Independence......Page 389
GEOGRAPHY: Bound Mexico......Page 390
Between Monarchy and Republic......Page 391
POLITICAL CULTURE: Poor Mexico!......Page 392
The Revolution Institutionalized......Page 393
POLITICAL CULTURE: Mexico's Political Eras......Page 394
CHINA LESSONS: Founding Parties as Stabilizers......Page 395
The Key Institutions......Page 396
DEMOCRACY: Mexico's 2012 Presidential Election......Page 397
PERSONALITIES: Enrique Peña Nieto......Page 398
COMPARISON: Term Lengths......Page 399
Mexico's Three-Party System......Page 400
DEMOCRACY: Mexico's 2012 Legislative Elections......Page 401
Mexican Political Culture......Page 402
Imported Ideologies......Page 403
COMPARISON: Mexico and America as Colonies......Page 404
DEMOCRACY: Cautious Democrats......Page 405
Clientelism and Co-optation......Page 406
DEMOCRACY: Elections and Democracy......Page 407
Mexican Catholicism......Page 408
Crime and Politics......Page 409
The Political Economy of Mexico......Page 410
The Pemex Problem......Page 411
The NAFTA Question......Page 412
DRUGS: A Mexican or U.S. Problem?......Page 413
Modern Mexico?......Page 414
Review Questions......Page 415
Further Reference......Page 416
10 Brazil......Page 417
The Portuguese Difference......Page 418
From Empire to Republic......Page 419
GEOGRAPHY: Bound Brazil......Page 420
POLITICAL CULTURE: "Order and Progress"......Page 421
Vargas's "New State"......Page 422
The Rise and Fall of Jango Goulart......Page 423
The Struggle to Stabilize......Page 424
Congress and the Presidency......Page 425
A Deceptive Party System......Page 426
PERSONALITIES: Lula: "I Changed. Brazil Changed."......Page 427
The Military as Political Institution......Page 428
COMPARISON: Brazil's School for Praetorians......Page 429
PERSONALITIES: Dilma Rousseff, Brazil's First Woman President......Page 430
Brazilian Racism......Page 431
Brail's Poor: Passive or Explosive?......Page 432
GEOGRAPHY: Shantytowns......Page 433
POLITICAL CULTURE: Personalismo and Machismo......Page 434
An Elite Game......Page 435
The Mobilization-Demobilization Cycle......Page 436
The Inflation Connection......Page 437
DEMOCRACY: The Economy Connection......Page 438
The Corruption Connection......Page 439
Resurgent Interest Groups......Page 440
The Church as Opposition......Page 441
The Political Economy of Brazil......Page 442
How to Fight Poverty?......Page 444
The Population Problem......Page 445
GEOGRAPHY: Developing the Amazon Region......Page 446
Review Questions......Page 447
Further Reference......Page 448
11 Nigeria......Page 449
The Coming of the Europeans......Page 450
GEOGRAPHY: The Geography of Imperialism......Page 452
The Scramble for Africa......Page 453
Independence......Page 454
GEOGRAPHY: Bound Niger......Page 455
GEOGRAPHY: Boundaries in Africa......Page 456
The Key Institutions......Page 457
From British to U.S. Model......Page 458
Nigerian Federalism......Page 459
POLITICAL CULTURE: Nigeria's Political Eras......Page 460
Nigeria's Parties......Page 461
Nigerian Fragmentation......Page 462
The Igbo and Biafra......Page 464
GEOGRAPHY: Bound the Democratic Republic of Congo......Page 465
Cross-Cutting Cleavages......Page 466
Patterns of Interaction......Page 467
The Praetorian Tendency......Page 468
GEOGRAPHY: Bound Guinea......Page 470
The Political Economy of Nigeria......Page 471
DEMOCRACY: The Developmentalist Impulse......Page 472
The Corruption Factor......Page 473
CHINA LESSONS: The Danger of Corruption......Page 474
COMPARISON: Corruption International......Page 475
Oil and Democracy......Page 476
DEMOCRACY: Corporate Social Responsibility......Page 477
Review Questions......Page 478
Further Reference......Page 479
12 Iran......Page 481
Impact of the Past......Page 482
GEOGRAPHY: Bound Iran......Page 483
Western Penetration......Page 484
The First Pahlavi......Page 485
The Last Pahlavi......Page 486
COMPARISON: Atatürk and Reza Shah......Page 487
GEOGRAPHY: Sunni and Shia......Page 488
A Theocracy......Page 489
Iran's Legislature......Page 490
Emerging Parties?......Page 491
Presidential Election......Page 492
PERSONALITIES: Hassan Rouhani......Page 493
Iranian Political Culture......Page 494
Islam as a Political Ideology......Page 495
POLITICAL CULTURE: Is Islam Antimodern?......Page 496
Iranian Nationalism......Page 497
POLITICAL CULTURE: Are Iranians Religious Fanatics?......Page 498
Religion as a Political Tool......Page 499
Moderates and Islamists in Iran......Page 501
POLITICAL CULTURE: Does Islam Discriminate Against Women?......Page 502
The Revolution Burns Out......Page 503
COMPARISON: Is Saudi Arabia Next?......Page 504
The Political Economy of Iran......Page 505
GEOGRAPHY: How Many Iranians?......Page 506
GEOGRAPHY: Strategic Waterways......Page 507
Iran as a Regional Power......Page 508
POLITICAL CULTURE: The United States and Iran......Page 509
Do Revolutions End Badly?......Page 510
Review Questions......Page 511
Further Reference......Page 512
Epilogue: Lessons of Eleven Countries......Page 514
C......Page 519
D......Page 521
G......Page 522
I......Page 523
M......Page 524
O......Page 525
P......Page 526
R......Page 527
S......Page 528
W......Page 529
Z......Page 530
Photo Credits......Page 531
C......Page 532
D......Page 533
F......Page 534
K......Page 535
M......Page 536
P......Page 537
R......Page 538
T......Page 539
Z......Page 540