Corrosion Characteristics, Mechanisms and Control Methods of Candidate Alloys in Sub- and Supercritical Water

Preface
Contents
1 Introduction
	1.1 Supercritical Water Technology
		1.1.1 Characteristics of Supercritical Water
		1.1.2 Supercritical Water Oxidation
		1.1.3 Supercritical Water Gasification
		1.1.4 Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor
	1.2 Problems in Supercritical Water Technology
		1.2.1 Problems in Supercritical Water Oxidation
		1.2.2 Problems in Supercritical Water Gasification
		1.2.3 Problems in Supercritical Water-Cooled Reactor
	1.3 Studies on Candidate Materials for Supercritical Water Technology
		1.3.1 Major Candidate Materials
		1.3.2 Research Overview on Candidate Materials
	1.4 Development and Application of Ni-Based Corrosion-Resistant Alloy
		1.4.1 Development of Ni-Based Alloys
		1.4.2 Applications of Ni-Based Alloys
	1.5 Alloys Used in Subcritical Water in Nuclear Reactors
	References
2 Corrosion Types and Elemental Effects of Ni-Based and FeCrAl Alloys
	2.1 Corrosion Types of Ni-Based Alloys
		2.1.1 General Corrosion
		2.1.2 Pitting Corrosion
		2.1.3 Crevice Corrosion
		2.1.4 Intergranular Corrosion
		2.1.5 Environment-Assisted Fracture
	2.2 Element Effects of Ni-Based Alloys
	2.3 Element Effects of FeCrAl Alloys
		2.3.1 Chromium (Cr)
		2.3.2 Aluminum (Al)
		2.3.3 Silicon (Si)
		2.3.4 Reactive Elements
		2.3.5 Other Elements
	References
3 Corrosion Characteristics of Candidate Alloys
	3.1 Corrosion Characteristics of Ni–Cr Alloys
		3.1.1 Corrosion Weight Change
		3.1.2 Oxides Formed on Alloy Surface
		3.1.3 Comparison of Corrosion Characteristics
	3.2 Corrosion Characteristics of Ni–Cr–Mo Alloys
		3.2.1 Corrosion Weight Change
		3.2.2 Oxides Formed on Alloy Surface
		3.2.3 Comparison of Corrosion Characteristics
	3.3 Corrosion Characteristics of Ni–Fe–Cr Alloys
		3.3.1 Corrosion Weight Change
		3.3.2 Oxides Formed on Alloy Surface
		3.3.3 Surface Treatment Processes
		3.3.4 Comparison of Corrosion Characteristics
	3.4 Corrosion Characteristics of Ni–Fe–Cr–Mo–Cu Alloys and Other Ni-Based Alloys
		3.4.1 Oxides Formed on Alloy Surface
		3.4.2 Comparison of Corrosion Characteristics
	3.5 Corrosion Characteristics of FeCrAl Alloys
		3.5.1 Oxidation Kinetics
		3.5.2 Corrosion Process and Mechanism
		3.5.3 Influence of Water Chemistry
		3.5.4 Influence of Irradiation
		3.5.5 Influence of Temperature
	3.6 Corrosion Characteristics of Typical Zircaloy
		3.6.1 Corrosion Process
		3.6.2 Influence of Alloying Elements
		3.6.3 Influence of pH
		3.6.4 Influence of Secondary Phase Precipitates
		3.6.5 Steam Oxidation in Loss of Coolant Accident
	References
4 Corrosion Mechanisms of Alloys in Supercritical Water
	4.1 Oxidation Processes and Involved Chemical Reactions
		4.1.1 Reactions of Typical Elements
		4.1.2 Reactions of Ni/Cr/Fe Oxides and Ni/Fe Hydroxides
		4.1.3 Reactions in Complicated SCW Environment
		4.1.4 Overall Oxidation Process Evaluation
	4.2 Total Corrosion Processes and Mechanisms
	References
5 Corrosion Behavior of Alloys in Supercritical Water Oxidation Processes
	5.1 High-Temperature Corrosion of Fe–Ni-Based and Ni-Based Alloys in SCW
		5.1.1 Introduction
		5.1.2 Experiment
		5.1.3 Results and Discussion
		5.1.4 Conclusions
	5.2 Corrosion Properties of Alloys in SCW Containing Phosphate, Sulfate, Chloride and Oxygen
		5.2.1 Introduction
		5.2.2 Experiment Section
		5.2.3 Results and Discussion
		5.2.4 Conclusion
	References
6 Corrosion Control Methods in Supercritical Water Oxidation Processes
	6.1 Corrosion of Ceramic Coatings on 316 SS in Oxygenated Sub- and Supercritical Water
		6.1.1 Introduction
		6.1.2 Experimental Section
		6.1.3 Results and Discussions
		6.1.4 Conclusions
	6.2 Corrosion of Passivated 316 SS in Subcritical Water Containing Oxygen and NaCl
		6.2.1 Introduction
		6.2.2 Experimental Section
		6.2.3 Results and Discussions
		6.2.4 Conclusions
	6.3 Corrosion of Coated and Uncoated 316 SS in Supercritical Water Oxidation of Municipal Sludge
		6.3.1 Introduction
		6.3.2 Experimental Section
		6.3.3 Results and Discussions
		6.3.4 Conclusions
	Supplementary Materials
	References
7 Prospects and Challenges of Candidate Alloys Used in Sub- and Supercritical Water Environment