Corporate versus National Interest in US Trade Policy: Chiquita and Caribbean Bananas

Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations
List of Tables
Chapter 1: Objective and Organization
	Introduction
	Objectives
	Methodology
	Organization
	Conclusion
Chapter 2: Corporate Influence in US Trade Policy
	Introduction
	Objectives
	Philosophies
	Policy Formulation as a Synthesis
	Policy Implementation
	White House
	Congress7
	USTR and Interagency Process
	Interest Groups
	Lobbyists
	Think Tanks
	Nongovernmental Organizations and Universities
	Labor Organizations
	Media
	Foreign Actors in US Trade Policy
	Influence of Corporations on Trade Policy
	Corporate Executives in the Cabinet
	Revolving-Door: Federal Bureaucracy and Corporate America
	Influence of Money in US Politics
	Money, Lobbying, and Perverse Policy Outcomes
	Corporate Dominance of the Consultative Process
	National Versus Corporate Interests in US Trade Policy
	Overview
Chapter 3: The Importance of Bananas in the Caribbean
	Introduction
	The Caribbean
	Emergence of the Banana Industry in Jamaica
	Creation of the Banana Industry in the Eastern Caribbean
	Nature of Banana Farming
	Downside of the Banana Industry
	Importance of the Banana Industry
	Epilogue
Chapter 4: The EU Banana Regime
	Introduction
	Part 1
		Preferential Trade Arrangements for Developing Countries
		Rationale and Operation
		Preference Erosion: The Good, The Bad, and The Ugly
		Impact on Small Vulnerable Developing Economies
		Causes of Preference Erosion
		Grounds for Maintaining Preferences
			Legitimacy
			Vulnerability
			Affordability
			Imperfect Substitutability
		Retention of Preferences
		Recalibration of Preferences25
		Restructuring Preference-Dependent Economies
		Redimensioning Development Financing
	Part II
		EU Banana Regime
		The Evolution of EU Banana Regime
		Corporate Control of the EEC Banana Market
		Challenges to the EU Regime
		The EU Banana Regime of 1993
		The EU Position
	Part III
		Tradition of Trade Preferences for the Caribbean
		The Banana Case in the GATT/WTO
			The First GATT Challenge
			The Second GATT Challenge
			The WTO Challenge
			Final Banana Agreement
	Summary
Chapter 5: Chiquita and Its Influence on  US Trade Policy
	Introduction
	Evolution
	State-Corporate Nexus
	Monopolizing the Banana Business
	Corrupt Practices
	Playing Hardball with Critics
	Lindner’s Political Influence
	Congressional Tactics
	Conflating Corporate and National Interest
	No Common Industry Position
	Differences in Corporate Strategy
	Departure from Traditional US Trade Policy
	Banana War
	No Special Relationship
	Chiquita’s Bankruptcy and Demise
Chapter 6: Chiquita Overwhelms the Small Caribbean States
	Introduction
	The Start
	Dialogue Suddenly Terminated
	The Banana Industry in the Caribbean
	Chiquita: Descendent of United Fruit Company
	Chiquita’s Spurious Claim
	Dynamics of Us Banana Policy
	Bureaucracy
	Us Business Community
	Media
	Think Tanks
	The Executive
	Congress
	Congressional Black Caucus
	Senator Dole’s Lobbying For Chiquita
	Lobbyists
	Caribbean Community in the United States
	African American Community
	Caribbean Business Community
	Us Business Community
	EU Business Community
	Caribbean Governments
	Free Trade Advocates
	World Trade Organization
	Transatlantic Nexus
	Strategy
	Epilogue
Chapter 7: Impact of US Banana Policy on the Caribbean
	Introduction
	Erosion of Confidence, Build-Up of Resentment
	Genesis of Economic Crisis
	Decline in Economic Growth
	Clear and Present Danger of Economic Fallout
	Region-Wide Impact
	Structural Adjustment
	Alternative Crops Not Feasible
	US Palliative
	Lack of US Aid Compounded the Crisis
	Increased Drug Trafficking
	Transnational Organized Crime
	Violence
	9/11 and Tourism
	Debt Debacle
		Resort To Unorthodoxy
	Summary
Chapter 8: Implications for US National Interest in the Caribbean
	The National Interest
	US National Interest in the Caribbean
		Political
		Diplomatic
			Cuba
			Venezuela
			China
		Economic
			Export Markets
			Source of Raw Materials
			Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
			Peace and Democracy
			National Security
		Trade Policy
			Sugar
			Generalized System of Preferences (GSP)
			Caribbean Basin Initiative (CBI)
			Dominican Republic-Central America Free Trade Agreement
		Social
		National Security
	To the Detriment of US National Interests
	The Phyrric Victory of Chiquita
Bibliography
	Books
	Articles in Journals
	Chapters in Books
	Monographs and Working Papers
	Magazine
	Newspaper
	Reports
	Letters
	Other
Index