Coronavirus Disease: From Molecular to Clinical Perspectives (Public Health in the 21st Century)

Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Epidemiology and Pathogenesis  of COVID-19
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Epidemiology
	Pathogenesis
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 2
Transmission of SARS-COV-2  and Prevention Strategies
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Routes of Transmission
		Droplet and Contact Transmission
		Airborne Transmission
		Fomite Transmission
		Other Modes of Transmission
		Period of Infectiousness
	Prevention Strategies
		Public Settings
		Healthcare Settings
			General Principles
			Outpatient Clinics
			Inpatient Clinics
			Healthcare Workers
			Surgical Procedures
			Environmental Cleaning and Disinfection
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3
Clinical Aspect of COVID-19
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Incubation Period
	Asymptomatic Infections
	Clinical Presentation
	Clinical Course of the Disease
	Clinical Progression
	Risk Factors for Severe Illness
	Complications
		Respiratory Failure
		Cardiac and Cardiovascular Complications
		Thromboembolic Complications
		Inflammatory Complications
		Secondary Infections
	Recovery and Long-Term Sequela
	Laboratory Findings
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 4
Diagnosis of COVID-19
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Computed Tomography and Other Biochemical Properties
		Sample Collection
		Molecular and Serological Methods
	References
Chapter 5
Treatment Optıons for COVID-19 Patıents
	Abstract
	Introductıon
	Current Drugs ın the Treatment of COVID-19
	Antımalarıal Agents
	Antıvıral Agents
		Favipiravir
		Lopinavir/Ritonavir
		Ribavirin
		Remdesivir
	Antıbacterıal Agents
		Azithromycin
		Teicoplanin and Other Glycopeptides
	Immunmodulator and Immunsupressıf Agents
		Interleukin-6 Inhibitors
		IL-1 Receptor Antagonists
		Janus Kinase Inhibitors
		Anti-tumor Necrosis Factor-α
		Intravenous Immunoglobulin
		Interferons
		Corticosteroids
	Other Pharmacologıc Therapıes
		Convalescent Plasma Therapy
		Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS) Inhibitors
		Statins
	Conclusıon
	References
Chapter 6
Intensive Care Management
of COVID-19 Patients
	Abstract
	Introduction
	ICU Organization During COVID-19 Surge
	COVID-19 Related Acute Respiratory Failure
	COVID-19 and Thrombosis
	Other Therapies to Mitigate the Effects of COVID-19
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7
Anatomical Basis of the COVID-19
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Basic Anatomy of the Upper Respiratory Tract
		Nose
		Nasal Cavity
		Paranasal Sinuses
		Pharynx
		Larynx
	Anatomy of Olfactory Dysfunction
	Anatomy of Ocular Transmission
	Anatomy for Upper Respiratory Tract Sampling
		Nasopharyngeal Swab
		Oropharyngeal Swab
	Basic Anatomy of the Lower Respiratory Tract
	Anatomy of the Tracheostomy
	Basic Anatomy of the Lungs
	Cough Reflex
	Pleura
	Muscles of Respiration
	Pulmonary Volumes and Capacities
	Effect of the Prone Position on the Volumes, Perfusion, and Ventilation of the Lungs
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8
Genetic Background of Differences  in the Incidence of Corona Virus Infection
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Association of Sex Chromosomes with COVID-19
		X Linked Genes and X Inactivation
		Toll-Like Receptor 7 (TLR7)
	host Genetic Factors Related to SARS-CoV-2 Entry  into Host Cells
		ACE2 and TMPRSS2
		Interferon (IFN)-Induced Transmembrane (IFITM)
	Host Genetic Factors Related to Sars-CoV-2 Replication/Protein Expression for Regulating Coronavirus Infection
		Glucose Regulated Protein 78 kDa (GRP78)
		Cyclophilins
	Host Genetic Factors in the Immune reSponse  to SARS-CoV-2
		HLA Loci
		Inflammatory Factors and IL-6
		Some other Possible Candidate Immune Genes to COVID-19 Susceptibility
	Epigenetic Modifications and COVID 19
		Epigenetic and Possible Treatment/Vaccine Options for SARS-CoV-2
	Telomere Lenght and COVID 19
	Relationship between ABO Blood Group Distribution  and COVID-19
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9
The Clinical Course of COVID-19  in Elderly Patients
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Clinical Characteristics
	Laboratory Characteristics
	Radiological Characteristics
	Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10
SARS COV-2 in Pediatric Patients:
Hematological Face of the Disease
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Transmission
	Clinical Presentation
	Imaging
	Laboratory Findings
		Lymphopenia
		Thrombocytopenia
		Eosinopenia
	Coagulation Disorders in COVID-19
	Treatment
		Antiviral Treatment
		Immunomodulatuar Treatment
	Vaccination Trial
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11
COVID-19 and Ophthalmology
	Abstract
	Introduction
	SARS-CoV-2 in Tears and Ocular Findings of COVID-19
	Control Measures for the Ophthalmological Examination and Surgeries
		Retina
		Oculoplasty
		Contact Lens
		Uveitis
		Cataract
		Cornea
		Glaucoma
		Pediatric Ophthalmology
		Surgery
	COVID-19 and Telemedicine in Ophthalmology
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 12
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic  on Patients with Diabetes
	Abstract
	Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 and Diabetes
	Hyperglycemia Is a Risk in COVID-19
	COVID-19 on the Regulation of Blood Glucose
	Pancreas Failure
	Diabetic Ketoacidosis
	Anti-Diabetic Therapeutics
	Metformin
	Dipeptidyl Peptidase 4 (DPP4) Inhibitors
	Glucagon-Like Peptide 1 (GLP-1) Receptor Agonists
	Sulfonylureas and Thiazolidinediones
	Insulin
	Sodium Glucose Transporter-2 (SGLT-2) Inhibitors
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 13
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic  on the Patients with Chronic  Respiratory Diseases
	Abstract
	Introduction
	COVID-19 Pandemic and the Patients with Asthma
	COVID-19 Pandemic and the Patients  with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
	COVID-19 Pandemic and the Patients  with Interstitial Lung Disease
	COVID-19 Pandemic and the Patients  with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome
	References
Chapter 14
The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic  on Patients with Cardiovascular Diseases
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Hypertension
	Coronary Artery Disease
	Heart Failure
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15
The Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic  on Cancer Patients
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Incidence of Covid 19 Infection in Cancer Patients
	Clinical Outcomes of Covid-19 Infection  in Cancer Patients
	The Effect of Cancer Treatment on Covid-19 Infection
	Testing for Covid 19 in Cancer Patients
	Treatment of COVID-19 Infection in Cancer Patients
	References
Chapter 16
COVID-19 from General Surgery Perspective
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Diagnosis
	Precautions in the COVID Era
	Which Cases and How Should We Operate?
	Oncological Operations During the Pandemic
	Emergency Surgery in the Covid-19 Period
	Surgical Education During the Pandemic
	Telemedicine
	Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 17
Cytokine Storm and Oxidative Stress  in Severe COVID-19
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Cytokine Storm in COVID-19
	Cytokine Storm-Induced Reactive Oxygen  Species Production
	Oxidative Damage in COVID-19
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18
Antioxidant Agents in the Treatment  of COVID-19
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Examples of Medicaly Used Antioxidants
		Glutathione
		Melatonin
		Vitamin C
		Vitamin D
		Flavinoids
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19
Vaccıne Development Studıes for COVID-19
	Abstract
	Introductıon
	Vaccıne Development and Clınıcal Trıals
	Vaccıne Technologıes and Targets
	COVID-19 Vaccıne Effects and Adverse-Effects
	Concludıng Remarks
	References
Chapter 20
Molecular Approaches  in COVID-19 Treatment
	Abstract
	Introduction
	Oligonucleotides as Therapeutic Drugs
	Mechanisms Related to Cell Entry  of SARS-CoV-2 as Therapeutic Targets
	Autophagy Pathway as Therapeutic Targets
	Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapeutic Strategy for COVID-19
	Mesenchymal Stem Cells-Derived Exosomes  in COVID-19 Treatment
	Conclusion
	References
About the Editor
Index
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