Coronavirus Disease 2019 Covid-19: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and Therapeutics

Foreword
Preface
Suggested Reading for Updated Information About COVID-19
Acknowledgments
About This Book
Contents
About the Editor
Chapter 1: Current Insight into the Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 SARS-CoV-2 Genome and Pathogenesis
	1.3 Host Immune Response Against SARS-CoV-2
	1.4 Diagnosis of Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	1.5 Treatment and Drugs for SARS-CoV-2
	1.6 Prevention and Control Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	1.7 Conclusions
	1.8 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 2: Global Trends in Epidemiology of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Twenty-First Century Epidemics
	2.3 SARS-CoV-2 Outbreak
	2.4 Pandemic SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19
	2.5 Worldwide Surveillance Systems
	2.6 Regions of Potential Threat
	2.7 Conclusions
	2.8 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 3: Morphology, Genome Organization, Replication, and Pathogenesis of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (...
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Morphology of SARS-CoV-2
	3.3 Genome Organization of SARS-CoV-2
	3.4 Entry and Replication of SARS-CoV-2 in Host Cells
	3.5 Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2
	3.6 Conclusions
	3.7 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 4: Transmission Cycle of SARS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Coronavirus Transmission Cycle
	4.3 Transmission Among Animals
	4.4 Transmission from Animals to Human
	4.5 Transmission Among Humans
	4.6 Conclusions
	4.7 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 5: Host Immune Response and Immunobiology of Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Family of Coronaviruses
	5.3 Entry of CoV into Host Cells
	5.4 Antigen Presentation During Human SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	5.5 Humoral Immune Response
	5.6 Cellular Immune Response
	5.7 Cytokine Storm Syndrome in Patients Infected with SARS-CoV-2
	5.8 Immune Evasion Strategies for Coronaviruses
	5.9 Immune Escape Strategies
		5.9.1 Inhibition of IFN Induction
		5.9.2 Inhibition of IFN Signaling
	5.10 Conclusions
	5.11 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 6: Clinical Characteristics and Differential Clinical Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 General Symptoms of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
		6.2.1 Transmission
		6.2.2 Reproduction Number and Secondary Attack Rates
		6.2.3 Pathophysiology Behind Symptoms and Signs
		6.2.4 Incubation Period (IP)
		6.2.5 Demographic Features and General Symptoms of COVID-19
		6.2.6 COVID-19 in Children and Pregnancy
	6.3 Clinical Course of COVID-19 (Day-Wise)
	6.4 Clinical Complications and Case Definitions
		6.4.1 Clinical Complications and Outcomes
		6.4.2 Underlying Co-morbidities Complicating COVID-19
		6.4.3 Case Definitions (WHO 2020d)
	6.5 Clinical Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
		6.5.1 Routine Pathology and Biochemistry Lab Findings and Imaging in COVID-19
		6.5.2 Poor Prognostic Factors in COVID-19
	6.6 Differential Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19)
	6.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives: What We Do Not Know Today?
	References
Chapter 7: Coronavirus Infection Among Children and Adolescents
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Coronavirus Infection Among Children
	7.3 Risk Factors Specific to Children and Adolescents
		7.3.1 Immunocompromised State
		7.3.2 Malnutrition
		7.3.3 Medical Co-morbidities
		7.3.4 Poor Hygiene
		7.3.5 Lack of Sensitization
		7.3.6 Age-Specific Issues
	7.4 Prevention of Coronavirus Infection Among Children and Adolescents
	7.5 Evidence-Based Management Approach
	7.6 Conclusions
	7.7 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 8: COVID-19: An Ophthalmological Update
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Ophthalmological Manifestation of Viral Respiratory Diseases
		8.2.1 Spectrum of Presentation
		8.2.2 Previous Coronavirus Infections in the Eye
		8.2.3 Novel Coronavirus Infection (COVID-19) in the Eye
	8.3 Combating the Ocular Spread-Ophthalmologist´s Role Play
		8.3.1 When to Suspect COVID-19 Conjunctivitis
		8.3.2 Diagnosing and Managing COVID-19 Conjunctivitis
	8.4 Risk to Ophthalmologists
	8.5 Preventive Measures in Ophthalmic Practice
		8.5.1 Outpatient Care
			8.5.1.1 Personal protection
			8.5.1.2 Examination Equipment Sterilization
			8.5.1.3 Consultation Room Hygiene and Ventilation
		8.5.2 Inpatient Care
		8.5.3 Operation Theater (OT)
		8.5.4 Management in Case of Accidental Exposure
		8.5.5 Economically Weaker Countries
	8.6 Conclusions
	8.7 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 9: Laboratory Diagnosis of Novel Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Infection
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Specimen Types and Collection
	9.3 Biosafety Measures
	9.4 Specimen Collection Packaging and Transport
	9.5 Diagnostic Methods for the Detection of SARS-CoV-2
		9.5.1 Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing (NAAT)
		9.5.2 Viral Sequencing
		9.5.3 Serology
		9.5.4 Viral Culture
	9.6 Challenges for Diagnosis
	9.7 Conclusions
	9.8 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 10: Therapeutic Development and Drugs for the Treatment of COVID-19
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Treatment of Novel Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 Infection
		10.2.1 Approved Nucleoside Analogs
		10.2.2 Experimental Nucleoside Analogs
		10.2.3 Approved Protease Inhibitors
		10.2.4 Host-Targeted Strategies
		10.2.5 Early Supportive Therapy for SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	10.3 Treatment of MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV Infections
	10.4 Vaccine for Coronaviruses
	10.5 Complementary and Alternative Medicines (CAM) for Coronaviruses
		10.5.1 Ayurverdic Medicines for the Treatment of Coronaviruses
		10.5.2 Homeopathic Medicines for the Treatment of Coronaviruses
		10.5.3 Unani Medicines for the Treatment of Coronaviruses
		10.5.4 Herbal Medicines Showing Efficacy Against Coronavirus in Cell Culture Model
	10.6 Conclusions
	10.7 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 11: Prevention and Control Strategies for SARS-CoV-2 Infection
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development
	11.3 Types of Coronavirus Vaccines
	11.4 Efficacy and Effectiveness of Coronavirus Vaccines
	11.5 Control Strategies of Coronavirus Infection
	11.6 Conclusions
	11.7 Future Perspective
	References
Chapter 12: Classical Coronaviruses
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Origin and Evolution of Coronaviruses
	12.3 Classification
	12.4 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 13: Emergence and Reemergence of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) Coronaviruses
	13.1 Introduction
		13.1.1 SARS-CoV to SARS-CoV-2: RNA Recombination, Antigenic Shift, and Antigenic Drift
	13.2 Structure of Genome
	13.3 Alteration in Glycosylation Pattern of Spike Glycoproteins
	13.4 Antigenic Variation in Spike Glycoproteins
	13.5 Structural Difference in Spike Glycoproteins
	13.6 RNA Recombination in Positive-Strand RNA Viruses
	13.7 Conclusions
	13.8 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 14: Preparing for the Perpetual Challenges of Pandemics of Coronavirus Infections with Special Focus on SARS-CoV-2
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Strategies for Pandemic Preparedness for Coronavirus
		14.2.1 Updated Surveillance Systems
		14.2.2 Strategies for the Implementation of Laboratory Diagnostic Services
		14.2.3 Management of Bulk Vaccines and Antiviral Drugs
		14.2.4 Promoting facilities for treatment and hospitalization, healthcare personnel, maintenance of hygiene and disinfection d...
	14.3 Global Management Strategies for Coronavirus Infection
		14.3.1 Social Distancing
		14.3.2 Extensive Testing, Case Isolation, and Contact Tracing
		14.3.3 Travel Restrictions
		14.3.4 Foiling Myths to Control Mass Hysteria
	14.4 Economic Consequences of Pandemic Risk
	14.5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 15: Preparing Children for Pandemics
	15.1 Introduction
	15.2 Fears and Myths in Children
	15.3 Children´s Perspective
	15.4 Engaging Children for Pandemic Preparedness
	15.5 Behavioral Management of Children (Prevention)
	15.6 Planning for School Closure
	15.7 Role of Teachers
	15.8 Role of Educational Institutes/Schools
	15.9 Role of Educational Policy Makers
	15.10 Role of a Parent
	15.11 Dealing with Stress and Depression in Children During Pandemic Like Emergencies
	15.12 Ensuring Mental Well-Being and Spiritual Upbringing
	15.13 Conclusions
	15.14 Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 16: Coping with Mental Health Challenges During COVID-19
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Impact of COVID-19 in Society
	16.3 Emerging Mental Health Issues in COVID-19 Pandemic
		16.3.1 Among General Population
		16.3.2 Among COVID-19 Cases
		16.3.3 Among Family Members and Close Contacts
		16.3.4 Among Healthcare Workers
		16.3.5 Among Special Population (Old Age and Co-morbidities)
	16.4 Coping with Mental Health Issues During COVID-19 Pandemic
	16.5 Myths and Facts About COVID-19
	16.6 Precautionary Measures and Recommendations
	16.7 Conclusions
	16.8 Future Perspectives
	References