Coronavirus Disease - COVID-19

Preface......Page 7
Acknowledgment......Page 12
Contents......Page 13
1: Introduction on Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Pandemic: The Global Challenge......Page 19
1.2	 The Source of the Infection......Page 20
1.3.1.2	 Antigen Presentation......Page 21
1.3.2	 Role of the Immune System During COVID-19......Page 22
1.4.1	 A Historical Review of SARS Pandemic......Page 23
1.4.2.4	 High-Risk Population......Page 24
1.5.2	 Clinical Manifestations......Page 25
1.6.2	 Antivirals......Page 26
1.6.5	 Corticosteroids......Page 27
1.6.6	 Vaccine Development......Page 28
1.7	 COVID19 Pandemic: Global Challenges, Prevention, and Preparedness for the Next Pandemic......Page 29
Recurrence......Page 30
1.7.2	 Preparing for the Next COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 31
1.8	 The Economy of COVID-19......Page 32
1.9	 Conclusion......Page 33
References......Page 34
2.1	 Introduction......Page 41
2.3	 Virion Structure and Genome Organization......Page 42
2.4.1	 Noncoding Genes......Page 44
2.4.2	 Nonstructural Proteins......Page 46
2.5	 Structural Proteins and Accessory Proteins......Page 49
2.6.1	 Virus Entry and Uncoating......Page 50
2.7	 Conclusion......Page 52
References......Page 53
3.1	 Introduction......Page 58
3.1.2	 A Brief History of the Discovery of Human Coronaviruses......Page 59
3.2	 Origin and Evolution of SARS-CoV-2 and Other Betacoronaviruses......Page 60
3.2.1	 Genome Evolution......Page 65
3.3.1	 Natural Hosts of Coronaviruses......Page 69
3.3.2	 The Environment......Page 70
3.4	 Conclusion......Page 71
References......Page 72
Websites......Page 77
4: The Epidemiologic Aspects of COVID-19 Outbreak: Spreading Beyond Expectations......Page 78
4.1	 Introduction......Page 79
4.2	 Coronavirus-Caused Outbreaks: SARS, MERS, and COVID-19......Page 80
4.3.3	 Mortality Rate......Page 82
4.3.7	 R0 (The Reproduction Ratio or the Reproduction Number)......Page 86
4.5	 COVID-19 Pandemic Details in China and Selected Countries......Page 87
4.6.2	 Nonselective Bias or Technical Bias......Page 88
4.7.1	 Policymaker Shortcomings......Page 89
4.8.1	 Denial and Isolation......Page 90
4.9.1	 Social Impacts......Page 91
4.9.2	 Mental Impacts......Page 92
4.10.5	 Demographic Shifts......Page 93
References......Page 94
5.1	 Introduction......Page 97
5.2	 The Importance of Understanding the Incubation Period......Page 98
5.3	 Existing Findings of the Incubation Period of COVID-19......Page 99
5.4	 Modeling the Distribution of the Incubation Period......Page 101
References......Page 103
6: Coronavirus: Pure Infectious Disease or Genetic Predisposition......Page 107
6.1	 Introduction......Page 108
6.2.1.1	 ACE1......Page 109
6.2.2	 CD147......Page 110
6.2.4	 Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS2)......Page 111
6.3.2	 Type C Lectin......Page 112
6.4.1	 C-C Motif Chemokine Ligand 2 (CCL2)......Page 113
6.4.3	 Interferon-Gamma (IFN-γ)......Page 114
6.5	 Autophagy-Related Genes......Page 115
6.7	 Conclusion......Page 117
References......Page 118
7: Genetic Polymorphisms in the Host and COVID-19 Infection......Page 124
7.1	 Introduction......Page 125
7.3.1	 Univariate Regression Analysis......Page 127
7.4	 Discussion......Page 129
References......Page 131
8: How COVID-19 Has Globalized: Unknown Origin, Rapid Transmission, and the Immune System Nourishment......Page 134
8.1	 Introduction......Page 135
8.2.3	 SARS-CoV-2: Where Does It Come from, and How Does It Go?......Page 136
8.5	 Immune Profile of Peripheral Blood in Patients with COVID-19......Page 140
8.5.1.1	 Lymphocytes......Page 141
T-Cell Pattern in Relation to the Deterioration of COVID-19......Page 142
T Cells Become Reduced, Exhausted, and Overwhelmed in COVID-19......Page 143
8.5.2	 Immunoglobulins......Page 144
8.6.1.1	 Baseline Levels of Cytokines in Relation to the Severity of COVID-19......Page 145
8.6.2	 Inflammatory Markers......Page 146
8.6.3	 Differentially Expressed Genes in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Peripheral Blood from Patients with COVID-19......Page 147
8.7.2	 Immunological Cells Invade the Lungs and Occupy its Nation Within 3–10 Days in Patients with COVID-19......Page 148
8.7.3.4	 BALF Macrophages Are Different Among Patients with Severe and Mild COVID-19......Page 149
8.7.4	 Anti-COVID-19 Macrophages: Anti-inflammatory Macrophages that Induce Tolerance to Coronaviruses Resembling the Novel One in Bats......Page 150
8.8.1	 Cell Pyroptosis: A Pro-inflammatory Programmed Cell Death......Page 151
8.8.3.2	 Cell Pyroptosis in Macrophages During MERS-CoV Infection......Page 152
8.9	 Ravaged by Macrophage Missiles Under the Cytokine Storm: A Lethal Disease Model for COVID-19......Page 153
8.11	 SARS-CoV-2: An International Problem Starting from Wuhan on December 11, 2019, Spreading to 199 Countries and Territories Around the World and Two International Conveyances as of March 28, 2020......Page 154
8.12.3	 The Near-Presentation Detection of Viral RNA Gives Us No Opportunity to Recognize Asymptomatic People......Page 155
8.13	 Mathematical Models from Dynamics of the Primary Coming of COVID-19 to Preparedness for the Next Coming of COVID-19......Page 156
8.15	 Conclusion......Page 157
References......Page 158
9: Potential Antiviral Immune Response Against COVID-19: Lessons Learned from SARS-CoV......Page 163
9.2	 Innate Immune Recognition of Coronaviruses......Page 164
9.2.1	 TLRs......Page 165
9.3	 Antigen Presentation Pathways......Page 166
9.4	 Epitope Spreading and Molecular Immune Mimicry......Page 167
9.5	 Antigen Epitopes and Immunodominant Epitopes......Page 170
9.6	 Potential Immune Evasion Mechanisms......Page 172
9.7	 Humoral Immune Responses......Page 173
9.8	 Conclusion......Page 175
References......Page 176
10.1	 Introduction......Page 182
10.2	 SARS-CoV-2 Cell Entry......Page 183
10.3	 Cell Stress......Page 184
10.3.1	 HSPA5 Functions in Healthy Versus Stressed Cells......Page 185
10.3.3	 HSPA5 in Cancer and Viral Infection......Page 186
10.4	 COVID-19 Inhibition by Targeting CS-HSPA5 and/or Spike Protein......Page 187
References......Page 188
11.1	 Introduction......Page 192
11.2	 Respiratory Manifestations and Constitutional Symptoms......Page 194
11.3	 Central Nervous System Manifestations......Page 195
11.4	 Gastrointestinal System Manifestations......Page 196
11.5	 Cardiovascular System Manifestations......Page 197
11.7	 Laboratory Findings......Page 198
11.8	 Imaging Findings......Page 200
11.10	 Conclusion......Page 201
References......Page 202
12.1	 Introduction......Page 210
12.2.1	 Pediatric COVID-19 Is Often Asymptomatic, and Severe Disease Is Rare......Page 211
12.2.3	 Why Is the Case Fatality Rate Low in Children?......Page 213
12.2.5	 What Are the Immune Components That Play a Role in Disease Severity During SARS-CoV-2 Infection? Moreover, How Does This Differ in Children?......Page 214
12.2.7	 ACE-2 Maturity and Abundance......Page 216
References......Page 217
13: Geriatrics and COVID-19......Page 222
13.2	 Elderlies: Too Frail for COVID-19......Page 223
13.2.1	 The Aged Immune System......Page 224
13.2.3	 The Mature Immunity......Page 225
13.2.4.2	 Dual-Function ACE2: Zinc Metalloproteinase and Microbial Collagenase......Page 226
13.2.4.6	 The Herding Behavior of COVID19 in Relation to ACE2 Under the Cytokine Storm......Page 227
13.3.1	 Clinical Features......Page 228
13.3.5	 Management......Page 229
References......Page 230
14.1	 Introduction......Page 236
14.3	 Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS)......Page 238
14.4	 Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS)......Page 240
14.5.1	 Studies from China......Page 243
14.5.2	 Studies from North America and Europe......Page 245
14.5.4	 Maternal Mortality......Page 246
14.5.5	 Vertical Transmission of Viruses......Page 247
14.5.6	 The Placenta......Page 248
14.5.7	 Fetal and Neonatal Infections......Page 249
14.6	 Conclusion......Page 250
References......Page 251
15: COVID-19 in Patients with Hypertension......Page 255
15.1.1	 Epidemiology......Page 256
15.1.2	 Pathogenesis......Page 257
15.2.2	 Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Inhibitors......Page 258
15.2.3	 Meta-analysis and Clinical Trials on ACEI/ARB Use and Pneumonia Outcomes......Page 259
15.3	 Hypertension Per Se and COVID-19......Page 260
15.4	 Antihypertensive Drugs and COVID-19......Page 261
15.5.3	 The American Heart Association, American College of Cardiology, and Heart Failure Society of America......Page 263
References......Page 269
16.1	 Introduction......Page 274
16.2.3	 Incidence......Page 275
16.2.4	 Pathophysiology......Page 276
16.2.6.3	 ECG......Page 278
16.2.7	 Diagnosis......Page 279
16.2.9	 Treatment......Page 280
16.3	 Hypertension and COVID-19......Page 283
16.4.1	 Non-ST-Segment Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome (NSTE-ACS)......Page 284
16.4.3	 Chronic Coronary Syndrome (CCS)......Page 285
16.5.1.2	 Atrial Fibrillation (AF) and Flutter......Page 286
Treatment of Ventricular Arrhythmias......Page 287
16.6	 Coagulopathy in the COVID-19 Outbreak......Page 288
16.6.1	 Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)......Page 289
16.7.1	 CPR Protocol......Page 290
16.8	 Drug-Drug Interactions Between COVID-19 and Cardiovascular Medications......Page 291
16.8.1.2	 Diuretics......Page 292
16.8.3	 Heart Failure......Page 293
16.8.5.1	 Calcium Channel Blockers......Page 294
References......Page 297
17: How Prevalent Is Cancer in Confirmed Cases with Coronaviruses and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndromes?......Page 303
17.2.2	 Study Selection......Page 304
17.3.1	 Study Selection and Characteristics......Page 305
17.3.2	 Demographical Characteristics and Clinical Manifestations......Page 306
17.3.3	 The Prevalence of Cancer in COVD-19, SARS, and MERS Confirmed Cases......Page 314
17.4	 Discussion......Page 316
References......Page 317
18: COVID-19 in Patients with Cancer......Page 324
18.2	 Respiratory Infections in Patients with Cancer......Page 325
18.3.1	 Risk Factors for Severe Complications......Page 326
18.3.2	 Clinical Manifestations......Page 327
18.4.1	 Managing Resources......Page 328
18.4.2	 Cancer Centers During the Pandemic......Page 329
18.4.3	 Cancer Care During the Pandemic......Page 330
18.4.5	 Managing Hematological Malignancies During COVID-19......Page 332
18.5	 Cancer Research During the Pandemic......Page 333
18.6	 Conclusion......Page 334
References......Page 335
19.1	 Introduction......Page 341
19.2	 COVID-19 and Tropical Infection: Complexity and Concurrence......Page 342
19.2.1.5	 Malaria......Page 343
19.2.1.10	 Hepatitis B Infection......Page 344
19.3	 COVID-19 and Role of Primary Care Center: View on Common Pitfalls......Page 345
19.3.6	 Poor Reporting System......Page 346
19.4.5	 Vietnam......Page 347
References......Page 348
20: Neurologic Manifestations of COVID-19......Page 350
20.2	 Highway to the Brain......Page 351
20.3	 Neural Invasion......Page 352
20.5	 Neuroinflammatory Manifestations......Page 353
20.6	 Neurovascular Manifestations......Page 354
20.7	 Conclusion......Page 355
References......Page 356
21: Autoimmune Processes Involved in Organ System Failure Following Infection with SARS-CoV-2......Page 361
21.2	 Ecology and History of SARS-CoV-2......Page 362
21.3	 Structure of SARS-CoV-2......Page 363
21.4	 Infectivity and Virulence Factors of SARS-CoV-2......Page 365
21.6	 SARS-CoV-2 and the Human Host......Page 366
21.7	 Interaction Between the SARS-CoV-2 and the ACE2 Receptor-Binding Domain (RBD)......Page 367
21.8	 The Potential Roles that MHC Molecules Play in Infection......Page 368
21.9	 Cytokine Storm: Result of the Interaction of SARS-CoV-2 with ACE2......Page 369
21.10	 Neural Pathology of Coronaviruses: From Experimental Studies to Human Studies......Page 370
21.11	 Conclusion......Page 371
References......Page 372
22: Clinical and Laboratory Predictors of Severity, Criticality, and Mortality in COVID-19: A Multisystem Disease......Page 375
22.1	 Introduction......Page 376
22.2.2	 Study Selection......Page 377
22.2.4	 Data Synthesis......Page 379
22.3.2	 Study and Patient Characteristics......Page 380
22.3.3.1	 Severity Analysis......Page 381
22.3.3.2	 Survival Analysis......Page 399
22.3.5.1	 Severity Analysis......Page 400
22.4	 Discussion......Page 401
References......Page 403
23.2	 Specimen Collection......Page 409
23.3	 Viral Detection......Page 411
23.4	 Serological Tests......Page 413
References......Page 416
24.1	 Introduction......Page 419
24.2.1	 CXR......Page 420
24.2.2	 CT Scan......Page 421
24.2.2.1	 GGO......Page 423
24.2.2.3	 Crazy-Paving Pattern......Page 424
24.2.2.5	 Air Bronchograms......Page 425
24.2.2.9	 Subpleural Curvilinear Lines......Page 426
24.2.2.12	 Lung Cavitary Lesions......Page 427
24.2.2.15	 Air-Bubble Sign......Page 428
24.2.2.17	 CT Scoring......Page 429
24.2.2.19	 Changes of Imaging Findings Over Time......Page 430
24.2.2.20	 Structured Reporting......Page 431
24.2.4	 Neuroimaging......Page 432
24.2.7.1	 Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)......Page 434
24.2.7.4	 Radiomics and Artificial Intelligence (AI)......Page 435
24.3	 Conclusion......Page 436
References......Page 437
25.1	 Introduction......Page 441
Lopinavir/Ritonavir (LPV/r)......Page 442
Darunavir/Cobicistat......Page 443
Arbidol (Umifenovir)......Page 444
25.2.2.1	 Chloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ)......Page 445
25.2.3	 Neutralizing Antibodies (nAbs)......Page 446
25.2.4.1	 Chinese Medicine Preparations and Prescriptions......Page 447
25.5	 Conclusion......Page 448
References......Page 449
26.1	 Introduction......Page 455
26.2	 Immunopathology and Its Implications for Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Therapy......Page 456
26.3	 Immunopathogenesis of COVID-19......Page 457
26.3.1	 Innate Immune Response to SARS-COV-2......Page 458
26.3.3.1	 Immune-Compromised Patients......Page 459
Convalescent-Plasma Therapy......Page 460
IVIG Administration......Page 462
26.3.4.2	 Hemoperfusion Therapy......Page 463
26.3.4.5	 Development of Decoy Receptors......Page 464
Interferon-Based Immunotherapy......Page 465
26.3.4.7	 SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination......Page 466
T Cells and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T-Cell Therapy......Page 467
26.4	 COVID-19 Immune-Based Clinical Trials at a Glance......Page 468
References......Page 469
27.1	 Introduction......Page 475
27.3	 High-Flow Nasal Cannula Oxygen......Page 476
27.4	 Noninvasive Ventilation......Page 478
27.5	 Invasive Ventilation......Page 480
27.6	 Actual Guidelines and Recommendation from Scientific Societies......Page 481
27.7	 Pediatric Patients: A Challenge......Page 483
27.8	 Conclusion......Page 484
References......Page 485
28.1	 Introduction......Page 490
28.2.1	 Nutritional Care in Outpatients with COVID-19......Page 491
Energy Requirements......Page 492
Protein Requirements......Page 493
Fat Requirements......Page 494
28.3.2	 B Vitamins......Page 495
28.3.5	 Selenium......Page 497
References......Page 498
29: Dietary Supplements for COVID-19......Page 503
29.1.1	 COVID-19: Epidemiology and Pathogenesis......Page 504
29.2.1	 Ascorbic Acid......Page 506
29.2.2	 Phytochemicals......Page 508
29.2.3	 Melatonin......Page 510
29.2.4	 Vitamin D......Page 512
29.3	 Conclusion......Page 513
References......Page 515
30: Photobiomodulation and Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy in COVID-19 Management......Page 520
30.2.1	 Origin, Classification, and Genetical Features......Page 521
30.3.1	 Source of Infection......Page 522
30.5.1	 Virus Entry and Spread......Page 523
30.6	 Clinical Features......Page 524
30.7.1	 Chloroquine......Page 525
30.8	 Photobiomodulation Therapy......Page 526
30.8.3	 Role of Photobiomodulation in COVID-19 Management......Page 529
30.8.4	 Photobiomodulation of the Lungs......Page 530
30.9	 Photodynamic Therapy (PDT)......Page 532
30.9.3	 Antimicrobial Photodynamic Therapy......Page 533
30.9.4	 Photoinactivation of Viruses......Page 534
30.10	 Antiviral Photodynamic Therapy in COVID-19......Page 535
30.11	 Conclusion......Page 544
References......Page 545
31: The COVID-19 Vaccine Landscape......Page 551
31.1.2	 Primal Vaccine Designs......Page 552
31.1.4	 Naked Vaccines......Page 553
31.1.5	 Construction Kits for Vaccines......Page 554
31.1.6	 Vaccines Against Emerging Pathogens......Page 555
31.2.1	 Vaccines Against Respiratory Viruses......Page 556
31.2.3	 Animal Models......Page 557
31.2.4	 Vaccine Targets......Page 558
31.3.1	 What Does Immune Protection Consist of: An Open Question......Page 559
31.3.3	 Immune Interaction: Cross-Reactivity, ADE, and VAERD......Page 561
31.3.5	 Vaccine Development Against SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV......Page 562
31.4	 Current Status of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Development......Page 565
31.5	 Conclusion......Page 567
References......Page 568
32: Prevention of COVID-19: Preventive Strategies for General Population, Healthcare Setting, and Various Professions......Page 576
32.1	 Introduction......Page 577
32.2.2	 Human-to-Human Transmission......Page 579
32.3.1	 Preventive Measures at the Individual Level......Page 580
32.3.3	 Population-Level Strategies......Page 581
32.4.1	 Chemoprevention......Page 582
32.4.2.1	 Vaccine......Page 583
32.4.3	 Traditional Medicine......Page 584
32.5.1	 Patient Assessment and Transport......Page 587
32.5.3	 Prevention of Nosocomial Infection......Page 588
32.5.3.1	 Pediatric Healthcare Settings......Page 589
32.6.1	 Forensic Medicine......Page 590
32.7.1	 High-Risk Groups and Elderly......Page 591
32.7.2	 Pregnancy and Breastfeeding......Page 592
32.7.3	 Children......Page 593
32.8.3	 Economic Aspects......Page 594
32.8.5	 Regulation......Page 595
32.9	 Conclusion......Page 596
References......Page 597
33.1	 Introduction......Page 606
33.2.1	 Community Pharmacist Support in the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 607
33.2.2	 Clinical Pharmacist’s Role in Hospital Settings During the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 608
33.3.1	 Supply of Medication and Products for COVID-19 Prevention......Page 609
33.3.2	 Pharmaceutical Care......Page 610
33.3.2.1	 Drug Dispensing......Page 611
33.3.2.4	 Patient Counseling (Education, Information, and Communication About COVID-19)......Page 612
33.3.2.5	 Psychological Support During the Pandemic......Page 613
33.3.3.2	 COVID-19 Detection and Patient Referral......Page 614
33.3.4.1	 Remote Inpatient Order Review and Dispensing......Page 615
33.3.5.1	 Establish and Participate in Evidence-Based Drug Evaluation and Guidelines......Page 616
33.4.1	 Pharmacy Staff Training......Page 617
33.4.2	 Biosecurity Measures......Page 618
33.4.4	 Waste Management......Page 619
33.5.3	 Telehealth Counseling and Patient Education......Page 620
References......Page 621
34: Impact of COVID-19 on Dentistry......Page 624
34.2	 Routes of Transmission......Page 625
34.4	 Utilization of Dental Services During COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 626
34.6	 Pharmacologic Management......Page 627
34.8	 Considerations for In-Office Dental Visit......Page 628
34.8.1	 Waiting Area......Page 629
34.8.3	 Personal Protective Equipment (PPE)......Page 630
34.8.6	 Aerosol-Generating Procedures (AGP)......Page 631
34.8.8	 Negative-Pressure Treatment Room/Airborne Infection Isolation Rooms (AIIRs)......Page 632
34.8.9	 Disinfection of Instruments, Surfaces, and Operatory......Page 633
References......Page 634
35.1	 Introduction......Page 638
35.2.1.1	 Prevalence of Conjunctivitis and SARS-CoV-2 in Conjunctival Swabs......Page 639
35.2.1.2	 The Conjunctiva as a Portal for SARS-CoV-2 Infection and the Importance of Eye Protection......Page 640
35.2.2	 Neuro-ophthalmological manifestations of COVID-19......Page 641
35.2.4	 Hydroxychloroquine and ocular toxicity......Page 642
35.3	 The Risks of COVID-19 to Ophthalmologists and Patients......Page 643
35.4.1.1	 Lowering Patient Attendance......Page 644
35.4.1.4	 Reduction of Aerosol and Droplet Generation in Ophthalmology......Page 646
35.4.1.6	 Team Splitting to Conserve PPE and Prevent Cross-infection......Page 648
35.4.2	 Environmental Control......Page 650
35.5	 Conclusion......Page 651
References......Page 652
36: Challenges of Cellular Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 657
36.1.2	 General Rules and Policies to Prevent Infection with SAR-CoV-2 Causing COVID-19......Page 658
36.2.1	 Currently Approved CAR-T Cell Therapeutics......Page 659
36.2.2	 Patient Selection for the Receipt of CAR-T Cell Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 660
36.2.3	 Managing Toxicities of CAR-T Cell Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 661
36.3.2	 Triaging the Indication for HSCT......Page 662
36.5	 More on Selecting the Ideal Donor and Recipient......Page 663
36.6	 COVID-19 and Stem Cell Graft Cryopreservation......Page 664
36.9	 Supportive Care and Services for Cellular Therapy During the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 666
36.11	 COVID-19 in Post-transplant/CAR-T Cell Therapy Setting......Page 667
36.12	 Impact of the Clinical Trials Involving CAR-T Cell Therapies and Its Implications......Page 668
References......Page 669
37: COVID-19 Amid Rumors and Conspiracy Theories: The Interplay Between Local and Global Worlds......Page 673
37.2	 Viral Rumors: Comparing Viruses and Rumors......Page 674
37.3	 Materials and Methods......Page 675
37.5	 Rumors and Conspiracy Theories at Local Levels......Page 676
37.6	 Rumors Revisited......Page 678
37.6.1	 The Outbreak of Contagious Rumors: A Global Overview......Page 679
37.6.2	 Rumors and Conspiracy Theories: Reasons and Modes of Travel......Page 680
37.6.3	 (Mis)Trust as Pretext......Page 682
37.8	 Conclusion......Page 683
References......Page 684
38: Exploration of the Epidemiological and Emotional Impact of Quarantine and Isolation During the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 687
38.1	 Introduction......Page 688
38.2.1	 Combination with Other Testing and Tracing......Page 689
38.2.6	 Early Implementation......Page 690
38.2.10	 Population Size......Page 691
38.3.3	 Anxiety......Page 692
38.3.5	 Mental Health Alterations During the COVID-19 Crisis......Page 693
38.3.7	 The Notion of Locus of Control and the Response Ability......Page 694
38.3.8.4	 People with Pre-existing Mental Health Issues......Page 695
38.4	 True Face of Quarantine and Social Isolation in Iran......Page 696
38.4.1	 Review of the Literature......Page 697
38.4.2.2	 The Individual......Page 698
38.5	 Conclusion......Page 699
References......Page 700
39: The Main Sources and Potential Effects of COVID-19-Related Discrimination......Page 704
39.1	 Introduction......Page 705
39.2	 Basic Functions of Stereotypes and Prejudices......Page 707
39.3	 Psychosocial Sources of Discrimination, Stereotypes, and Prejudices......Page 708
39.4	 Discrimination and Prejudice Under a Pandemic Scenario......Page 709
39.5.1	 Chinese Citizens......Page 711
39.5.2	 Asians Located Outside Asia......Page 712
39.5.3	 Health-Care Workers......Page 713
39.5.5	 Other Groups......Page 714
39.5.6	 Future Groups......Page 715
39.7	 Recommendations to Decrease Discrimination During Future Outbreaks......Page 716
References......Page 717
40.1	 Introduction......Page 725
40.3	 The Zeitgebers and Zeitstörers Theory......Page 726
40.5.1	 Interpersonal and Social Rhythm Disturbance......Page 727
40.5.2	 Transient Unmet Demands for Group Belongings......Page 728
40.7	 Discussion......Page 729
40.8	 Conclusion......Page 730
References......Page 731
41.1	 Introduction......Page 734
41.2.1.4	 Fear of Social Consequences......Page 735
41.2.2.3	 Stigma and Social Exclusion......Page 736
41.3	 Psychological Strain and Risk and Protective Factors......Page 737
41.3.1.1	 Acute Symptoms......Page 738
41.3.2	 Risk and Protective Factors......Page 741
41.4.1	 Consideration of Basic Needs......Page 744
41.4.5	 Acceptance of Negative Emotions......Page 745
41.4.7	 Social Support......Page 746
41.4.9	 Continuity and Sense of Coherence......Page 747
41.4.11	 Institutional Support......Page 748
41.5	 Conclusion......Page 749
References......Page 750
42.1	 Introduction......Page 755
42.2	 Background......Page 756
42.3	 Mental Health and COVID-19......Page 758
42.3.2	 Impact of COVID-19 on Inpatient Care......Page 759
42.3.4	 Impact of COVID-19 on Addiction Services......Page 761
42.3.5	 Impact of COVID-19 on Consultation-Liaison Services......Page 762
42.4	 Discussion......Page 763
References......Page 764
43.1	 Introduction......Page 768
43.2	 The History of Medical Education: Where Have We Been?......Page 769
43.3.2	 Team-Based Learning......Page 770
43.3.4	 Case-Based and Problem-Based Learning......Page 771
43.4	 Disruption Brings Disarray, Turmoil, and Change......Page 772
43.5	 Disruption Brings Innovation and Adaptation......Page 774
43.6	 Medical Education in the Post-COVID-19 Era......Page 775
References......Page 776
44: Reopening Schools After a Novel Coronavirus Surge......Page 780
44.1	 Introduction......Page 781
44.2.2	 Disease Control Principles......Page 782
44.3.1	 Elimination of Physical Contact......Page 783
“Pod” Model......Page 784
Cleaning and Disinfecting......Page 785
Testing and Quarantine......Page 786
Non-essential Visitors......Page 787
44.3.3.1	 Mechanical Ventilation......Page 788
44.3.3.3	 Supplemental Controls......Page 790
44.4	 Student- and Teacher-Directed Risk Reduction Strategies......Page 791
44.4.1	 Masks......Page 792
44.5.1	 Upper-grade Classrooms......Page 793
44.5.2	 Kindergarten and Lower grade Classes......Page 794
44.5.3	 Music Rooms......Page 795
44.5.5	 Computer Labs......Page 796
44.5.6	 Gymnasiums......Page 797
44.5.7	 Restrooms......Page 798
44.5.8	 Cafeteria......Page 799
44.5.10	 Library......Page 800
44.5.11	 Playgrounds......Page 801
44.5.13	 Isolation Room......Page 802
44.6.4	 Medically Vulnerable Staff and Teachers......Page 803
44.7	 Mental Health Among Students, Teachers, and Staff......Page 804
References......Page 805
45.1	 Introduction......Page 809
45.2	 Basic Definitions and the History of Major Global Pandemics......Page 811
45.3	 The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Global Tourism Industry......Page 814
45.4	 The Framework of Policy Proposals to Address the Global Tourism Crisis......Page 816
45.5	 Conclusion......Page 817
References......Page 818
46: COVID-19 and Its Global Economic Impact......Page 819
46.1	 Introduction......Page 820
46.2	 Why the Pandemic Affects the Global Economy......Page 821
46.2.2	 GDP Loss......Page 822
46.2.4	 Reduction of the Labor Force and Forgone Income......Page 823
46.2.6	 Increased Healthcare Expenditure......Page 824
46.3	 Possible and Definite Impacts of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Global Economy......Page 825
46.4	 Conclusion......Page 827
References......Page 828
47: Retrieval and Investigation of Data on SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 Using Bioinformatics Approach......Page 832
47.2	 SARS-CoV-2-Related Databases and Platforms......Page 833
47.2.1	 Platforms and Tools for SARS-CoV-2 Literature......Page 834
47.2.2	 Sequence and Structure Database of SARS-CoV-2......Page 837
47.3.1	 Comparative Genomics of SARS-CoV-2......Page 838
47.3.2	 Molecular Phylogenetics......Page 841
47.4	 Computational Approach for One Step of SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine Design......Page 842
47.5	 Conclusion......Page 845
References......Page 846
48.1	 Introduction......Page 851
48.2	 Innovation During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Recognizing Limitations and Optimizing Possibilities......Page 852
48.2.1	 Telemedicine......Page 853
48.2.2	 Virtual Learning......Page 854
48.2.5	 Nonmedical Innovation......Page 855
48.3.1	 Technology Development......Page 856
48.3.2	 Clinical Resource Allocation......Page 858
48.3.3	 Communal Risk Mitigation......Page 859
48.4	 Conclusion......Page 860
References......Page 861
49: COVID-19 Pandemic: The Influence of Culture and Lessons for Collaborative Activities......Page 866
49.2	 Healthcare Workers and Public Health Facilities During the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 867
49.3	 Immediate Global Action and Research in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 868
49.6	 Collectivism and Individualism Play Roles in the COVID-19 Pandemic......Page 869
49.7	 Inconsistent Acceptance of Face Covering: An Important Measure for the Prevention of COVID-19 Transmission......Page 872
49.8.1	 Lessons for Leadership and Preparedness Policies......Page 875
49.8.3	 Lessons from Lockdowns......Page 876
49.8.4	 Lessons from Mathematical Models......Page 877
References......Page 878
50: A Borderless Solution Is Needed for A Borderless Complexity, Like COVID-19, the Universal Invader......Page 881
50.1.1	 A Borderless Solution Is Needed for a Borderless Complexity......Page 882
50.1.2	 The Borderless and the Complex Nature of COVID-19......Page 883
50.2.2	 The Travel Bans......Page 885
50.2.4	 Effect on the Economy......Page 886
50.3	 International Ties Are Needed to Handle the Economic Crisis......Page 887
50.4.1	 The Need for a United Diagnostic Approach......Page 888
50.4.2	 International Collaboration: The Key to Therapeutic Development......Page 889
50.4.3.1	 Outbreak of COVID-19......Page 890
50.4.3.2	 Structure of SARS-CoV-2......Page 891
50.4.3.3	 International Collaboration for Vaccine Development......Page 892
50.5.2	 Understanding the Homogeneity and the Heterogeneity of Stress across the World: The Source of the Challenges......Page 893
References......Page 895
51: Socialization During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Role of Social and Scientific Networks During Social Distancing......Page 901
51.1	 Introduction......Page 903
51.2	 Social Networking: What Is the Role of Social Media?......Page 904
51.3	 Networking With and Within the Healthcare System: How Does It Change Patient Care?......Page 905
51.5	 Scientific Networking: What More Can We Do?......Page 906
References......Page 908
52: Interdisciplinary Approaches to COVID-19......Page 912
52.1	 Introduction......Page 913
52.3.1	 Physics, Chemistry, and Engineering......Page 915
52.3.2	 Mathematics and Computer Science......Page 916
52.3.3	 Biological Sciences......Page 917
52.3.4	 Social and Economic Sciences......Page 918
52.3.5	 Medical Sciences......Page 919
52.4	 Conclusion......Page 920
References......Page 921
53: Health and Art (HEART): Integrating Science and Art to Fight COVID-19......Page 926
53.1	 Introduction......Page 927
53.3	 Integration of Science and Art......Page 928
53.4.1	 Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)......Page 929
53.4.2.4	 International Village of Games and Art......Page 930
53.4.3	 Association of Science and Art (ASA)......Page 931
53.5	 COVID-19 and Psychological Problems......Page 933
53.6	 COVID-19, Self-Regulation, and Metacognition......Page 935
53.7.2	 Threats of Social Media During the COVID-19......Page 936
53.8.1	 Power of Art in Tolerating the Quarantine Time and Enhancing the Immune System......Page 940
53.8.3	 Power of Art in the Psychological Care of Healthcare Workers During the Pandemic......Page 941
53.8.4	 Power of Art in Promoting the Development of Children During the Pandemic......Page 943
53.9	 Conclusion......Page 949
References......Page 950