Core-Shell Nano Constructs for Cancer Theragnostic: Current Scenario, Challenges and Regulatory Aspect

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Half Title
Core-Shell Nano Constructs for Cancer Theragnostic: Current Scenario, Challenges and Regulatory Aspects
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Preface
Contents
Editors and Contributors
	About the Editors
	Contributors
Part I. Introduction and Basic Considerations of Core Shell Nanoconstructs
	1. Introduction to Core-Shell Nanoconstructs in Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Core-Shell Nanoconstructs: Definition and Composition
			2.1	 Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Computational Modeling in Design of Nanoconstructs
			2.2	 Building Blocks for Nanoconstructs
			2.3	 Therapeutic Applications for Theranostic Nanoparticles [33]
		3	 Advantages of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs
			3.1	 Enhanced Drug Delivery
			3.2	 Targeted Therapy
				3.2.1	 Active Targeting
				3.2.2	 Passive Targeting
			3.3	 Multimodal Imaging
				3.3.1	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
				3.3.2	 Computed Tomography (CT)
				3.3.3	 Positron Emission Tomography (PET)
				3.3.4	 Fluorescence Imaging
			3.4	 Therapeutic Efficacy
			3.5	 Biocompatibility and Reduced Toxicity
			3.6	 Stability and Prolonged Circulation
			3.7	 Customizable Design
			3.8	 Overcoming Biological Barriers
		4	 Disadvantages and Challenges
		5	 Challenges and Opportunities of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs in Cancer Therapy
		6	 Conclusion and Future Prospective
		References
	2. Physicochemical Properties of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Core-Shell Nanoconstructs
		3	 Properties of Core-Shell Nanostructures
		4	 Physical Properties
			4.1	 Upconversion Properties
			4.2	 Conductivity and Dielectric Properties
			4.3	 Molecular Interaction and/or Complexation
			4.4	 Catalytic Behavior
			4.5	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging
		References
	3. Surface Chemistries and Targeting Strategies of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs in Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Various Types of Chemistries Utilized for Surface Functionalization
		3	 Material and Chemistries for Targeting Strategies of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs in Cancer Theragnostics
		4	 Methods Used for Core-Shell Nanoconstructs
			4.1	 Layer-by-Layer Assembly Method
			4.2	 Emulsion Polymerization Method
			4.3	 Sol-Gel Method
			4.4	 Template-Assisted Synthesis Method
			4.5	 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) Method
			4.6	 Seed-Mediated Growth Method
			4.7	 Hydrothermal Synthesis Method
		5	 Conclusion and Future Perspective
		References
	4. Tumor Microenvironment-Responsive Core-Shell Nanoconstructs in Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Tumor Microenvironment (TME)
		3	 Nanomedicines
		4	 Nanoconstructs
			4.1	 Nanoconstructs and Cancer-Targeting Approach
			4.2	 Aiming the Common Traits of TME
				4.2.1	 Nanoparticles Activation by Hypoxia
				4.2.2	 Nanoparticles Activation by Enzymes
				4.2.3	 Activation of Nanoparticles Through Redox Environment
				4.2.4	 ROS-Responsive Nanoparticles
		5	 Cancer Theranostics and Nanoconstructs
			5.1	 Inorganic Material-Based Nanoconstructs
			5.2	 Polymer-Based Nanoconstructs
			5.3	 Dendrimer-Based Nanoconstructs
			5.4	 Miscellaneous Nanoconstructs
		6	 Strategies to Enhance Nanoconstruct Delivery to Tumor Sites
		7	 Future Prospects
		References
	5. Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer-Based Biomedical Applications
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Therapeutic Approaches to Treat Cancer
			2.1	 Chemotherapy
			2.2	 Photothermal Therapy
			2.3	 Sonodynamic Therapy
			2.4	 Gene Therapy
		3	 Diagnostic Applications
			3.1	 Core Cell Nanoconstruct for MRI
			3.2	 Core Cell Nanoconstruct for PET/CT
			3.3	 Core Cell Nanoconstruct for SPECT
		4	 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
	6. Core-/Multi-Shell Type of Core-Shell Nanoconstruct for Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
			1.1	 Building Blocks for Nanostructures
			1.2	 Ligands for Forming Nanoconstruct
			1.3	 Process for Ligand Selection
			1.4	 Core-Shell Nanoconstruct
				1.4.1	 General Procedure for Synthesis of Multidimensional Core-Shell Nanoparticle
				1.4.2	 Two-step Bottom-up Process for Synthesis of Core and Shell
			1.5	 Role of Nanoconstruct in Various Diseases
			1.6	 Role of Multi-Shell/Core-Shell Nanoconstruct in Various Diseases
			1.7	 Disease-Specific Targeting Through Nanoconstruct
				1.7.1	 Cancer Targeting Through Nanoconstruct
					1.7.1.1 Passive Targeting
					1.7.1.2 Active Targeting
					1.7.1.3 Stimuli-Responsive Targeting
			1.8	 Nanoconstruct in Cancer Therapy
		2	 Therapeutic Approaches for Cancer Treatment
			2.1	 Approaches
				2.1.1	 Chemotherapy
				2.1.2	 Photothermal Therapy
				2.1.3	 Photodynamic Therapy
				2.1.4	 Hormonal Therapy
				2.1.5	 Immunotherapy
				2.1.6	 Targeted Therapy
				2.1.7	 Sonodynamic Therapy
				2.1.8	 Gene Therapy
				2.1.9	 Combinational Therapy
				2.1.10	 Biotherapy
				2.1.11	 Radiotherapy
				2.1.12	 Nanotherapeutics
		3	 Application of Different Types of Core-Shell Nanoconstruct in Cancer
			3.1	 Inorganic-Based Nanoconstruct
			3.2	 Polymer-Based Nanoconstruct
			3.3	 Dendrimer-Based Nanoconstruct
		4	 Challenges in the Use of Nanoconstruct
		5	 Summary
		6	 Conclusion
		References
	7. Core-Shell Nanoconstructs in Cancer Biosensing: Techniques, Applications, and Fabrication Strategies
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Various Types of Biosensing in Cancer
			2.1	 Electrochemical Biosensors in Cancer Detection
			2.2	 Optical Biosensors in Cancer Detection
				2.2.1	 Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering-Based Biosensors in Cancer Detection
				2.2.2	 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance/Surface Plasmon Resonance-Based Biosensors in Cancer Detection
				2.2.3	 Fluorescent Biosensors in Cancer Detection
				2.2.4	 Chemiluminescence-Based Biosensors in Cancer Detection
				2.2.5	 Optofluidic Ring Resonator-Based Biosensors in Cancer Detection
			2.3	 Calorimetric-Based Biosensors in Cancer Detection
			2.4	 Mass-Based Biosensors in Cancer Detection
				2.4.1	 Piezoelectric Biosensors
				2.4.2	 Surface Acoustic Wave Biosensors and Microcantilever Biosensors
		3	 Role of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs in Biosensing for Cancer Detection
			3.1	 Breast Cancer Detection
			3.2	 Cervical Cancer Detection
			3.3	 Lung Cancer Detection
			3.4	 Prostate Cancer Detection
			3.5	 Liver Cancer Detection
			3.6	 Pancreatic Cancer Detection
			3.7	 Brain Cancer Detection
			3.8	 Circulating Tumor Cells Detection
			3.9	 Colon Cancer Detection
		4	 Strategies to Fabricate Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Efficient Biosensing Application
			4.1	 Chemical Synthesis Strategies
				4.1.1	 Sol-Gel Process
				4.1.2	 Hydrothermal Synthesis
				4.1.3	 Co-Precipitation Method
		5	 Physical Methods
			5.1	 Sputtering
			5.2	 Laser Ablation
		6	 Seed-Mediated Growth
		7	 Microemulsion Method
		8	 Layer-by-Layer Assembly
		9	 Solvothermal Method
		10	 Electrochemical Deposition
		11	 Conclusion
		References
	8. Characterization and Evaluation Techniques for Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction to Core-Shell Nanoconstructs
		2	 Characterization Techniques
			2.1	 Structural Characterization
				2.1.1	 Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
				2.1.2	 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
				2.1.3	 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
			2.2	 Chemical Characterization
				2.2.1	 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR)
				2.2.2	 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDX)
			2.3	 Physical Characterization
				2.3.1	 Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS)
				2.3.2	 Zeta Potential Analysis
		3	 Evaluation of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs
			3.1	 In Vitro Evaluation of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs: Therapeutic Efficacy and Imaging Capabilities
				3.1.1	 Therapeutic Efficacy
				3.1.2	 Imaging Capabilities
			3.2	 In Vivo Evaluation of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs
				3.2.1	 Biodistribution and Pharmacokinetics
				3.2.2	 Therapeutic Efficacy
				3.2.3	 Toxicity and Safety
				3.2.4	 Imaging Applications
		4	 Challenges and Considerations in Characterizing and Evaluating Core-Shell Nanoparticles
			4.1	 Characterization Challenges
				4.1.1	 Structural Complexity
			4.2	 Evaluation Challenges
			4.3	 Addressing the Challenges
		5	 Conclusion
		References
Part II. Organic/Organic Core Shell Nanoconstructs
	9. Polymer/polymer Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Types of Core Material
		3	 Types of Shell Material
		4	 Specific Surface Functionalization Strategies
		5	 Biomedical Applications
		6	 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	10. Polymer/Lipid Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theragnostic
		1	 Introduction
			1.1	 Polymer-Lipid Hybrid Nanoparticles
		2	 Types of PLNs
			2.1	 Polymer Core-Lipid Shell Hybrid Nanoparticles
			2.2	 Hollow Core-Shell Type PLNs
			2.3	 Biomimetic PLNs
			2.4	 Monolithic PLNs
			2.5	 Polymer-Caged Liposomes
		3	 Method of Preparation
			3.1	 Two-Step Method
				3.1.1	 Non-conventional Approach
				3.1.2	 Conventional Approach
			3.2	 One-Step Method
				3.2.1	 Self-Assemble Nanoprecipitation Method
				3.2.2	 Modified Emulsification Solvent Evaporation Method
		4	 Types of Polymers
		5	 Types of Shell Materials and Their Properties
		6	 Surface Functionalization and Strategies for PLNs
			6.1	 Strategies for Surface Functionalization
		7	 Drug Release Mechanism
		8	 Biomedical Applications
			8.1	 Drug Delivery
			8.2	 Gene Delivery
			8.3	 Theragnostics
		9	 Future Perspective
		10	 Conclusion
		References
	11. Lipid/Polymer Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theragnostic
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Types of Core Materials and Their Properties
			2.1	 Solid Lipid Core
				2.1.1	 Composition
				2.1.2	 Properties
			2.2	 Charged Lipid Core
				2.2.1	 Composition
				2.2.2	 Properties
			2.3	 Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Core
				2.3.1	 Composition
				2.3.2	 Properties
		3	 Types of Shell Materials and Their Properties
			3.1	 Polyethylene Glycol (PEG)
				3.1.1	 Properties of PEG-Coated Nanoparticles
				3.1.2	 Applications of PEG-Coated Nanoparticles
			3.2	 Poly(Lactic-co-Glycolic Acid) (PLGA)
				3.2.1	 Properties
				3.2.2	 Applications
			3.3	 Chitosan
				3.3.1	 Properties
				3.3.2	 Applications
			3.4	 Gelatin
				3.4.1	 Properties
				3.4.2	 Applications
			3.5	 Poly(Lactic Acid) (PLA)
				3.5.1	 Properties
				3.5.2	 Applications
			3.6	 Polyethyleneimine (PEI)
				3.6.1	 Properties
				3.6.2	 Applications
			3.7	 Polycaprolactone (PCL)
				3.7.1	 Properties
				3.7.2	 Applications
			3.8	 Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
				3.8.1	 Properties
				3.8.2	 Applications
			3.9	 Pluronic F-68
				3.9.1	 Properties
				3.9.2	 Applications
			3.10	 Alginate
				3.10.1	 Properties
				3.10.2	 Applications
		4	 Method for Preparation
			4.1	 Emulsification/Solvent Evaporation Method
				4.1.1	 Preparation of Lipid Core and Polymer Solution
			4.2	 Nanoprecipitation Method
			4.3	 Double Emulsion Method (Water-in-Oil-in-Water, W/O/W)
			4.4	 Layer-by-Layer Assembly Method
			4.5	 Spray Drying Method
				4.5.1	 Powder Collection and Characterization
				4.5.2	 Application Considerations
		5	 Specific Surface Functionalization Strategies
			5.1	 Ligand Conjugation
				5.1.1	 Targeted Drug Delivery
				5.1.2	 Selection of Ligands
				5.1.3	 Surface Functionalization
				5.1.4	 Enhanced Targeting Efficiency
				5.1.5	 Personalized Cancer Therapy
			5.2	 Antibody Conjugation
			5.3	 Surface Charge Modification
			5.4	 Stimuli-Responsive Coatings
			5.5	 Biomimetic Coatings
				5.5.1	 Mimicking Biological Membranes
				5.5.2	 Lipid Bilayers
				5.5.3	 Cell Membrane-Derived Vesicles
				5.5.4	 Improved Stability and Reduced Immune Recognition
				5.5.5	 Enhanced Cellular Interactions
			5.6	 Stealth Coatings
				5.6.1	 Surface Modification with PEG
				5.6.2	 Prolonged Circulation Time
				5.6.3	 Enhanced Tumor Accumulation
				5.6.4	 Improved Therapeutic Efficacy
			5.7	 Molecules
				5.7.1	 Aptamers
				5.7.2	 Folate
				5.7.3	 Dual-Targeting Strategies
				5.7.4	 Imaging and Therapeutic Integration
		6	 Biomedical Application
			6.1	 Targeted Drug Delivery
			6.2	 Multimodal Imaging
			6.3	 Theranostic Capabilities
			6.4	 Controlled Drug Release
			6.5	 Biomarker Detection and Monitoring
		7	 Future Perspectives
		8	 Conclusion
		References
Part III. Inorganic/Organic Core shell Nanoconstructs
	12. Magnetic/Organic Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theranostic
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Methods of Synthesis
		3	 Types of Magnetic Core Materials and Their Properties
			3.1	 Magnetic Core
			3.2	 Types of Magnetic Core Nanoparticles
				3.2.1	 Class I: Metal Core
					3.2.1.1 Gold Metallic Core Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
					3.2.1.2 Silver Metallic Core Nanoparticles (AgNPs)
					3.2.1.3 Platinum Metallic Core Nanoparticles (PtNPs)
					3.2.1.4 Palladium Metallic Core Nanoparticles (PdNPs)
					3.2.1.5 Copper Metallic Core Nanoparticles (CuNPs)
				3.2.2	 Class II: Metal Oxide Core
					3.2.2.1 Iron Oxide (Fe3O4)
					3.2.2.2 Cobalt Ferrite (CoFe2O4)
					3.2.2.3 Manganese Oxide (MnO)
					3.2.2.4 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
					3.2.2.5 Zinc Oxide (ZnO)
		4	 Shell Materials
			4.1	 Organic Shell
				4.1.1	 Polymers
				4.1.2	 Lipids
				4.1.3	 Micelles
				4.1.4	 Dendrimers
		5	 Specific Surface Functionalization
		6	 Biomedical Applications (Theranostic Application)
			6.1	 Chemotheranostic Applications
			6.2	 Phototheranostic Applications
			6.3	 Ultrasound Responsive with Diagnostic Applications
		7	 Conclusion and Future Prospective
		References
	13. Nonmagnetic Inorganic/Organic Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theranostics
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Types of Core Material and Their Properties
			2.1	 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs)
			2.2	 Gold Nanoparticles (AuNPs)
			2.3	 Quantum Dots
			2.4	 Cerium Oxide Nanoparticles (CeO2 NPs)
			2.5	 Silica Nanoparticles
			2.6	 Titanium Dioxide (TiO2)
			2.7	 Calcium Phosphate (CaP)
		3	 Organic Shell
			3.1	 Liposomes
			3.2	 Polymer
			3.3	 Dendrimer
			3.4	 Albumin Nanoparticles
			3.5	 Chitosan Nanoparticles
			3.6	 Cyclodextrin Nanoparticles
			3.7	 Protein-Based Nanoparticles
			3.8	 Properties of Nonmagnetic Inorganic-Organic Core-Shell Nanoconstructs
		4	 Specific Surface Functionalization Strategies
			4.1	 Chemical Treatment
			4.2	 Grafting of Polymers
			4.3	 Targeted Ligand
				4.3.1	 Folic Acid
				4.3.2	 Hyaluronic Acid (HA)
				4.3.3	 Peptides
				4.3.4	 Transferrin
			4.4	 Stimuli-Responsive Targeting
			4.5	 Bioinspired Membrane-Coated Nanosystems
		5	 Application
			5.1	 Dual Imaging Modalities
			5.2	 Targeted Drug Delivery
			5.3	 Photothermal Therapy (PTT)
			5.4	 Thermo-chemotherapy
			5.5	 Enhanced Biocompatibility
			5.6	 Real-Time Monitoring
			5.7	 Multimodal Theranostics
		6	 Conclusion
		References
Part IV. Organic/Inorganic Core Shell Nanoconstructs
	14. Advances in Organic/Magnetic Core–Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Core–Shell Nanoconstructs
			2.1	 Coating of Magnetic Nanoparticles
			2.2	 Nanoprecipitation of a Polymer and Nanoparticles
			2.3	 Self-Assembly in Smart Material Formation
		3	 Surface Modifications
			3.1	 Mitigating Phagocytosis Using Self-Peptide
			3.2	 Modification Strategies for Enhanced Tumor Targeting
			3.3	 Enhancing Blood–Brain Barrier Penetration with Surfactants
		4	 Biomedical Applications
			4.1	 Core–Shell Nanoconstructs in Bio-imaging
				4.1.1	 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Magnetic Particle Imaging
				4.1.2	 Fluorescence Imaging
				4.1.3	 Photoacoustic Imaging
			4.2	 Biosensors
			4.3	 Cancer Therapeutics
		5	 Challenges and Future Prospectives
		6	 Conclusions
		References
	15. Innovative Organic Core–Nonmagnetic Shell Nanoconstructs: Pioneering Precision in Cancer Theranostics
		1	 Introduction
			1.1	 Overview of Nanotechnology in Cancer Theranostics
			1.2	 Core–Shell Nanoconstructs
		2	 Types of Core Materials and Their Properties
			2.1	 Organic Cores
				2.1.1	 Polymeric Cores
				2.1.2	 Lipid-Based Cores
				2.1.3	 Carbon-Based Cores
			2.2	 Nonmagnetic Shell
				2.2.1	 Organic Shell
				2.2.2	 Polymeric Shell
				2.2.3	 Lipid-Based Shell
				2.2.4	 Inorganic Shells
				2.2.5	 Metallic Shell
				2.2.6	 Silica Shell
		3	 Targeting Ligands
			3.1	 Antibodies
			3.2	 Peptides
			3.3	 Aptamers
			3.4	 Stimuli-Responsive Functionalization
			3.5	 pH-Responsive Functionalization
			3.6	 Temperature-Responsive Functionalization
			3.7	 Enzyme-Responsive Functionalization
		4	 Stealth and Imaging Modifications
			4.1	 PEGylation
			4.2	 Fluorescent Labels
			4.3	 Radiolabeling
		5	 Cancer Applications
			5.1	 Targeted Cancer Therapy
			5.2	 Cancer Theranostics
			5.3	 Cancer Imaging
		6	 Future Prospects
			6.1	 Enhanced Precision Through Stimuli-Responsive Functionalization
			6.2	 Integration with Advanced Diagnostic Technologies
			6.3	 Multidrug Delivery and Combination Therapies
			6.4	 Personalized and Precision Medicine
			6.5	 Improved Biocompatibility and Degradability
			6.6	 Expanding Applications Beyond Oncology
			6.7	 Regulatory and Commercial Considerations
			6.8	 Immunomodulation and Immunotherapy
		7	 Conclusion
		References
Part V. Inorganic/Inorganic Core Shell Nanoconstructs
	16. Silica and Non-Silica-Based Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
			1.1	 Overview of Cancer Theranostics
			1.2	 Role of Nanotechnology in Cancer Theranostics
		2	 Core-Shell Nanoconstructs: A Focus on Silica Core
			2.1	 Types of Silica Core: Properties and Advantages
				2.1.1	 Solid Silica Nanoparticles
				2.1.2	 Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles (MSNs)
				2.1.3	 Hollow Silica Nanoparticles
				2.1.4	 Fluorescent Silica Nanoparticles
				2.1.5	 Magnetic Silica Nanoparticles
				2.1.6	 Ultrasmall Silica Nanoparticles
				2.1.7	 PEGylated Silica Nanoparticles
			2.2	 Types of Non-Silica-Based Shells
				2.2.1	 Metallic Shells (e.g., Gold, Silver)
				2.2.2	 Polymeric Shells
				2.2.3	 Lipid-Based Shells
				2.2.4	 Hybrid Shells
		3	 Functionalization of Core-Shell Nanoconstructs
			3.1	 Surface Functionalization Techniques
				3.1.1	 Covalent Functionalization
				3.1.2	 Non-covalent Functionalization
			3.2	 Functionalization for Targeted Therapy
			3.3	 Functionalization for Enhanced Imaging
		4	 Biomedical Applications of Silica Core and Non-Silica-Based Shell Nanoconstructs
			4.1	 Cancer Imaging
			4.2	 Targeted Drug Delivery
			4.3	 Phototherapy
			4.4	 Combination Therapies
		5	 Conclusion and Future Prospective
		References
	17. Semiconductor/Non-semiconductor-Based Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
			1.1	 Cancer Theragnostics
		2	 Drug Delivery Systems
			2.1	 Non-autonomous
				2.1.1	 Passive Targeting
					2.1.1.1 Leaky Vasculature
					2.1.1.2 Tumour Microenvironment
					2.1.1.3 Local Drug Application
				2.1.2	 Active Targeting
					2.1.2.1 Carbohydrate-Directed Targeting
					2.1.2.2 Receptor- and Antigen-Directed Targeting
			2.2	 Autonomous Drug Delivery System
				2.2.1	 Classification
					2.2.1.1 DNA Nanotechnology
					2.2.1.2 Bacterial Sensing
					2.2.1.3 Biomimetic Nanoconstructs
					2.2.1.4 External Stimuli
		3	 Nanoconstructs
			3.1	 Classification of Core-Shell Materials and their Surface Functionalization
				3.1.1	 Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers (MSN)
					3.1.1.1 Different Functional Groups Can Be Functionalized on the MSN Surface (Fig. 17.2)
				3.1.2	 Gold-Based Hybrid NPs
					3.1.2.1 Surface Modification Strategies
						Thiol-Protected AuNPs Formulated by Direct Conjugation
						Secondary Alteration and Substitution for the Formation of Mixed Monolayer Au-NPs
						Polymer-Based Surface-Modifications
						Surface Modification Using Amine
				3.1.3	 Carbon Nanotube-Based Hybrid NPs
					3.1.3.1 Chemical Modifications
						Amidation
						Esterification
					3.1.3.2 Cycloaddition
					3.1.3.3 Radical Additions
					3.1.3.4 Biomolecules and Polymers
					3.1.3.5 Nucleophilic Addition and Electrophilic Addition
				3.1.4	 Quantum Dots
		4	 Applications
			4.1	 Core/Shell Nanoparticle Applications
				4.1.1	 Bioimaging
				4.1.2	 Biosensor
				4.1.3	 Targeted Drug Delivery
				4.1.4	 Nanoparticles’ Interactions with RNA and DNA
				4.1.5	 Targeted Delivery of Genes
				4.1.6	 Synthesis of Novel Nanoparticles
		5	 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
		References
	18. Lanthanide-Based Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
		2	 A Concept of Cancer Nanotheranostic
		3	 Nanoparticle-Based Tumour Targeting
		4	 Lanthanide Elements: A Prime Summary
		5	 Synthesis and Classification of Core-Shell Nanomaterials
			5.1	 Thermal Synthesis in Water
			5.2	 Co-Precipitation Method
			5.3	 Thermal Injection Method
		6	 Characterisations of Lanthanide-Based Core-Shell Nanomaterials
		7	 Recent Studies and Latest Advancements on Core-Shell Nanoassemblies of Lanthanides
		8	 Theranostics Applications of Lanthanide-Based Nanoassemblies
		References
	19. Upconversion Core-Shell Nanoconstructs for Cancer Theragnostics
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Mechanism of UCNPs
		3	 Current Research on Cancer Theranostic Nanoparticles Based on MSN
		4	 Synthesis of UCNPs and Surface Modification of UCNPs
			4.1	 Thermal Decomposition
			4.2	 Coprecipitation
			4.3	 Sol-Gel Method
			4.4	 Combustion Approach
			4.5	 Luminescent Properties
			4.6	 Size Distribution
			4.7	 Stability
			4.8	 Morphology
		5	 Types of Core Materials and their Properties
		6	 Properties of Core Materials
		7	 Types of Shell Materials and Their Properties
		8	 Upconversion Nanoparticles with Porous Core Structures
		9	 Specific Surface Functionalization Strategies
		10	 Future Perspectives and Challenges
		11	 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
		References
Part VI. Toxicological and Regulatory Aspects
	20. Toxicological Aspects of Core–Shell Nanoconstructs
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Toxicological Profiling in Cellular, Animal, and Human Models
		3	 Nanomaterials and Their Toxicities
			3.1	 NPs of Metallic Substances
				3.1.1	 Aluminum Oxide Nanoparticles
				3.1.2	 Gold Nanoparticles
				3.1.3	 Copper Oxide Nanoparticles
				3.1.4	 Silver Nanoparticles (AgNP)
				3.1.5	 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
				3.1.6	 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
				3.1.7	 Titanium Oxide and Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) Nanoparticles
				3.1.8	 Quantum Dots
				3.1.9	 Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles
			3.2	 NPs of Nonmetallic Substances
				3.2.1	 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials
				3.2.2	 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs)
				3.2.3	 Silica (SiO2) Nanoparticles
				3.2.4	 NPs of Polymeric Materials
		4	 Evaluating the Biological Responses to Nanoparticulate Exposure
		5	 Nanoparticle-Induced DNA Damage
		6	 Direct Interactions with the DNA
		7	 Oxidative DNA Damage
		8	 Cytotoxicity of Nanoparticles
		9	 Nanoparticle Internalization in Biological Systems
		10	 In Vivo Toxicity of Nanoparticles
		11	 Conclusion
		References
	21. Clinical Applications and Commercialization Challenges of Core–Shell Nanoconstructs
		1	 Introduction
		2	 Nanoconstruct Development and Scale-Up Challenges
			2.1	 Inorganic Material Based Nanoconstructs
			2.2	 Polymer-Based Nanoconstructs
			2.3	 Dendrimer-Based Nanoconstructs
			2.4	 Miscellaneous Nanoconstructs
		3	 Cancer Targeting by Nanoconstructs
			3.1	 Passive-Based Targeting
			3.2	 Active Targeting
			3.3	 Stimuli-Responsive Targeting
		4	 Ligands for Manipulation of Nanoconstructs
			4.1	 Ligand Optimization Process
		5	 Challenges During Scale-Up of Nanoconstructs: Methods and Their Challenges
		6	 Regulatory Challenges of Nanoconstructs
		7	 Clinical Challenges of Nanomedicines
		8	 Applications of Core–Shell Nanostructures and Future Prospectives
		References