Core and Metro Networks

CORE AND METRO NETWORKS......Page 5
Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 11
1.2 General Characteristics of Transport Networks......Page 13
1.2.1 Circuit- and Packet-Based Network Paradigms......Page 14
1.2.2 Network Layering......Page 15
1.2.4 Users’ Applications and Network Services......Page 16
1.2.5 Resilience......Page 17
1.2.6 Quality of Service......Page 19
1.2.7 Traffic Engineering......Page 20
1.2.8 Virtual Private Networks......Page 22
1.2.9 Packet Transport Technologies......Page 23
1.3.2 Characteristics of Applications and Related Traffic......Page 24
1.3.3 Network Architectural Requirements......Page 29
1.3.4 Data Plane, Control Plane, and Management Plane Requirements......Page 36
1.4 New Transport Networks Architectures......Page 43
1.4.1 Metropolitan Area Network......Page 45
1.4.2 Core Network......Page 48
1.4.3 Metro and Core Network (Ultra-long-term Scenario)......Page 50
1.5.1 Capital Expenditure Models......Page 51
1.5.2 Operational Expenditure Models......Page 54
1.5.3 New Business Opportunities......Page 56
Acronyms......Page 64
References......Page 66
2.1 Drivers Towards More Uniform Management and Control Networks......Page 67
2.2 Control Plane as Main Enabler to Autonomic Network Integration......Page 70
2.2.1 Generalized Multi-Protocol Label Switching......Page 71
2.2.2 Evolution in Integrated Architectures......Page 83
2.3.1 Introduction......Page 86
2.3.2 Vertical Integration and Models......Page 90
2.3.3 Horizontal Integration and Models......Page 91
2.3.4 Conclusions on UNI Definitions from ITU-T, OIF, IETF, and OIF UNI: GMPLS UNI Interoperability Issues......Page 116
2.4.1 Evolution in Network Services......Page 117
2.4.2 Virtual Private Networks......Page 118
2.4.3 Layer 1 VPN......Page 121
2.4.4 Layer 2 VPN......Page 130
2.4.5 Layer 3 VPN......Page 134
2.5 Conclusion......Page 135
References......Page 136
3.1.1 Description of Signals in the Time and Frequency Domains......Page 139
3.1.2 Digital Signal Formats......Page 144
3.2 Performance Estimation......Page 147
3.2.1 Introduction......Page 148
3.2.2 Modeling......Page 153
3.2.3 Comparison of Techniques......Page 158
3.2.4 Standard Experimental Measurement Procedures......Page 161
References......Page 170
4.2.1 Introduction......Page 173
4.2.2 Overview of Light Sources for Optical Communications......Page 179
4.2.3 Transmitters for High Data-Rate Wavelength-Division Multiplexing Systems......Page 190
4.3.1 Overview of Common Receiver Components......Page 214
4.4 The Optical Fiber......Page 224
4.4.1 Short Introduction to the Waveguide Principle......Page 225
4.4.2 Description of Optical Single-Mode Fibers......Page 228
4.4.3 Special Fiber Types......Page 234
4.5 Optical Amplifiers......Page 235
4.5.1 Introduction to Optical Amplifiers......Page 237
4.5.2 Principle of Operation......Page 241
4.5.3 Gain Saturation......Page 243
4.5.4 Noise......Page 246
4.5.5 Gain Dynamics......Page 247
4.5.6 Optical Fiber and Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers......Page 248
4.5.7 Raman Amplifiers......Page 251
4.5.8 Lasers and Amplifiers......Page 255
4.6.1 Introduction......Page 257
4.6.2 Optical (De-)Multiplexing Devices......Page 258
4.6.3 Overall Assessment of (De-)Multiplexing Techniques......Page 268
4.6.4 Optical Filters......Page 269
4.6.5 Tunable Filters......Page 272
References......Page 275
5.1 Introduction and Scope......Page 279
5.2.1 Optical Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Q Factor......Page 280
5.2.2 Noise......Page 285
5.2.3 Performance Parameters. Light Path Evaluation Rules......Page 302
5.2.4 Transmission Impairments and Enhancements: Simple Power Budgets......Page 307
5.3.1 System Bandwidth, Signal Distortion, Intersymbol Interference......Page 346
5.3.2 Fiber-Optical Nonlinear Effects......Page 358
5.3.3 Optical Transients......Page 368
5.4 Comments on Budgets for Nonlinear Effects and Optical Transients......Page 374
5.4.2 CD Equalization......Page 375
5.4.4 Simultaneous Presence of Distortions, Electronic Equalization, and Cumulative Filtering......Page 376
5.4.5 General Features of Different Modulation Formats......Page 380
5.6 Translucent or Hybrid Networks......Page 382
5.6.1 Design Rules for Hybrid Networks......Page 383
5.7.1 Dispersion Managed Links......Page 384
5.7.2 Intrachannel Nonlinear Effects......Page 386
References......Page 390
6.1 Introduction......Page 393
6.2.1 Introduction on Optical CD and PMD Compensator Technology......Page 394
6.2.2 Optical Compensation Schemes......Page 395
6.2.3 Key Parameters of Optical Compensators......Page 399
6.2.4 Compensators Suitable for Translucent Networks......Page 401
6.2.5 Impact of Group-Delay Ripple in Fiber Gratings......Page 403
6.3 Modulation Formats......Page 408
6.3.1 On–Off Keying Modulation Formats......Page 409
6.3.2 Comparison of Basic OOK Modulation Formats: NRZ, RZ, and CSRZ for 40 Gbit/s Transmission......Page 412
6.3.3 A Power-Tolerant Modulation Format: APRZ-OOK......Page 420
6.3.4 DPSK Modulation Formats......Page 424
6.3.5 Spectrally Efficient Modulation Formats......Page 426
6.4.1 Electronic Equalization Concepts......Page 428
6.4.3 Dynamic Adaptation of FFE- and DFE-Structures......Page 432
6.4.4 General Remarks......Page 435
6.5.1 Application of FEC in Lightwave Systems......Page 436
6.5.2 Standards for FEC in Lightwave Systems......Page 437
6.5.3 FEC Performance Characterization......Page 438
6.5.4 FEC Application in System Design......Page 441
6.6 Appendix: Experimental Configuration and Measurement Procedure for Evaluation and Comparison for Different Modulation Formats for 40 Gbit/s Transmission......Page 443
6.6.1 Simulation Setup......Page 446
References......Page 447
Dictionary of Optical Networking......Page 453
Acronyms......Page 477
Index......Page 489