Coral Reefs and Climate Change: Science and Management

Title Page......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Contents......Page 4
Preface......Page 5
1 Corals and Climate Change:  An Introduction......Page 7
1.1. Mangrove Forests, Seagrass Meadows, Coral Reefs and Coralline Algae Ridges......Page 11
1.2. Threats t
o System Resilience......Page 14
2. Risk Assessment a
nd Risk Management for Coastal Systems......Page 15
2.1. Uncertainties in Global Climate Predictions......Page 16
2.2. Critical Thresholds......Page 17
2.5. Local Risk Analysis - a Coral Reef Example......Page 18
3.1. Rising Sea Level......Page 20
3.2. Rising Temperature......Page 21
3.4. Rising Atmospheric C02 - Vegetation Effects......Page 22
4.1. Mangroves......Page 23
4.2. Seagrass Meadows......Page 25
4.3. Tropical Calcareous Reefs- Coral Reefs and Coralline-Algae Ridges......Page 27
5. Conclusion......Page 31
References......Page 33
A Brief History of Coral Paleoclimatology......Page 39
Corals......Page 40
Sclerosponges......Page 43
Stable Isotope Analyse됀㄀㠀伀 愀渀搀 됀㄀㌀䌀
......Page 44
Cloud Cover a nd Feedin 됀㄀㌀䌀......Page 45
Ocean Circulation: Radiocarbon Analyse"؀㄀㐀......Page 46
Upwelling, Nutrients, and pH: Other Elemental Ratios and Analyses......Page 47
Runoff: Detection through Luminescent Banding......Page 48
Fossil Corals......Page 49
Gaps and Challenges for the Future......Page 50
Conclusions......Page 51
References......Page 52
Introduction......Page 61
Coral Bleachinga s a Sign of Distres......Page 62
Corals, Dinofiagellates and Light......Page 63
Genetic Variation Among Symbiodinium......Page 68
Is Bleaching an Adaptive Mechanism......Page 70
Bleaching and the Mortality of Coral......Page 72
References......Page 73
1.1. History and Background......Page 78
1.3. Overall Importance of CaCOs in Marine Carbon Cycle......Page 80
2.1. The Carbonate System in Seawater......Page 81
2.2. Mechanisms and Time-scales of Future Seawater Carbonate Chemistry Changes......Page 84
2.4. Mineralogy, Taxonomy, and Biocalcification Mechanisms......Page 85
2.4.1. Mineralogy and Taxonomy
......Page 86
2.5. Natural Variability of the Carbonate System on Coral Reefs......Page 88
2.6.1. The Role of Mineral Buffers
......Page 90
2.6.2. CO2 Fertilization of Zooxanthellae
......Page 92
3.1. Field Evidence......Page 93
3.2. Experimental Evidence......Page 94
3.3. Biological versus Inorganic Components of Calcification......Page 98
3.3.1.BiologicalcAlcification
......Page 99
3.3.2. Inorganic Calcification
......Page 101
4.1. Calcificationin Various Reef-Builders......Page 102
4.2. Calcification in Reef Communities and Reefs......Page 103
5.1.1. Field Measurement of Seawater Carbonate Chemistry and Calcification Rates
......Page 104
5.2. A RecommendedSTrategy
......Page 106
5.3. Closing Comment
......Page 108
References......Page 109
1. Introduction......Page 116
2. Using Remote Sensing Data to Explore the Climate Warming Disease Outbreak Hypothesis......Page 119
Temperature Data......Page 122
Metric Descriptions......Page 123
Results......Page 124
Discussion......Page 126
4. Future Research Directions......Page 128
References......Page 129
Coral Bleaching and Global Effects
......Page 134
Physiological Responses......Page 135
Environmental Reciprocity......Page 136
Models......Page 137
Mathematical Model......Page 138
Model Simulations......Page 141
Linking Physiology to Population Response......Page 142
Spatial Differences......Page 144
Model Applications......Page 145
References......Page 146
Introduction......Page 150
Bleaching Weather......Page 151
Spatial Variability of SST During a Bleaching Event......Page 152
The Physics of Vertical Mixing......Page 154
Insolation......Page 155
Absorption......Page 156
Dynamical Mixing by Currents
......Page 157
Stratification......Page 158
Mixing Due to Wave Breaking
......Page 160
Case study- Palau Heat Stress Model......Page 161
Conclusion......Page 164
References......Page 165
1. Overview of Coral Reef  Watch......Page 167
2. Satellite and in situ Contributions......Page 170
3. More than a Temperature Event?......Page 171
5. 20 Year Trends......Page 173
7. Coral Bleaching: The Use of CRW DHW Product to Place 1998 into Context......Page 175
8. Integrating Coral  Reef Observing Systems: Challenges......Page 176
Bridging the Observational Gap......Page 177
Integration of Remote Sensing and In Situ Information......Page 178
Operational Products and Services......Page 179
9. Management Considerations......Page 181
10. Conclusions......Page 182
References......Page 183
Introduction......Page 185
Past Bleaching Events and Impacts on Management Areas
......Page 186
1 Reducing Threats and Impacts.
......Page 188
4 Communications - Awareness and Policy.
......Page 190
The Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, Usa......Page 194
Kiunga Marine National Reserve, Kenya......Page 199
Synthesis/Recommendations
......Page 204
Local Managementactions Influence Larger Scale Policy......Page 205
Conclusions......Page 206
References......Page 207
Introduction......Page 211
Reduction of Temperature Stress......Page 212
Reduction of Light Stress......Page 213
Coral Community Type......Page 214
1 Representation and Replication......Page 215
2 Refugia......Page 217
Socioeconomic Impacts of Bleaching......Page 218
Monitoring and Adaptation......Page 219
References......Page 220
1. Introduction......Page 226
2. Implications of Climate Change for Coral Reef Ecosystems
......Page 227
2.1.1. Mass Coral Bleaching......Page 228
2.1.3. Increases in Coral Disease
......Page 230
2.3. Changes in Current Patterns
......Page 231
3.1. Increasing The Imperative For Mitigating Climate Change......Page 232
3.2. Managing Coral Reefs For Resilience......Page 233
3.2.1. Ecological Goals to Guide Managing for Resilience
......Page 234
3.3. Managing Mpas in the Context of Mass Coral Bleaching
......Page 236
3.3.1.reviewing and Revising Management Targets 
......Page 237
4. Conclusions......Page 238
References......Page 239
List of Contributors......Page 245