Copper Zinc Tin Sulfide-Based Thin Film Solar Cells

Content: 
Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; List of Contributors; Part I Introduction; Chapter 1 An Overview of CZTS-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 The Photovoltaic Effect; 1.3 In Pursuit of an Optimal Semiconductor for Photovoltaics; 1.4 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 2 Market Challenges for CZTS-Based Thin-Film Solar Cells; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Compound Thin-Film Technologies and Manufacturing; 2.3 Challenges for CZTS Solar Cells in the Market; 2.4 Conclusion; References; Part II The Physics and Chemistry of Quaternary Chalcogenide Semiconductors. Chapter 3 Crystallographic Aspects of Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS)3.1 Introduction: What Defines a Crystal Structure?; 3.2 The Crystal Structure of CZTS; 3.3 Point Defects in CZTS and the Role of Stoichiometry; 3.4 Differentiation between Intergrown Kesterite- and Stannite-Type Phases: A Simulational Approach; 3.5 Summary; References; Chapter 4 Electronic Structure and Optical Properties from First-Principles Modeling; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Computational Background; 4.3 Crystal Structure; 4.4 Electronic Structure; 4.5 Optical Properties; 4.6 Summary; Acknowledgements; References. Chapter 5 Kesterites: Equilibria and Secondary Phase Identification5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Chemistry of the Kesterite Reaction; 5.3 Phase Identification; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 6 Growth of CZTS Single Crystals; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Growth Process; 6.3 Properties of CZTS Single Crystals; 6.4 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 7 Physical Properties: Compiled Experimental Data; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Structural Properties; 7.3 Thermal Properties; 7.4 Mechanical and Lattice Dynamic Properties; 7.5 Electronic Energy-Band Structure; 7.6 Optical Properties. 7.7 Carrier Transport PropertiesReferences; Part III Synthesis of Thin Films and Their Application to Solar Cells; Chapter 8 Sulfurization of Physical Vapor-Deposited Precursor Layers; 8.1 Introduction; 8.2 First CZTS Thin-Film Solar Cells; 8.3 ZnS as Zn-Source in Precursor; 8.4 Influence of Absorber Thickness; 8.5 New Sulfurization System; 8.6 Influence of Morphology; 8.7 Co-Sputtering System with Annealing Chamber; 8.8 Active Composition; 8.9 CZTS Compound Target; 8.10 Conclusions; References; Chapter 9 Reactive Sputtering of CZTS; 9.1 Introduction; 9.2 The Reactive Sputtering Process. 9.3 Properties of Sputtered Precursors9.4 Annealing of Sputtered Precursors; 9.5 Device Performance; 9.6 Summary; References; Chapter 10 Coevaporation of CZTS Films and Solar Cells; 10.1 Introduction; 10.2 Basic Principles; 10.3 Process Variations; Acknowledgements; References; Chapter 11 Synthesis of CZTSSe Thin Films from Nanocrystal Inks; 11.1 Introduction; 11.2 Nanocrystal Synthesis; 11.3 Nanocrystal Characterization; 11.4 Sintering; 11.5 Conclusion; References; Chapter 12 CZTS Thin Films Prepared by a Non-Vacuum Process; 12.1 Introduction; 12.2 Sol-Gel Sulfurization Method.
 Abstract:             Beginning with an overview and historical background of Copper Zinc Tin Sulphide (CZTS) technology, subsequent chapters cover properties of CZTS thin films, different preparation methods of CZTS thin films, a comparative study of CZTS and CIGS solar cell, computational approach, and future applications of CZTS thin film solar modules to both ground-mount and rooftop installation. The semiconducting compound (CZTS) is made up earth-abundant, low-cost and non-toxic elements, which make it an ideal candidate to replace Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) and CdTe solar cells which face material scarcity and toxic