Copper in Ancient Egypt: Before, During and After the Pyramid Age (c. 4000-1600 BC)

‎Contents
‎Preface
‎Acknowledgements
‎Figures
‎Tables
‎Chapter 1. Introduction: The Subject, Its Chronological and Chorological Scope
	‎1. Copper as a Chemical Element and Raw Material
	‎2. Copper and (Tin) Bronze: Cases of Terminological Imprecision
	‎3. Chronology, Geography, and Societies
	‎4. Egyptian Copper Reflected Outside of the Field
	‎5. Position within Archaeological Theory
‎Chapter 2. Chaîne opératoire and Sources’ Survey
	‎1. Categories of Ancient Egyptian and Our Thinking
	‎2. Data and Statistical Populations in Egyptian Archaeology
	‎3. Categories of Sources
		‎3.1. Written and Iconographic Sources
		‎3.2. Artefacts
		‎3.3. Archaeometallurgy
			‎3.3.1. Archaeometallurgical Methods: A Brief Introduction
			‎3.3.2. Non-invasive Methods
			‎3.3.3. Invasive Methods
		‎3.4. Ethnoarchaeology and Experimental Archaeology
‎Chapter 3. Words for Material and People—Copper and Metalworkers
	‎1. Identified Metals
	‎2. Main Words and Their Context
		‎2.1. Minerals and Copper Ores
		‎2.2. Copper
		‎2.3. Asiatic Copper and Other Adjectives
		‎2.4. Arsenical Copper and Tin Bronze
		‎2.5. Crucible and Metalworkers
‎Chapter 4. Expeditions: Procurement, Initial Processing, and Transport of Ore
	‎1. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period
		‎1.1. Eastern Desert of Egypt and Nubia
		‎1.2. Sinai
		‎1.3. Wadi Arabah (Israel/Jordan)
		‎1.4. Anatolia
	‎2. Old Kingdom
		‎2.1. Eastern Desert
		‎2.2. Nubia
		‎2.3. Sinai
		‎2.4. Wadi Arabah
		‎2.5. Byblos and Ebla
		‎2.6. Punt
		‎2.7. Arabian Peninsula
	‎3. Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period
		‎3.1. Eastern Desert and Sinai
		‎3.2. Nubia
		‎3.3. Tributes for Kings and High Officials
		‎3.4. Cyprus
	‎4. Lead Isotopes of the Ores and Artefacts
‎Chapter 5. Copper Storage, Revenues, and Transactions
	‎1. Administration of Resources in the Early Dynastic Period
	‎2. Administration of Resources in the Old Kingdom
		‎2.1. Storage: The Treasury and Metals
			‎2.1.1. Sealing of Goods and Metals
			‎2.1.2. Weighing
			‎2.1.3. Copper in Private Transactions and Tomb Building
		‎2.2. Administration of Resources in the First Intermediate Period
	‎3. Administration of Resources in the Middle Kingdom
		‎3.1. Treasury and the Vizier
		‎3.2. Weighing
		‎3.3. Copper in Private Transactions
	‎4. Changes in the Second Intermediate Period and New Kingdom
	‎5. Whose Copper? Royal, Non-royal and Other Contexts
		‎5.1. Copper Revenues: Coptos Decrees B, C and D
	‎6. Looting of Copper
‎Chapter 6. Metalworkers and Their Institutions
	‎1. Early Dynastic Period
	‎2. Old Kingdom
		‎2.1. Institutions with Metalworkers
		‎2.2. Old Kingdom Tombs of Metalworkers
	‎3. First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom
		‎3.1. Craft Organization in the Middle Kingdom
		‎3.2. Monuments and Mentions of Metalworkers
	‎4. Second Intermediate Period
‎Chapter 7. Workshops
	‎1. Old Kingdom Workshop Scenes
	‎2. First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom Workshop Scenes
	‎3. Archaeology of Workshops
	‎4. Furnaces and Crucibles
	‎5. Ingots
	‎6. Moulds
	‎7. Length Measures and Regularization
	‎8. Main Alloys
		‎8.1. Copper with Impurities
		‎8.2. Arsenical Copper
		‎8.3. Tin Bronze
		‎8.4. Other Important Metals
	‎9. Techniques of Metalworking
	‎10. Papyri Reisner and Lahun Papyri
	‎11. Question of Independent Nubian Metalwork
	‎12. Performative Aspects of the Craft
‎Chapter 8. Uses of Artisan, Textile, and Leather Tool Kit
	‎1. Artisan Tool Kit
		‎1.1. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period
		‎1.2. Old Kingdom
			‎1.2.1. Professions Using the Tools
				‎1.2.1.1. Quarrying and Sculpting Stone
				‎1.2.1.2. Woodworking
				‎1.2.1.3. Shipwrights
			‎1.2.2. Religious Aspects of Artisan Tools
		‎1.3. First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom
			‎1.3.1. Religious Aspects of Artisan Tools
		‎1.4. Second Intermediate Period
		‎1.5. Distribution, Metrology and Archaeometallurgy
		‎1.6. Stone, Bone, and Other Tools
	‎2. Textile and Leather Processing Tool Kit
‎Chapter 9. Tools of Conspicuous Display: Weaponry, Personal Care, and Adornment
	‎1. Weaponry
		‎1.1. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Period
		‎1.2. Old Kingdom
		‎1.3. First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom
		‎1.4. Second Intermediate Period
		‎1.5. Metrology and Archaeometallurgy
	‎2. Hunting and Food Processing Tool Kit
	‎3. Cosmetic Tool Kit
		‎3.1. Distribution, Metrology and Archaeometallurgy
	‎4. Personal Adornment, Pigments and Raw Materials
‎Chapter 10. Ritual Tools (Vessels, Statuary, Regalia) and Hardware
	‎1. Vessels
		‎1.1. Distribution, Metrology and Archaeometallurgy
	‎2. Furniture, Thrones and Hardware
	‎3. Statuary, Regalia, and Boats
	‎4. Musical Instruments
	‎5. Objects of Unknown Use
‎Chapter 11. Ancient Egyptian Copper in Eastern Mediterranean Context
	‎1. Copper and Metalworkers
		‎1.1. Origin of the Copper Technology in Egypt
		‎1.2. Emergence of Tin Bronze in the Eastern Mediterranean
		‎1.3. Social Status and Literacy of Metalworkers
		‎1.4. Social Status of Other Craftsmen
	‎2. Copper Ore Procurement
	‎3. Raw and Semi-processed Copper, Transactions with Copper
		‎3.1. Weighing Systems of the Eastern Mediterranean
	‎4. Copper Artefacts
		‎4.1. Metal Artefacts as a Booty of Amenemhat II
		‎4.2. Artisan Tool Kit
		‎4.3. Weaponry
		‎4.4. Cosmetic Tool Kit
		‎4.5. Personal Adornment
		‎4.6. Vessels
		‎4.7. Statuary
		‎4.8. Other Artefact Categories
		‎4.9. Was Egypt Periphery of Near Eastern Metallurgy?
‎Chapter 12. Conclusion
‎Appendix. Tables 12–52
‎Bibliography
‎Index of Core Concepts
‎Index of Archaeometallurgical Methods
‎Index of Ore Procurement and Materials
‎Index of Transactions
‎Index of Production
‎Index of Institutions and Craftsmen
‎Index of Artefacts
‎Index of Periods
‎Index of Sites
‎Index of Regions and Other Geographical Entities
‎Index of Names of Persons
‎Index of Deities, Priests and Rituals
‎Index of Selected Written Sources
‎Index of Egyptian and Coptic Words and Phrases
‎Index of Hieroglyphs
‎Index of Foreign words