Control and Operation of Grid-Connected Wind Energy Systems

Preface
Acknowledgment
Contents
About the Editors
Modeling and Effect of Core Loss in AC Three-Phase Self-excited Generators Used in Wind Energy Applications
	1 Introduction
	2 Three-Phase Self-excited Induction Generator
		2.1 Analysis
		2.2 Results and Discussion
		2.3 Experimental Verification
	3 Three-Phase Self-excited Reluctance Generator
		3.1 Steady State Mathematical Model
		3.2 Results and Discussions
		3.3 Comparative Study of Core Loss Models in Three-Phase SERGs
	4 Conclusion
	Appendix
		Data of the Machines
		Fitted Curves
	References
Different Approaches for Efficiency Optimization of DFIG Wind Power Generation Systems
	1 Introduction
	2 Losses in Wind Power Generation Systems
	3 Losses in Doubly Fed Induction Generator
		3.1 Model-Based Loss Minimization Technique
		3.2 Loss Minimization Using PSO-SVR
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusions
	6 Appendices
	References
Voltage Source Converter Control Under Unbalanced Grid Voltage
	1 Introduction
	2 The Requirement for Generation Interconnection Distributed to the Grid
	3 VSC Model During Unbalanced Grid Voltage
	4 Multivariable State Feedback Control
	5 Experimental Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
Robust Control Based on H∞ and Linear Quadratic Gaussian of Load Frequency Control of Power Systems Integrated with Wind Energy System
	1 Introduction
	2 System Dynamics
	3 H∞ Infinity Controller
	4 Linear Quadratic Gaussian (LQG)
	5 System Configuration
	6 Results and Discussions
	7 Conclusion
	References
D-STATCOM for Distribution Network Compensation Linked with Wind Generation
	1 Introduction
	2 Wind Generation Output Power
	3 D-STATCOM Control Strategies
	4 D-STATCOM Characteristic Logic
	5 D-STATCOM Simulation
		5.1 D-STATCOM Operation Characteristics
		5.2 Mitigation of Voltage Flicker
	6 Conclusion
	References
Wind Power Plants Control Systems Based on SCADA System
	1 Introduction
	2 Wind Farm SCADA System
		2.1 Wind Farm SCADA System Characteristics
		2.2 Control of Wind Generation System Using SCADA
		2.3 Main Tasks of Wind Turbine Control System
		2.4 Wind Farm SCADA System Functionality
	3 Structure of SCADA for Wind Power Plant
	4 Data Network Configuration for SCADA System
	5 SCADA System Instruments
	6 Wind Energy Power Plant Management System
	7 Standards of Grid-Connected Wind Farms
		7.1 Voltage Fault Ride-Through Capabilities of Wind Turbines
		7.2 Power-Quality Issues in Grid-Connected WPPs
		7.3 Variable Speed Control
		7.4 Active Damping
	8 WPP Control System
		8.1 Wind Turbine Control
		8.2 Sustainable Control
		8.3 Design Tool for Wind Turbine Control Algorithms
	9 Wind Power Plant Control and Management
	10 Operation of the Outer-Loop Controller
		10.1 Wind Farm Plant Testing
		10.2 Stop Operation
		10.3 Starting of Wind Generation System
		10.4 Standby State
		10.5 Run-Up State
		10.6 WPP Variable Power Operation
		10.7 WPP Constant Power Operation
		10.8 Standby Shutdown
		10.9 WPP Normal Shutdown
		10.10 Over-Speed/Fault Shutdown
		10.11 Overspeed/Over-Temperature
	11 Condition Monitoring for Wind Farms
		11.1 Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis
		11.2 Fault Diagnosis and Prognosis Systems on WT
		11.3 SCADA Based Condition Monitoring of WT
		11.4 AI Methods for Analysis of SCADA Data from WTs
	12 SCADA Based Abnormal Detection of Wind Turbine
	13 Data Mining of Characteristic Parameters for Wind Turbines
		13.1 Communication Network for Wind Power Farms (WPPs)
		13.2 Ethernet Passive Optical Network (EPON)-Based Communication Network for WPPs
	14 Future Challenges
	References
Harmonic Source Detection for an Industrial Mining Network with Hybrid Wind and Solar Energy Systems
	1 Overview
	2 Harmonics Distortion
	3 Harmonic Source Detection Method
		3.1 The Modified Direction of Active Power Flow
	4 Modeling of an Industrial Network Case Study Using DIgSILENT
		4.1 Variable Speed Drives (VSDs)
		4.2 Fully Rated Converter Wind Turbine Generator (WTG)
	5 Results and Discussions
		5.1 Case Study A
		5.2 Case Study B
		5.3 Case Study C
		5.4 Comparison of Different Case Studies
		5.5 Waveforms Comparison of the Two Case Studies B and C
	6 Conclusions
	References
Maximum Power Point Tracking Strategies of Grid-Connected Wind Energy Conversion Systems
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Horizontal Axis WTs (HA-WTs)
		1.2 Vertical Axis WTs (VA-WTs)
		1.3 Wind Resource
	2 Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS)
		2.1 Electric Generators—Variable Speed Turbines
		2.2 Wind Generators—Impacts on the Electrical Network
	3 MPPT Control Strategies for the WECS
		3.1 Power Signal Feedback (PSF) Control
		3.2 Optimal Torque Control
	4 Decoupled Control of the Active and Reactive Power
		4.1 Co-Simulation (PSIM/MATLAB) Program for Interconnecting Wind Energy System with Electric Utility
		4.2 Wind Energy Conversion System Description
	5 Control of the Generator Side Converter (PMSG)
		5.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller for MPPT
		5.2 Control of the Grid Side Converter
	6 Simulation Results and Discussion
	7 Conclusion
	References
Hybrid CSA-GWO Algorithm-Based Optimal Control Strategy for Efficient Operation of Variable-Speed Wind Generators
	1 Introduction
	2 Model System
	3 Wind Turbine Model
	4 Control of FC
		4.1 Generator-Side Converter (GSC)
		4.2 Grid-Side Inverter (GSI)
		4.3 Over Voltage Protection Scheme (OVPS)
	5 Optimization Design of Cascaded PI Controller
		5.1 GWO Algorithm
		5.2 CSA
		5.3 CSA-GWO
		5.4 Problem Formulation
	6 Simulation Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Wind Energy System Grid Integration and Grid Code Requirements of Wind Energy System
	1 Introduction
	2 Energy Development
	3 Enhancement of Power Zone
		3.1 Power Development in India
		3.2 Progressive Status of Renewable Energy (RE) in India
	4 Need for Wind Power
	5 Significance of Electrical Power Quality in Wind Power System
	6 Integration Issues in Grid-Connected Wind Energy
	7 Effect of Power Quality Issues
		7.1 Impact on the Transmission Grid
		7.2 Impact on the Distribution Grid
		7.3 Impact of Utility on Wind Farms
	8 Importance of Custom Power Devices (CPD)
	9 Introduction
	10 Wind Energy System
	11 Basic Concept
	12 Wind Turbine (WT) Technology
	13 Basic Mechanism of a WT
	14 Vertical Axis WT
	15 Horizontal Axis WT
	16 Installation Location of Wind Turbine
	17 WT Power Output [2]
	18 Design Speed of Wind Turbine
	19 Pitch Mechanism
	20 Topologies of Wind Generator [37]
		20.1 Introduction
		20.2 Fixed-Speed Type a WECS
		20.3 Variable Speed WECS
	21 Grid Code Requirements in Wind Energy: Power Quality Point of View
		21.1 Introduction
		21.2 Random Wind Speed Deviation: Normal Operation
		21.3 Transient Stability and Power Quality Problems: Abnormal Operation
		21.4 Requirements of Grid Connection
		21.5 Need for Grid Codes
		21.6 Necessity for Indian Wind Grid Code (IWGC) [38]
		21.7 Grid Behavior of Wind Turbines with Point of Common Coupling (PCC)
		21.8 World Situation of Grid Code
		21.9 Grid Code Requirements
	22 Summary
	References
New Software for Matching Between Wind Sites and Wind Turbines
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling of Wind Energy System
	3 The Proposed Computer Program Implementation
		3.1 Input Data
		3.2 Proposed Computer Program Steps
		3.3 Average Number of WTs and Capacity Factor Determination “Second Subroutine”
		3.4 Energy Balance “Third Subroutine”
		3.5 Economic Analyses “Fourth Subroutine”
		3.6 Selecting the Best Site and Best Wind Turbine for each Site “Fifth Subroutine”
	4 Output Results
		4.1 Detailed Results from Best Five Sites
	5 Conclusions
	References