Control, Instrumentation and Mechatronics: Theory and Practice

Preface
Contents
Planar Dynamics of Dual-quadrotors Cooperative Carrying a Slender Beam
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamics Model
	3 Cascade Controller
		3.1 Smoother
		3.2 Tracking Controller
	4 Simulations
		4.1 Response of Disturbance Rejection
		4.2 Dynamics Response to a Flight Command
	5 Conclusions
	Funding
	References
Flow Visualisation Over the Low Sweep Unmanned Combat Aerial Vehicle (UCAV) Configuration
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussions
		3.1 Reynolds Sweep
		3.2 Flow Visualisation
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Dynamic Modeling and Analysis for Parallel Robots Actuated by Pneumatic Artificial Muscles
	1 Introduction
	2 Modeling for PAM-Actuated Parallel Robots
	3 Controller Design
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Constructing 3-Dimentional (3D) Model Using Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) on Aerial Informatics and Robotics Simulation (AirSim) for UAV
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Background
	2 Approach
		2.1 Coverage Path Planning
		2.2 LIDAR Scanning
	3 Experiment and Result
		3.1 Virtual Test Settings and Environment
		3.2 Validation Study - 3D Topographics Scan Using the Proposed Method
		3.3 Virtual Terrain Scanning Demonstration
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Lightweight IOT Based Indoor Positioning for Guard Touring System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 System Architecture
		2.2 BLE Beacon Placement
		2.3 Mobile Application (App)
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Result
		3.2 Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Performance Evaluation of UAV-Based LoRa Wireless Communication Network
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Hardware
		2.2 Test Scenario
	3 Performance Evaluation of LoRa Communication Network
		3.1 Direct Line-of-Sight
		3.2 Presence of Obstacle
	4 Conclusion
	References
Vibration Analysis of HVAC Systems for Potentially Harvesting Piezoelectric Vibration Energy
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Split Unit Air Conditioning System
		2.2 Centralized Air Conditioning System
		2.3 Piezoelectric Transducers
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Research Framework
		3.2 Methodology Flow
		3.3 Vibration Analysis
		3.4 Data Collection
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Study on the Arrival Time of Ultrasonic Waves in Concrete Material
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Ultrasonic Through-Transmission Method
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Material Selection
		3.2 Ultrasonic Signal
		3.3 Model Geometry and Setup
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Time-Arrival in Homogenous Concrete Material
		4.2 Time-Arrival in Concrete with Inclusion of Different Size of Air Void
		4.3 Time-Arrival in Concrete with Different Position of Crack
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Use of Tower Cranes in Dynamics and Control Education for Mechanical-Engineering Students
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Facilities
	3 Curriculum
		3.1 Homework
		3.2 Simulations
		3.3 Labs
		3.4 Advanced Research
	4 Evaluation of Pedagogical Achievements
	5 Conclusions
	Funding
	References
Preliminary Findings on EEG-Controlled Prosthetic Hand for Stroke Patients Based on Motor Control
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Electroencephalography (EEG)
	3 System Architecture
	4 Experimental Design
		4.1 Experiment A
		4.2 Experiment B
		4.3 Experiment C
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Experiment A
		5.2 Experiment B
		5.3 Experiment C
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Optimizing PID Controller Coefficients Using an Improved Biogeography-Based Optimization to Stabilize Movements of Quadcopters
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Dynamic Modeling of the Quadrotor
	3 Tuning PID Parameters Regarding to the Defined Function
	4 BBO Algorithm
	5 Numerical Simulation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Prediction of Occupant’s Head Movement During Slalom Driving via Artificial Neural Network with Multiple Training Algorithms
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
	3 Modelling by Using Artificial Neural Network
		3.1 Artificial Neural Networks
		3.2 Training Algorithm
			3.2.1 Levenberg-Marquardt Algorithm
			3.2.2 Bayesian Regularization Algorithm
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	Acknowledgement
	References
Flapping Induced Piezoelectric Transduction for Novel Disaster Management UAVs
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup and Fabrication
	3 Experimentation, Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Analysis of the Hybrid Adhesion Mechanism of the Wall Climbing Robot
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Fundamental Concept of Hybrid Method Adhesion Mechanism
	2 Simulation Setup
		2.1 Geometries Preparation
		2.2 Geometries Mesh Generation
		2.3 Boundary Condition Assignment
		2.4 Simulation Control
	3 Results and Analysis
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
Real-Time Data Collection Technique for UAVs Propeller Inspection
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 The Proposed Framework
		3.1 ADXL345 Accelerometer
		3.2 Real-Time Data Acquisition
		3.3 Experimental Setup
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Model Reference Adaptive Controller Design for Electrohydraulic Actuator System with Varying Disturbance
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modelling of EHA
	3 Model Reference Adaptive Controller
	4 Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller
	5 Results and Analysis
	6 Conclusions
	References
Fabrication of a Low Cost Three-Wheel Electric Scooter Using PSoC Technology
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Drivetrain Construction and Operation
		2.2 Procurement and Assembly
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Design of Portable IoT Vital Signs Monitoring Device
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 The Proposed Device
		2.1 Hardware Design
		2.2 Software Development
	3 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusions
	References
IoT System Design of Thermoelectric Generator for Harvesting Motorcycle Exhaust Heat Energy
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Method
		2.1 Block Diagram
		2.2 System Architecture
		2.3 Experimental Setup
	3 Result
	4 Conclusion and Recommendation
	Acknowledgement
	References
Enhancement of Robust Control Law for Active Front Steering Control Strategy
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Vehicle Models
		2.1 Nonlinear and Linear Vehicle Models
	3 Active Front Steering Control Design
		3.1 AFS Control Strategy
		3.2 SMC Design Technique
		3.3 Enhanced AFS Control Law
	4 Simulation Results and Analysis
		4.1 Transient Characteristics and Cornering Stiffness Uncertainty
		4.2 Yaw Rate Response Performances
	5 Conclusion
	References
Low-Cost Multiple-Pass Confocal Surface Profiler
	Abstract
	1 Background
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Confocal Based Surface Profiler
		2.2 Multiple-Pass Configuration
		2.3 Challenges of Current Multiple-Pass Surface Profiler
		2.4 Additive Manufacturing
	3 Methodology
		3.1 System Component
		3.2 System Design
		3.3 Mirror Configuration
		3.4 Data Processing and Illustration
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Self-healing Fluidic Dielectric Elastomer Actuator
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Design Configuration of SFDEA
	3 Numerical Simulation
	4 Fabrications
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Experimental Setup
		5.2 Results
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Empirical Based Irrigation Model Using Predicted Soil Moisture for Durian Plantation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Soil Moisture Prediction
		2.2 Irrigation Management
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Weather Station and Soil Moisture Sensor
		3.2 Artificial Neural Network (ANN)
		3.3 Irrigation Volume
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Soil Moisture Prediction
		4.2 Irrigation Volume and Schedule
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
A Simple Energy Management System for a Micro Grid System Using Rule-Based Algorithm
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Rule-Based Algorithm for a Micro Grid EMS
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Proteus Software Simulation Results
		3.2 Hardware Implementation
	4 Conclusions and Future Work
	Acknowledgement
	References
An Optimal Fuzzy Logic Controller Design for a Single-Linked Inverted Pendulum System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Modeling
	3 Controller Design
		3.1 Fuzzy Logic Controller
		3.2 Optimized FLC Controller Design
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Simulation Results
		4.2 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Adaptive Super Twisting Sliding Mode Control of Quadrotor MAV
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Quadrotor Dynamic Modeling and Control Design
		2.1 Actuated Control System Design
		2.2 Under-Actuated Control System Design
		2.3 Closed-Loop Stability
	3 Simulation Results
		3.1 Simulation 1: Circle Trajectory Without Perturbation
		3.2 Simulation 2: Circle Trajectory with Perturbation
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Industrial SPECT System for Imaging Water Level Inside a Horizontal Pipe
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 iSPECT System
		2.2 Image Reconstruction
		2.3 Experimental Setup
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Detection Efficiency Map
		3.2 Imaging Water Level
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Neural Network-Based Battery Management System for Through-the-Road Hybrid Electric Vehicle
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Research Background
		1.2 Problem Statement and Objectives
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 TtR HEV and EMS Model
		2.2 Li-ion as the ESS of Choice
		2.3 Neural Network SOC Observer
	3 Research Methodology
		3.1 Data Acquisition for Training Algorithm
		3.2 SOC Estimation Algorithm
		3.3 Proposed NN-BMS Development
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 NN-BMS Controller Model
		4.2 Proposed NN-BMS Performance in TtR HEV
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
Hybrid Core Power Control Using PI, Fuzzy and MPC for TRIGA Nuclear Reactor
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Nuclear Reactor Modelling
	3 Core Power Control Strategies
		3.1 PI Core Power Control
		3.2 Fuzzy Core Power Control
		3.3 MPC Core Power Control
		3.4 Hybrid Core Power Control
	4 Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Modelling and Manual Tuning PID Control of Quadcopter
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modelling of the Quadcopter
	3 PID Controller
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusions and Future Work
	Acknowledgments
	References
Speed Control of a BLDC Motor Using Artificial Neural Network with ESP32 Microcontroller Based Implementation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Setup
		2.1 ESP32 Microcontroller
		2.2 DC Motor
		2.3 L293D Motor Driver
		2.4 Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE)
	3 Controller Design
		3.1 PID Controller
		3.2 ANN Controller
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Response to Step Input
		4.2 Noise Rejection Test
		4.3 Response to Sine Wave Input
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems Based Maximum Power Point Tracking for a Photovoltaic System Connected to a Grid
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 System Modeling
		2.1 PV Cell Modeling
		2.2 Grid System Modeling
	3 Proposed ANFIS-MPPT Method
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusions
	Acknowledgments
	References
Achieving Pitch Control of Fixed-Wing Aircraft Through Moving-Mass Control System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Design of the Controller
	3 Simulation Methodology
		3.1 Creating the State Feedback Model
	4 Assumptions
	5 Results
		5.1 Simulation Results for Open Loop Model
		5.2 Simulation Results for LQR Implementation
		5.3 Simulation Results for LQI Implementation
		5.4 Interpretation of Results
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Raspberry Pi Based Intelligent Traffic Signal Control at Intersections
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Proposed Traffic Light System Architecture
		2.2 Traffic Signal Control Working Principle
		2.3 Flowchart of the Proposed Traffic Signal Control System
		2.4 Image Processing Technique
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Intelligent Traffic Light Controller Model
		3.2 Image Processing
		3.3 Green Time Taken
		3.4 The Intersection Test Result for Car Priority
	4 Conclusion
	References
Design and Implementation of a Modified Fuzzy PD Controller for the Speed Control of a Brushed DC Motor
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Experimental Set-Up
		2.2 Fuzzy Controller Design
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Step Input with Reference Value of 1200 RPM Using the 21 Rule on No Load
		3.2 Step Input with Reference Value of 1200 RPM Using the 21 Rule on Load
		3.3 Step Input with Reference Value of 1200 RPM Using the 25 Rule on Load
	4 Conclusions
		4.1 Recommendations
	References
Performance Improvement Based Torque Ripple Minimization for Direct Torque Control Drive Fed Induction Motor Using Fuzzy Logic Control
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Induction Motor Model
	3 DTC in Accordance with FLC of IM
	4 Fuzzy Logic Controller Based on DTC
	5 Implementation, Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
PSO Tuned Cascade of Fractional Order PI - Fractional Order PD for Pneumatic Positioning System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 System Modelling
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 System Identification
	3 Controller Design
		3.1 PID Controller
		3.2 Fractional Order PID (FOPID) Controller
		3.3 Cascade of FOPI and FOPD (CFOPID) Controller
	4 Particle Swarm Optimization Algorithm
	5 Results and Analysis
	6 Conclusion and Future Work
	Acknowledgement
	References
Simulation of Multi-constraints Cargo Arrangement and Optimization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Constraints Optimization Algorithm
		2.1 Fitness Function Model
		2.2 Constraints Parameters
		2.3 Genetic Algorithm Optimization Search Engine
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Maximization Weight Fitness Model
		3.2 Minimization Weight Fitness Model
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgements
	References
Analysis of Space Optimization of Three-Dimensional Container Loading Problem
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Space Optimization Simulation
		2.1 Genetic Algorithm
		2.2 Constraints in Container Loading Problem
		2.3 Objective and Fitness Functions
		2.4 Space Optimization Process
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Experiment 1: Fixed Chromosome Length
		3.2 Experiment 2: Unfixed Chromosome Length
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Sizing of Standalone Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Cogeneration System Using Particle Swarm Optimization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Modelling of Stand-Alone PV-TEG System
	3 Input Parameters Description
	4 Energy Management System Based on Rule-Based Algorithm
	5 Objective Function
		5.1 Cost of Energy (COE)
		5.2 Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP)
	6 Proposed Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Algorithm
	7 Results and Discussion
	8 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Data-Driven Model for Human Tracking and Prediction Using Kalman Filter with Particle Swarm Optimization
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Proposed Approach
		3.1 IoT Design Implementation
		3.2 Kalman Filter Formulation
		3.3 Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
	4 Analytical Method
		4.1 Stages Involved in Kalman Filter
		4.2 Application of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	Acknowledgment
	References
Optimized PID Controller of a Laboratory-Scaled Water Distribution System via Swarm Intelligence Techniques
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Water Distribution System
		1.2 Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) Controller
		1.3 Optimization Techniques
	2 Methodology
		2.1 PID-PSO and PID-GWO
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Comparison Analysis for PID-PSO and PID-GWO for Second Order Model
	4 Conclusion
	References
Bat Algorithm on Task Scheduling of Assembly Production-Line Manufacturing on Digital Manufacturing System (DMS)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Problem Formulation
	3 Simulation Results
		3.1 Problem Formulation
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Optimization of Controller Design for Magnetic Levitation System by PSO, GSA and PSOGSA
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Overview of Proposed System
		2.1 MLS Modelling
		2.2 PID Control of the MLS
		2.3 GSA-Tuning PID Control
		2.4 PSOGSA
	3 Simulation Result
		3.1 PID-PSO Simulation
		3.2 PID-GSA Simulation
		3.3 PID-PSOGSA Simulation
		3.4 Performance Comparison
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Nonlinear Autoregressive Exogenous Neural Network (NARX) Model for the Prediction of the pH Neutralization Process for Palm Oil Mill Effluent
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Method
		2.1 The pH Neutralization Process Pilot Plant
		2.2 Data Collection in Open Loop Test
		2.3 NARX Neural Network Experimental Design
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 NARX Modeling Results for Set A
		3.2 NARX Model Structure Validation Using Set B
	4 Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
Speed Up Grid-Search for Kernels Selection of Support Vector Regression
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Model Selection by Using Grid Search
		1.2 Particle Swarm Optimization for Model Selection
		1.3 Genetic Algorithm (GA) for Model Selection
	2 Methods
		2.1 Experimental Setup
		2.2 Data Pre-Processing
		2.3 Selection of Cost and Gamma Parameters
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Grid Search
		3.2 PSO and GA
		3.3 Validation
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Protection Relay Performance Comparison for Faults Detection and Classification Based on ANN and ANFIS
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Proposed Topology
		2.1 Artificial Neural Network
		2.2 Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Interface System Algorithm (ANFIS)
	3 Simulation Results
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
A Sampling Time Study for Model Predictive Control in Induction Motor Using Processor-In-Loop Verification
	1 Introduction
	2 Induction Motor Dynamics
	3 Methodology for Prediction Algorithm
	4 PIL Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Performance Analysis of Parallel Virtual Machine in Solving Large-Scale Multi-dimensional Problems
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 MDCS vs PVM
	3 2D and 3D Parabolic PDE
	4 FDM and Large Sparse Grid Structure
	5 DPC Platform and Configuration
	6 Numerical Results and PPI
	7 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
An Experimental Performance Evaluation of LoRa Wireless Communication in Multistorey Building with Dynamic Environment
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Measurement Setup
		3.1 LoRa Device
		3.2 Test Scenario
	4 Experimental Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Signal Detection Based on Atrial Fibrillation Detection Algorithms Using RR Interval Measurements
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 ECG Signal Preproceesing
		2.2 Feature Extraction
		2.3 RR Interval Measurement
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 ECG Signal Preprocessing
		3.3 RR Interval Measurement
		3.4 Flowchart of the Design
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Design and Evaluation of Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy Probe for pH Measurement in Fetal Hypoxia Using COMSOL Multiphysics Simulation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related work
		2.1 Magnetic Induction Spectroscopy (MIS)
		2.2 Coils Positioning
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Flowchart
		3.2 Coils Model Development
		3.3 Coils Input and Output Setup
		3.4 Foetus Head Model and Properties
		3.5 Model Finishing and Final Setup
	4 Result and Discussion
		4.1 Voltage and Frequency Relationship
		4.2 Voltage and pH Relationship
		4.3 Probe Final Selection
	5 Conclusion
	References
Design and Analysis of Silicon Nanowire Array Based on SAW Gas Sensor
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Working Principle and Sensor Design
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
GSM Device Localization in Indoor Environment Using Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) and Convolutional Neural Networks (CNN)
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Localization Framework
		2.1 System Model
			2.1.1 Preprocessing Datasets
			2.1.2 Construction of Radio Tensors
	3 CNN Architecture
		3.1 Layers
		3.2 Optimization
		3.3 Overfitting Considerations
	4 Simulation Experiments and Results
		4.1 Simulation and Experimental Setup
		4.2 Hyperparameter Setting
		4.3 Evaluation for Localization Accuracy
			4.3.1 Optimization Algorithm without Kurtosis
			4.3.2 Optimization Algorithm with Kurtosis
			4.3.3 Evaluation on The Use of Kurtosis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Low-Resolution Image Classification of Cracked Concrete Surface Using Decision Tree Technique
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
Novel Approach Using Passive UHF RFID for Grain Moisture Detection
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Experimental System
		3.1 UHF RFID Handheld Reader
		3.2 UHF RFID Tag
		3.3 Root Mean Square Error (RMSE)
	4 Design of Experiment
		4.1 Grain Sample Preparation
		4.2 Experimented Setup
	5 Experimental Results
		5.1 915 MHz at Different TX Power Level
		5.2 Impact of Frequency on RSSI
	6 Conclusions
	Acknowledgment
	References
Acoustic Anomaly Detection of Mechanical Failure: Time-Distributed CNN-RNN Deep Learning Models
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Feature Extraction Methods
		2.2 Hybrid Models Based on CNN and RNN for Machine Health Monitoring
	3 Material and Methods
		3.1 MIMII Dataset
		3.2 Preprocessing
		3.3 Development of Time Distributed CNN-RNN Models
		3.4 Model Training
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Performance Index
		4.2 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Spatio-Temporal Approach with Transformer Network for Heart Disease Classification with 12-Lead Electrocardiogram Signals
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Dataset
		3.1 Dataset Description
		3.2 Data Pre-processing
		3.3 Data Augmentation
	4 Proposed Model
		4.1 CNN Layer
		4.2 Transformer Encoder
		4.3 Feed-Forward Network (FFN)
	5 Experiment
		5.1 Dataset Split
		5.2 Optimizer
		5.3 Loss Function
		5.4 Hardware and Training Schedule
		5.5 Experiment Settings and Hyperparameters
	6 Results
		6.1 Evaluation Metrics
		6.2 Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Pre-trained Language Model with Feature Reduction and No Fine-Tuning
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
	3 Experimental Result
		3.1 Experimental Setup
		3.2 Feature Reduction
			3.2.1 Single Language
			3.2.2 Multilingual
	4 Conclusion
	References
Comparison of Neural Network Training Algorithms for Indoor Localization
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
	4 Simulation Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Transferring Near Infrared Spectroscopic Calibration Model Across Different Harvested Seasons Using Joint Distribution Adaptation
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Experimental Dataset
		2.2 Preprocessing of NIR Spectra and t-SNE Visualization
		2.3 JDA Based PLS
	3 Model Evaluation
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
3D Tomogram Using On-Chip ECT with AC-Based Capacitance Measuring System
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 System Design and Fabrication
		2.1 System Architecture
		2.2 Circuit Design for Measuring Channel
			2.2.1 Switching Circuit
			2.2.2 AC-Based Measuring Circuit
			2.2.3 Demodulation Circuit (Analogue Multiplier)
			2.2.4 Low Pass Filter
			2.2.5 Amplifier Circuit
	3 Performance Evaluation
		3.1 Accuracy
		3.2 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
		3.3 Standard Deviation
	4 Experimental 3D Imaging Results
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	References
Image Reconstruction Enhancement for Electrical Capacitance Tomography Using an Improved Sensitivity Map
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 ECT System and Sample Preparation
		2.2 Electric Field and Sensitivity Map Generation
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Electric Potential, Electric Field and Sensitivity Map
		3.2 Image Reconstruction
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Performance Comparison for On-chip 3D ECT Using Peripheral and Distributed Electrode Arrangement
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Simulation Setup
		2.2 Image Reconstruction Simulation
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Investigation of Solid Velocity Measurement Using Single-Plane Versus Dual-Plane of Electrical Capacitance Tomography for Coal Power Plant Application
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Basic Principle of Velocity Measurement in Tomography
	3 Experimental Setup
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Velocity Measurement of PMMA Ball Using Single Plane of ECT
		4.2 Velocity Measurement of PMMA Ball Using Parseval’s Theorem
	5 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
A Study of the Effect of Pipe Material in Electrical Capacitance Tomography for Gas-Solid Flow
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 ECT
		2.1 Principle of ECT System
	3 Methodology
		3.1 FEM Modelling and Setup
		3.2 Material Selection
		3.3 LBP Algorithm
	4 Preliminary Result and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	Acknowledgment
	References
Coal Adsorption: Comparison Between the 3D Imaging of Gas Sorption Isotherms by X-rays Computed Tomography – A Review
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Rock Properties
		2.1 Porosity and Permeability
		2.2 Elastic Properties
	3 Electrical Properties
	4 DRP Workflow
		4.1 3D Image Acquisition
		4.2 Artifact Removal
		4.3 Segmentation Methods
		4.4 Rock Physics Characterisation
	5 Conclusions
	References
Hardware Development of Dual-Modality Tomography Using Electrical Resistance and Ultrasonic Transmission Tomography for Imaging Liquid and Gas
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Multi-modality Tomography Imaging in Two-Phase Flow
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Hardware Development of ERT and UT Dual-Modality Tomography System
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Developed DMT Hardware
		4.2 Two-Phase Liquid/Gas Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Ultrasonic System for Detecting Foreign Contaminants in Milk
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Ultrasonic Measurement System
	3 Results
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
The Effect of a Rectangular Core with Magnet Coupling for Magnetic Fields Waste Energy Harvesting from an Induction Motor
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Magnetic Energy Harvesting Technologies
		1.2 Low-Potential Magnetic Energy Harvesting
	2 Design of Magnetic Field Waste Harvester
	3 Result and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	References
The Effects of Changing Dynamic Viscosity of Fluid to Velocity, Pressure and Volume Fraction in Co-axial and Tri-Axial Millifluidics
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Materials and Methods
		2.1 Computer Modeling
		2.2 Computational Simulation
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Co-axial Millifluidics
		3.2 Tri-Axial Millifluidics
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgement
	References
Development of a Hybrid Transparent Graphene Film with Conductive Polymer
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Experimental Procedure
	3 Results and Discussion
	4 Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
	References
Fuzzy Compensation Scheme for Dynamic Lift-Off Effect in Eddy Current Testing (ECT) of Carbon Steel Pipe Defect
	Abstract
	1 Introduction
	2 Lift-Off Effect in Eddy Current Pipe Inspection
	3 GMR-BC Probe for Pipe Inspection
	4 Sample Preparation
	5 The Fuzzy Compensation for ECT Probe
	6 Results and Discussion
		6.1 Lift-Off Effect on the GMR Probe
		6.2 Compensation of Lift-Off Error Using Mamdani Fuzzy
	7 Summary and Conclusion
	References
Author Index