کلمات کلیدی مربوط به کتاب مکانیک پیوسته در طول اعصار - از رنسانس تا قرن بیستم: از هیدرولیک تا پلاستیک: شبیه سازی کامپیوتر، علوم کامپیوتر، کامپیوتر و فناوری، علم مواد، علم مواد و مواد، مهندسی، مهندسی و حمل و نقل، مکانیک، نقشه کشی و نقشه کشی مکانیکی، دینامیک سیالات، مکانیک شکست، هیدرولیک، ماشین آلات، رباتیک و اتوماسیون، تریبون شناسی ,مهندسی و حمل و نقل,تاریخ و فلسفه,علوم و ریاضی,کاربردی,بیوماتیک,معادلات دیفرانسیل,نظریه بازی,نظریه نمودار,برنامه ریزی خطی,احتمال و آمار,آمار,موتور تصادفی
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توجه داشته باشید کتاب مکانیک پیوسته در طول اعصار - از رنسانس تا قرن بیستم: از هیدرولیک تا پلاستیک نسخه زبان اصلی می باشد و کتاب ترجمه شده به فارسی نمی باشد. وبسایت اینترنشنال لایبرری ارائه دهنده کتاب های زبان اصلی می باشد و هیچ گونه کتاب ترجمه شده یا نوشته شده به فارسی را ارائه نمی دهد.
Mixing scientific, historic and socio-economic vision, this
unique book complements two previously published volumes on
the history of continuum mechanics from this distinguished
author. In this volume, Gérard A. Maugin looks at the period
from the renaissance to the twentieth century and he includes
an appraisal of the ever enduring competition between
molecular and continuum modelling views.
Chapters trace early works in hydraulics and fluid mechanics
not covered in the other volumes and the author investigates
experimental approaches, essentially before the introduction
of a true concept of stress tensor. The treatment of such
topics as the viscoelasticity of solids and plasticity,
fracture theory, and the role of geometry as a cornerstone of
the field, are all explored. Readers will find a kind of
socio-historical appraisal of the seminal contributions by
our direct masters in the second half of the twentieth
century. The analysis of the teaching and research texts by
Duhem, Poincaré and Hilbert on continuum mechanics is key:
these provide the most valuable documentary basis on which a
revival of continuum mechanics and its formalization were
offered in the late twentieth century.
Altogether, the three volumes offer a generous conspectus of
the developments of continuum mechanics between the sixteenth
century and the dawn of the twenty-first century. Mechanical
engineers, applied mathematicians and physicists alike will
all be interested in this work which appeals to all curious
scientists for whom continuum mechanics as a vividly evolving
science still has its own mysteries.
----- In 1800 (An VIII of the First French Republic), the
civil engineer Gaspard-Clair-François-Marie RICHE, Baron de
PRONY (1755–1839), published a book entitled “Mécanique
philosophique” (“Philosophical Mechanics”). This title bears
the whole spirit of the approach to science and more generally
knowledge that was expanded during the Enlightenment and its
acceptance by contemporaries of the French Revolution and early
nineteenth century. I very much like this title which in fact
is explained by the subtitle (in translation) “Analysis of
various parts of the Science of Equilibrium and Motion.” It is
in this state of mind that I have expanded some aspects of the
historical developments of continuum mechanics in the immediate
post-Newtonian era till the second half of the twentieth
century in two previous volumes. The first one1 published in
2013 was neatly characterized by my own experience in the field
with several national institutions that I visited and/or worked
with from time to time (e.g., in the USA, UK, Germany, Italy,
Poland, Japan—and obviously France), and by my friendly
relationship with research leaders of various nationalities
whom I practically all knew personally, being aware of both
their strength and pettiness, but always emphasizing the
former. The choice of studied groups and schools as also a
selection of particular fields was strictly personal since I
had decided to speak only about what I knew best, although
sometimes superficially and not without some unavoidable
misinterpretations and factual errors. This personal and
nonobjective vision was naturally criticized by some readers.
Most of the time, these people complained that I had not
treated at all, or not developed enough, their own field of
research—this was the case of finite-strain elasto-plasticity
and phase-transformations in deformable solids, although this
was touched upon but cursorily—for which I thought that some
other scientists would be much more competent than me.
Obviously, with a more than natural humane bias, some
complained about not being cited. To these last people I
sincerely apologize. A well-balanced exercise in citation is
not easy and is a dangerous exercise when one deals with his
own contemporaries. I did not take any chance with the second
volume2 devoted to the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
where all contributors could not complain to me orally or via
e-mail, save perhaps in some of my nightmares. Still my choice
of subjects and main actors was strictly personal, although
greatly influenced by some famous predecessors such as J.L.
Lagrange, A. Barré de Saint-Venant, P. Duhem, I. Todhunter and
K. Pearsons, R.T. Whittaker, M. Jouguet, and more recently, R.
Dugas,3 I. Szabò,4 G.A. Tokaty,5 S.P. Timoshenko,6 and
naturally C.A. Truesdell.7 The reader will have noticed that
with growing age I am going back in the past. But this has a
technical limit due to my lack of knowledge of some “dead”
languages. Of course, I could deal with ancient Greek having at
home all necessary help for the reading and interpretation of
the primary sources. My improved reading of Latin would require
the help of a priest but I am not a religious person.
Furthermore, the reader must realize that I am not concerned
with a total history of mechanics—for which Dugas (see Footnote
3) and Szabó (see Footnote 4) provided beautiful but not
completely satisfactory attempts—but only with that part called
continuum mechanics. This poses the fundamental question of the
never-ending debate between the molecular-particular discrete
vision and the continuum one. This matter touches upon both
history and philosophy and a return to the ancient Greeks may
be needed at this very point. But the subject remained of
actuality during all centuries in particular with the early
developments of continuum mechanics with Poisson, Navier,
Cauchy, Piola, etc. In this volume, I consider that continuum
mechanics starts with hydrostatics, the notion of pressure, and
applications to hydraulics while modern continuum mechanics
starts with hydrodynamics, three-dimensional elasticity, and
the notion of stress tensor. Hydraulics brings to the
foreground the important role of some experimentalists,
starting with the Renaissance but also especially in the
eighteenth century. Although a theoretician, I have made all
efforts to deal with this aspect with sympathy. The main
purpose of the present volume is to fill in the gaps left in
the previous two volumes by completing some details of the
genesis and birth period and introducing some important and
original fields that I previously neglected. The same format of
interrelated essays has been kept. These essays may be read
separately although many authors, including me, prefer a global
orderly reading of their books. Subject matters that were
previously neglected include: a deeper attention to hydraulics,
the question raised by porosity in solids, the theory of
mixtures and reacting media, and the influence of fast flows
and of the birth of aeronautics in fluid mechanics (with
Reynolds, Prandtl, von Kármán). This brings me closer to my
initial interest as alumnus of the school of Aeronautics in
France. Also, in my historical approach, I always try to avoid
any “precursoritis” and duly examine the (at the time)
contemporary reaction to the then most recent advances. This
can be achieved by carefully perusing the lecture notes and
treatises published by famous scientists—albeit not necessarily
the most creative ones in the field of continuum
mechanics—because such works reflect both the state of the art
at the time of their writing and what the author tries to input
from his own viewpoint with, usually, a deeply thought
appraisal. I already applied this strategy with the treatise of
Paul Appell in France and the encyclopedic article by Ernst
Hellinger in Germany in my second volume. Here, this is applied
to the lecture notes and some collected technical works of
Pierre Duhem on hydrodynamics and elasticity, and the lecture
notes of a course given by Henri Poincaré on elasticity and an
introduction course on continuum mechanics delivered by David
Hilbert. To some readers, this may seem to grant too much
importance to the “Belle époque.” Not only is the viewpoint of
two such giants of mathematics as Poincaré and Hilbert of
intrinsic interest, but the period at which the lectures were
given was a critical one for the whole of physics. It is
salient to see whether the burgeoning new physics had any
influence on a mature science then thought to have stabilized
with magisterial treatises by H. Lamb and A.E.H. Love,
respectively, in fluid mechanics and elasticity. Furthermore,
the synthetic works of Appell, Hellinger, Duhem, Poincaré, and
Hilbert in fact provide the most valuable documentary basis on
which a revival of continuum mechanics and its formalization by
Truesdell et al. was built in the second half of the twentieth
century. We are dutifully following the advice of Rabbi Rashi
(Eleventh century) of Troyes in Burgundy: “Ask your master his
sources.” This is already what Duhem did when examining
Leonardo and his possible sources of inspiration in
pre-Renaissance times. This is complemented by essays on the
special behaviors of viscoelasticity of solids and
plasticity—only superficially mentioned in the previous
volumes—on fracture—so important in continuum dynamics—the role
of geometry as a cornerstone of the field, and a kind of
sociohistorical appraisal of the seminal contributions by our
direct masters in the second half of the twentieth century.
Front Matter....Pages i-xii
Particles/Molecules Versus Continuum: The Never-Ending Debate....Pages 1-25
Hydraulics: The Importance of Observations and Experiments....Pages 27-56
On Porous Media and Mixtures....Pages 57-79
Viscosity, Fast Flows and the Science of Flight....Pages 81-105
Duhem on Hydrodynamics and Elasticity....Pages 107-127
Poincaré and Hilbert on Continuum Mechanics....Pages 129-155
Viscoelasticity of Solids (Old and New)....Pages 157-176
Plasticity Over 150 Years (1864–2014)....Pages 177-214
Fracture: To Crack or Not to Crack. That Is the Question....Pages 215-242
Geometry and Continuum Mechanics: An Essay....Pages 243-261
The Masters of Modern Continuum Mechanics....Pages 263-297
Epilogue....Pages 299-302
Back Matter....Pages 303-306
