Contesting Crimmigration in Post-hukou China (Springer Series on Asian Criminology and Criminal Justice Research)

Acknowledgements
Contents
Abbreviations and Acronyms
Contents
Contents
Chapter 1: Introduction: The Great Migration and Hukou
	1.1 The History: A System Projecting Immobility
	1.2 The Scale: The Great Migration
	1.3 The Concept: Revisiting Hukou
		1.3.1 Citizenship: Foreigners in Their Own Country
		1.3.2 Apartheid: Racialization and the ‘Urban Hukou’ Supremacy
		1.3.3 Baojia: Feudal Past and the Commoners
		1.3.4 The Propiska System: A Soviet Legacy
		1.3.5 De-hukou-zation
		1.3.6 Studying Hukou as an Institutional Process
	1.4 The Relation: Hukou and Crime
		1.4.1 Hukou and China’s Crime Rate
		1.4.2 Non-local Hukou and Constructed Criminality
			1.4.2.1 Migration, Property Crime and the Chinese New Year
			1.4.2.2 Migration, Sexual Crimes and ‘Pathways’
		1.4.3 Non-local Hukou and Criminal Justice
	1.5 The Question: Who Is a Migrant in China?
		1.5.1 Who Are We Talking About When We Talk About ‘Crimmigration’?
		1.5.2 Are They the Same: ‘Rural–Urban Migrant’, ‘Peasant Worker’, ‘Rural Migrant’, ‘Floating Population’ and ‘Internal Migrant’?
			1.5.2.1 Rural–Urban Migrant
			1.5.2.2 Peasant Labour, Peasant Worker, Outside Worker and Migrant Worker
			1.5.2.3 Floating Population (Liudong Renkou)
			1.5.2.4 Non-local Hukou Registered (NLHR) Population and Internal Migrants
	1.6 The Goal: Studying Hukou in Criminalization
	1.7 The Structure: Organization of the Book
Chapter 2: Theorizing Migration and Crime in China
	2.1 Differential Offending Theory
		2.1.1 Strain Theory: The Unfulfilled Chinese Dream
		2.1.2 Control Theory: Rootlessness
		2.1.3 Social Disorganization Theory: The Migrant Ghetto?
		2.1.4 Crime Opportunity Theory: More Migrants, More Crime
		2.1.5 Subculture Theory: Low Suzhi
	2.2 Differential Processing Theory
		2.2.1 The Migration–Crime Nexus Is Wrong from the Beginning
		2.2.2 Criminalization
		2.2.3 Guanxi
		2.2.4 Racialization and Discrimination
		2.2.5 Social Control
		2.2.6 Southern Criminology
	2.3 Summary
Chapter 3: Researching Legal Elites and Power in China
	3.1 Methodological Review of Selected Studies
		3.1.1 The Number Game: Dark Figures and Quantitative Research
		3.1.2 Into the Field: Narratives and Qualitative Research in China
	3.2 Research Methods
		3.2.1 Legal Methods, Content Analysis and Secondary Data Analysis
			3.2.1.1 Legal Methods
			3.2.1.2 Content Analysis and Secondary Data Analysis
		3.2.2 In-depth Interviews and Contextual Inquiry
	3.3 Research Sites
		3.3.1 The Yangtze River Delta Region
		3.3.2 Multi-sited Fieldwork
			3.3.2.1 From Local to Central
			3.3.2.2 From Police to Prison
	3.4 Data Analysis
	3.5 Practical and Ethical Issues
		3.5.1 Background: Doing Criminological Fieldwork in China
		3.5.2 Accessing the Inaccessible
			3.5.2.1 ‘Chinese Student Studying Overseas Asking Sensitive Questions’
			3.5.2.2 Competing Credentials: The Party School vs. Western Universities
		3.5.3 Confidentiality
Chapter 4: Policing
	4.1 Surveillance
		4.1.1 Surveillance Mechanisms
			4.1.1.1 Population Management
			4.1.1.2 Migrant Management
			4.1.1.3 Focal Population Management (FPM)
			4.1.1.4 Management of Staff Working in Amusement Places
		4.1.2 The Surveillance Myth
			4.1.2.1 Surveillance and Securitization in the Post-hukou Regime
			4.1.2.2 Liquid Surveillance and Data Doubles in China
			4.1.2.3 The Surveillance Myth and Securitization
	4.2 Stop and Search
	4.3 ‘Index Orientation’ Policing
		4.3.1 ‘Our Work Is All About Fulfilling the Quota’
		4.3.2 ‘To Improve the Data Quality, at Every Level, at Any Cost’
			4.3.2.1 ‘We Do Not File the Unsolvable’
			4.3.2.2 ‘Stitching the NLHRs into the Index’
	4.4 Hukou Disparities as ‘Regulated Discretion’
		4.4.1 ‘No Bail for Migrants’
		4.4.2 Shelved Reform: ‘One City, One Treatment’
		4.4.3 Arrest Approvals: Police–Prosecutorate Collaboration
	4.5 ‘Those Who Confess Stay in Jail and Prison Forever; Those Who Resist Go Home and Celebrate New Year’
		4.5.1 Manipulate the ‘Manipulable’
		4.5.2 Trick with ‘Ignorance’
	4.6 Police Campaigns: Intense Index Policing
		4.6.1 Informants: Pimp for Index Policing
		4.6.2 Play with the Legal Loophole: ‘Make It into a Crime’
	4.7 Resistance from the Migrants
		4.7.1 ‘Carrying Nails with Him at All Times’
		4.7.2 ‘You Are Pregnant. What a Pity If You Do Not Do This!’
		4.7.3 Blurred Morality and Resistance
	4.8 Policing Stability Maintenance
		4.8.1 ‘Violent Pay Talks’
Chapter 5: Prosecution and Sentencing
	5.1 Major Decision Points in Criminal Procedure
	5.2 The Decision to Approve or Disapprove an Arrest
		5.2.1 ‘Arrest All [Migrant Suspects]’
		5.2.2 Legitimizing Inequality: NFA Equals to Arrest Approval
		5.2.3 Ineffective Bail System: A Mere Decoration
		5.2.4 Invalidating Legal Reform: A Clumsy Denial Resulting in Self-exposure
		5.2.5 Institutionalizing Selectiveness: Mutual Agreement Between the Police and the Prosecution
	5.3 The Decision to Prosecute or Terminate Cases
	5.4 Committals
	5.5 Sentencing Decisions
		5.5.1 Arrest Equals to Prison; Bail Equals to Suspended Sentence
		5.5.2 ‘Sentence Inversely Determined by the Pretrial Detention Period’
		5.5.3 Reasoning Mass Incarceration
	5.6 Legal Representation
	5.7 The Cyclical Nature of the Processing
		5.7.1 Legal Inertia
		5.7.2 Cumulative Discrimination
		5.7.3 Chop Suey Justice
			5.7.3.1 Informal Contact
			5.7.3.2 Internal Supervision
			5.7.3.3 Index Orientation
	5.8 Restorative Justice: ‘Money or Freedom? Surely Money Is Way More Important for Him!’
		5.8.1 ‘Settling the Case Is the First Priority’
	5.9 Scapegoats Under Financialization
		5.9.1 The Loan Shark
		5.9.2 Ponzi Schemes
		5.9.3 The Scapegoats
Chapter 6: Prison
	6.1 Hukou Monitoring of the Prison Population
	6.2 The Policy Context
		6.2.1 No ‘High-to-Low’ Security Categories
		6.2.2 Treatment Levels (Chuyu) in Chinese Prisons
	6.3 Hukou Disparities in Prison
		6.3.1 Prisoners in Special Positions: Treatments and Privileges
			6.3.1.1 Food and Diet
			6.3.1.2 Work and Labour
			6.3.1.3 Earnings and Pay
			6.3.1.4 Authority and Power
		6.3.2 Categorizing Treatment and Becoming a PSP
		6.3.3 Rehabilitation Performance and Productivity
		6.3.4 Corruption: ‘Greasing the Palm’ of the Prison Governor
		6.3.5 Reasoning from the Staff: ‘LHR Prisoners Are Smarter and Fiercer’
	6.4 Disparities in Parole and Commutation
		6.4.1 Limited Access to Parole
		6.4.2 Disadvantaged Access to Commutation
			6.4.2.1 PSPs, Prisoners in A and B Treatment Categories and Commutation
			6.4.2.2 Predicting Recidivism
			6.4.2.3 Commutations for Sale
	6.5 Prisoner Transfers: A Mass Internal Criminal Deportation
		6.5.1 Beijing Prisons for Beijing Prisoners
		6.5.2 Prisoner Transfers in Shanghai
		6.5.3 Leap at the Opportunity for a Prison Transfer
	6.6 Rehabilitation Programmes
		6.6.1 A Special Prison: Wujiaochang Prison
		6.6.2 Local Services and the Bureau of Justice
	6.7 The Female Prison
Chapter 7: Contesting Crimmigration in Post-hukou China
	7.1 A Critique of the Rule of Law: What Can Be Adjusted?
		7.1.1 The Absence of the Rule of Law
		7.1.2 The Abuse of the Rule of Law
		7.1.3 The Adoption of the Rule of Law
		7.1.4 The Rule of Law Will Not Save China
	7.2 A Critique of Critical Racial Theory: Who Is Being Racialized?
		7.2.1 Critical Racial Theory and Differential Racialization
		7.2.2 Judicial Discretion and Institutional Discrimination
		7.2.3 Hukou Racialization Revisited
	7.3 A Critique of Crimmigration: Who Is Being Criminalized?
		7.3.1 From ‘Mang Liu’ (Blind Flow) to ‘Low-End Population’ (Diduan Renkou)
		7.3.2 Back to Basics: Class
		7.3.3 The Truly Disadvantaged and the Wasted in China
	7.4 A Critique of the Politics of Migration: Where Does Legitimacy Come From?
		7.4.1 Beyond Mobility Control
		7.4.2 Beyond Criminalization
		7.4.3 Beyond Social Control
			7.4.3.1 Labour Discipline and Imprisonment
			7.4.3.2 Mobility and Stability
			7.4.3.3 Legitimacy and Performing Legitimacy
	7.5 A Friendly Critique of ‘Asian Criminology’ and ‘Southern Criminology’: Who Are the Subalterns?
	7.6 Recommendations
Chapter 8: Epilogue: Governing Mobility in the Post-hukou Era
	8.1 Governing Mobility Through Administration
		8.1.1 Fire Safety
		8.1.2 Gentrification
		8.1.3 Green Energy
	8.2 Governing Mobility Through Education
	8.3 Governing Mobility Through Robotization
	8.4 A New Institutional Backlash
References
Index