Consumer Protection in Asia

Foreword
Contents
List of Contributors
PART 1
INTRODUCTION
	1. Introduction to Asian Consumer Law
		I. Background
		II. Implications and Incentives
		III. The Actors: Governments, Courts and Consumer Organisations
		IV. Substance of Consumer Law
		V. Enforcement of Consumer Law
		VI. Conclusions
PART 2
NATIONAL REPORTS
	2. China
		I. Introduction
		II. Sources of Consumer Law
		III. Concept of Consumer
		IV. Pre-contractual Information Obligations
		V. Right of Withdrawal
		VI. Sale of Goods: Remedies for Non-conformity
		VII. Unfair Contract Terms
		VIII. Product Liability
		IX. Product Safety
		X. Adaptation to the Digital Age
		XI. Unfair Commercial Practices
		XII. Access to Justice
		XIII. Concluding Remarks: The Way Further Forward?
	3. Hong Kong
		I. Overview
		II. Information Duties and Right of Withdrawal
		III. Consumer Sales Law
		IV. Unfair Contract Terms
		V. Product Liability
		VI. Product Safety
		VII. Adaption to the Digital Age
		VIII. Unfair Commercial Practices
		IX. Access to Justice
		X. Conclusion
	4. India
		I. Introduction
		II. Overview
		III. Information and Right of Withdrawal
		IV. Consumer Sales Law
		V. Unfair Contract Terms
		VI. Product Liability
		VII. Product Safety
		VIII. E-Commerce in the Digital Age
		IX. Unfair Trade Practices
		X. Access to Justice
		XI. Conclusion
	5. Indonesia
		I. Overview
		II. Position of Consumer Protection Law
		III. Unfair Contract Terms
		IV. Product Liability
		V. Access to Justice
		VI. Consumer Protection Bill
		VII. Consumer Protection in the Digital Era
		VIII. Misleading Advertising and Unfair Commercial Practices
	6. Japan
		I. Structure of Japanese Consumer Law
		II. Information Duties and Right of Withdrawal
		III. Sale of Goods: Consumer Sales Contract
		IV. Unfair Terms
		V. Product Liability
		VI. Product Safety
		VII. Adaption to Digital Age
		VIII. Unfair Commercial Practices
		IX. Access to Justice
	7. Macau
		I. Introduction
		II. Information Duties and Right of Withdrawal
		III. Consumer Protection in the Sale of Goods and the Provision of Services: The Standards of Non-Conformity
		IV. Unfair Contractual Clauses and Standard Form Contracts
		V. Product Liability
		VI. Product Safety
		VII. Adaptation to the Digital Age
		VIII. Unfair Practices in Relation to Consumers
		IX. Access to Justice
		X. Conclusion
	8. Malaysia
		I. Overview
		II. Consumer Protection Timeline
		III. Information Duties and Right of Withdrawal
		IV. Sale of Goods
		V. Unfair Terms
		VI. Product Liability
		VII. Product Safety
		VIII. Adaptation to the Digital Age
		IX. Access to Justice
	9. Myanmar
		I. Introduction
		II. Background
		III. Conclusion
	10. Singapore
		I. Overview
		II. Information Duties and Right of Withdrawal
		III. Consumer Sales Law
		IV. Unfair Contract Terms
		V. Product Liability
		VI. Product Safety
		VII. Adaptation to the Digital Age
		VIII. Unfair Commercial Practices
		IX. Access to Justice
		X. Changes to the Regulatory Scene
		XI. Conclusion
	11. South Korea
		I. Introduction
		II. Information Duties and Right of Withdrawal
		III. Termination of Contract in Recurring Transactions
		IV. Non-conformity of Goods with the Contract
		V. Unfair Contract Terms
		VI. Product Liability
		VII. Product Safety
		VIII. Unfair Trade Practices
		IX. Regulatory Framework for Online Intermediary Platforms
		X. Consumer Dispute Resolution
		XI. Conclusion
	12. Taiwan (Republic of China)
		I. Introduction
		II. The Consumer Law Framework
		III. The Consumer Protection Act
		IV. The Financial Consumer Protection Act and Other Consumer Protection Related Laws and Regulations
		V. Consumer Dispute Resolution
		VI. Conclusion
	13. Thailand
		I. Overview
		II. The Structure of Consumer Protection Law in Thailand
		III. Information Duties and Right of Withdrawal
		IV. Unfair Contract Terms
		V. Sale of Goods
		VI. Product Liability
		VII. Product Safety
		VIII. Consumer Protection Law in the Digital Age
		IX. Unfair Commercial Practices
		X. Personal Data Protection
		XI. Access to Justice
		XII. Right to Consumer Participation: Consumer Council
		XIII. Conclusion
	14. Vietnam
		I. Introduction
		II. Information Duties and Right to Withdraw
		III. Consumer Sales Law
		IV. Unfair Terms
		V. Product Liability
		VI. Product Safety
		VII. Adaption to the Digital Age
		VIII. Unfair Commercial Practices
		IX. Access to Justice
		X. Conclusion
PART 3
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
	15. Information Duties and the Right of Withdrawal
		I. Introduction
		II. The Rationale for Information Duties and Rights of Withdrawal
		III. General Information Duties and Rights
		IV. Specific Information Duties and Rights
		V. Rights of Withdrawal
		VI. Conclusion
	16. Sale of Goods: A Comparative Perspective
		I. Introduction
		II. Origins, Jurisdiction, Borrowings
		III. Consumer Sales
		IV. Contractual Obligations
		V. Remedies
		VI. Conclusions
	17. A Comparative Analysis of the Regulation of Unfair Terms in Asia
		I. Introduction
		II. General Standards of Unfairness
		III. Procedural Unfairness
		IV. Specific Prohibitions
		V. Consequences of Including Unfair Terms
		VI. Conclusion
	18. Product Liability
		I. Introduction
		II. Strict Product Liability
		III. Products and Producers
		IV. Recoverable Damages
		V. Burden of Proof and Defences
		VI. Conclusion
	19. Adaptation of Asian Consumer Law to the Digital Age
		I. Consumer Law Facing the Digital Age: The Global Challenge
		II. Origins, Jurisdiction, Borrowings
		III. The Notions of Digital Goods and Digital Services
		IV. Data Protection
		V. E-Commerce
		VI. Online Dispute Resolution
		VII. Between Fragmentation and Cross-contamination: Asian Digital Consumer Law Facing the Global and the Environmental Challenges
	20. Commercial Practices
		I. Introduction
		II. Origins, Jurisdictions and Borrowing
		III. Distribution of Sources in the Law on Commercial Practices11
		IV. The Scope and Reach of the Law on Commercial Practices
		V. Private and Public, Individual and Collective Enforcement
	21. Access to Justice
		I. Introduction
		II. Judicial Consumer Redress
		III. Alternative Dispute Resolution (ADR)
		IV. Administrative Enforcement and the Role of Regulators
		V. Conclusions
		Annex
	22. Consumer Product Liability and Safety Regulation: ASEAN in Asia
		I. Introduction
		II. Fragmented Product Safety Regulation
		III. Private Law Redress for Unsafe Products
		IV. Conclusions
PART 4
ASIAN LAW IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE
	23. European Union Consumer Law
		I. Introduction
		II. Information and Right of Withdrawal
		III. Sale of Goods
		IV. Unfair Terms
		V. Product Liability
		VI. Product Safety
		VII. Adaptations to the Digital Age
		VIII. Unfair Commercial Practices
		IX. Access to Justice
		X. Conclusion
	24. Regulation of Unfair Terms in Consumer Contracts: An American Perspective
		I. Introduction
		II. Regulation of Unfair Terms by Statutes
		III. Regulation of Unfair Terms by Common Law Decision-Making
		IV. The Draft Restatement of Law: Consumer Contracts
		V. Conclusion
	25. Australasia
		I. Structure of Law
		II. Information and Right of Withdrawal
		III. Sale of Goods
		IV. Unfair Contract Terms
		V. Product Liability
		VI. Product Safety
		VII. Adaption to the Digital Age
		VIII. Unfair Commercial Practices
		IX. Access to Justice
	26. Latin America
		I. Introduction
		II. Consumer Protection in Latin America: An Overview
		III. Influences in the Development of Consumer Law in Latin America
		IV. The South American Particularity: Focus on the Vulnerable Consumer
		V. The Substance of Consumer Law
		VI. Enforcement of Consumer Law and Access to Justice
		VII. Conclusions
	27. African Perspective
		I. Introduction
		II. Scope of Application of Consumer Protection Laws
		III. Information Duties and Right of Withdrawal
		IV. Consumer Sales: Remedies
		V. Unfair Contract Terms
		VI. Product Liability
		VII. Product Safety
		VIII. Adaptation to the Digital Age
		IX. Unfair Commercial Practices
		X. Access to Justice
		XI. Conclusion
	28. ASEAN Economic Integration and Consumer Protection in Southeast Asia
		I. Introduction
		II. Free Trade (Agreements) Promoting ASEAN Consumer Protection
		III. Developing Consumer Protection: Mostly Still in the 'ASEAN Way'
		IV. Conclusions
	29. The Effect of the United Nations Guidelines on Consumer Protection on Consumer Law in Asia
		I. The United Nations Guidelines for Consumer Protection
		II. The Impact of the UN Guidelines on Consumer Protection in Asia
PART 5
CONCLUSION
	30. Some Concluding Remarks: Future Prospects for Consumer Law in Asia
		I. General Observations
		II. Challenges and Opportunities for AsianConsumer Laws and Policies
		III. Globalisation and Cross-BorderConsumer Transactions
		IV. Digitalisation and New Technologies
		V. Enforcement of Consumer Law
		VI. Final Concluding Observations
Index