Constructional and Cognitive Explorations of Contrastive Linguistics

Contents
About the Editors
Introduction
	References
Approaches to Cross-Linguistic Studies in Functional and Cognitive/Constructional Theories of Language
	1 Introduction
	2 Butler and Gonzálvez-García—Exploring Functional-Cognitive Space
	3 Functional Discourse Grammar
	4 Role and Reference Grammar
	5 Systemic Functional Linguistics
	6 Cognitive Grammar
	7 Interlude: Constructionist Approaches and Construction Grammars
	8 Cognitive Construction Grammar
	9 Radical Construction Grammar
	10 Comparison of the Six Theories
	11 Overall Conclusions
	References
The Impact of the Base: Evidence from Word-Based vs. Stem-Based Compounds
	1 Introduction and Some Theoretical Considerations
	2 Compounds in German and Greek
		2.1 Word and Stem Formations
		2.2 Structural Properties
	3 The Relation Between Word Formation and Syntax
	4 Conclusions
	References
A Contrastive Analysis of Placement Verbs in German and Dutch
	1 Object of Study and Research Question
		1.1 Placement Verbs
		1.2 German Versus Dutch
		1.3 Noun–Verb Phrases (NVPs)
		1.4 Research Questions
	2 Data and Theoretical Framework
	3 Results of the Semantic Analysis
		3.1 The Different Conceptualisations related to the PLVs
	4 Summary of Contrastive Observations
	5 The German Verb Versetzen and its Equivalents in Dutch
		5.1 The Meaning of the Prefix  ver-
		5.2 An Analysis of Dutch Translations of German Versetzen-NVPs
	6 Conclusions
	References
From the Reflexive to the Middle Construction: What is ‘In-Between’? a Comparison Between English and Italian
	1 Introduction
	2 The Reflexive Construction
	3 The Middle Construction
	4 The Middle-Reflexive Construction
		4.1 The Evaluative Middle-Reflexive Construction
	5 Comparing the English RC, MC, MRC, EMRC and the Italian si-Construction
	6 Conclusion
	References
The Integration of Frequency Dimensions and Lexicalisation Preferences in Contrastive Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 Causal Constructions with (Colour) Adjectives
		2.1 The Semantics of Causal Constructions
		2.2 Contrastive Description of Causal Constructions in German and French
	3 Verbless Directives
		3.1 Verbless Directives in Contrast
		3.2 Favourite Lexicalisation Patterns in French and German
	4 Conclusions and Perspectives
	Appendix 1: Questionnaire About Expressions of Excessiveness for German Participants
	References
The Functions of Attitude Markers in Spanish and English Academic Papers on Linguistics and Their Collocations
	1 Introduction
	2 Academic English, Metadiscourse, Attitude Markers and Collocations
	3 Material and Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Results of the Most Frequent Attitude Markers and Their Collocations in English and Spanish. Nouns
		4.2 Results of the Most Frequent Attitude Markers and Their Collocations in English and Spanish. Verbs
		4.3 Results of the Most Frequent Attitude Markers and Their Collocations in English and Spanish. Adjectives
		4.4 Results of the Most Frequent Attitude Markers and Their Collocations in English and Spanish. Adverbs
	5 Conclusions
	References
Metaphorical Binominal Constructions in the Domain of Water: A River of Words. Evidence from Italian, Polish and Russian
	1 Introduction
	2 Metaphorical Binominal Constructions
	3 Analysis of Binominal Construction in the Semantic Domain of water: a river of n2
		3.1 The Binominal Construction in Italian: [fiume di N2]
		3.2 The Binominal Construction in Polish: [rzeka N2.gen]
		3.3 The Binominal Constructions in Russian: [reka N2.GEN] and [N1 rekoj]
	4 Contrastive Analysis
	5 Concluding Remarks
	References
Legitimisation and Persuasion in Discourse: Effective Stance in Journalistic and Political Discourse in English and Spanish
	1 Introduction
	2 Effective Stance in Discourse
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Hypotheses
		3.2 Corpus
		3.3 Procedure
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Results for Effective Stance in Discourse Domains in English and Spanish: Political Speeches Versus Opinion Columns
		4.2 Results for Effective Stance in the Two Languages: English Versus Spanish Political and Journalistic Discourse
		4.3 Results for Effective Stance in Political and Journalistic Discourse in English and Spanish: Ideological Positioning of Political Parties and Ideological Slant of Newspapers
		4.4 Discussion of Results
	5 Conclusions
	References
Developing a Comparative Model of Predicted Associations for Invariable Question Tag Types in British English and European Portuguese
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Tag Question Construction in British English and European Portuguese
		1.2 The Study: Aims and Structure
	2 Dataset and Methodology
	3 Analysis: Findings and Discussion
		3.1 Frequencies of ITQs in BE and EP
		3.2 Grammatical Features of ITQs in BE and EP
		3.3 Stance Types of ITQs in BE and EP
		3.4 Dialogic Behavior of ITQs in BE and EP
		3.5 Contextual Variation of ITQs in BE and EP
		3.6 A Model of Predicted Associations for ITQs in BE and EP
	4 Conclusions
	Appendix 1: Variables and Values Used in the Empirical Analysis
	Appendix 2: Contingency Tables
	Appendix 3: Comparison of Equivalent ITQs in BE and EP
	References
Sexism in Right-Wing Populist Online Discourse in Italy and the US: A Contrastive Analysis
	1 Introduction
	2 On Social Media and Right-Wing Populist Propaganda
	3 Theoretical Background
		3.1 Critical Discourse Analysis
		3.2 On Defining Sexism
	4 Context and Data Presentation
	5 Representing Female Opponents in Politics and Civil Society in Donald J. Trump’s and Matteo Salvini’s Online Posts: Analysis
		5.1 Expressions Designed to Portray Women as Misleading and Untrustworthy
		5.2 Expressions Designed to Portray Women as Incapable
		5.3 Expressions Designed to Portray Women as Devoid of Self-control and Subject to Violent Reactions
		5.4 Personifications
		5.5 Dehumanisation Through Animalisation and Objectification
		5.6 Diminishing Labels
	6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Reported Speech in Opinion Newspaper Articles and Political Speeches: An English/Spanish Contrastive Approach
	1 Introduction: Objectives, Hypotheses and Structure of the Paper
	2 Theoretical Framework
		2.1 Concept and Scope of Reported Speech
		2.2 Reporting Verbs
	3 Data and Method of Analysis
		3.1 The Corpus
		3.2 Methodology
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Overall Results
		4.2 Political Discourse
		4.3 Newspaper Discourse
		4.4 Overall Comments on the Qualification of the Verbs Across Discourse Types and Languages
	5 Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research
	References