Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Hot and Arid Climates

Preface
Contents
Contributors
Chapter 1: Constructed Wetlands as a Green and Sustainable Technology for Domestic Wastewater Treatment Under the Arid Climate of Rural Areas in Morocco
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 Current Status of Sanitation in Moroccan Rural Areas
	1.3 Barriers for Wastewater Treatment in Moroccan Rural Areas
	1.4 Sanitation Strategic Action Plans in Morocco
	1.5 Application of Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment in Rural Areas
		1.5.1 Overview of Pilot-Scale CWs for Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Morocco
		1.5.2 Full-Scale CWs for Domestic Wastewater in Moroccan Rural Areas
	1.6 Future Considerations on the Application of CWs in Rural Areas under Arid Climate
	1.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 2: Efficiency of Constructed Wetlands and Wastewater Stabilization Ponds for Wastewater Treatment in Northern Algerian Sahara
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Brézina Constructed Wetland
		2.2.1 Design of Brézina Constructed Wetland
		2.2.2 Efficiency of Brézina Constructed Wetland
	2.3 Temacine Constructed Wetland
		2.3.1 Design of Temacine Constructed Wetland
		2.3.2 Efficiency of Temacine CW
	2.4 Kef el Doukhan Wastewater Stabilization Pond
		2.4.1 Design of Kef el Doukhan Wastewater Stabilization Pond
		2.4.2 Efficiency of Kef el Doukhan Wastewater Treatment Pond
	2.5 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: A Review of Constructed Wetlands Types and Plants Used for Wastewater Treatment in Egypt
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Water and Wastewater in Egypt
	3.3 Constructed Wetlands (CWs)
		3.3.1 Constructed Wetland Types
		3.3.2 Plants Used in CWs in Egypt
	3.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 4: Two Decades of Experience on Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment in Egypt, Palestine and Tunisia
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 IRIDRA Experience on NBS in Hot and Dry Climates
		4.2.1 Chorfech, Tunisia
		4.2.2 Chorfech Primary School, Tunisia
		4.2.3 Hajja and Sarra, Palestine
		4.2.4 Palestinian Bedouin Villages
		4.2.5 Sekem School, Egypt
	4.3 Conclusions: Lessons Learnt
		4.3.1 Design Recommendation
		4.3.2 Implementation
		4.3.3 Water Reuse
	References
Chapter 5: Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Management in Egypt: An Overview of 30-Years Experiences in Small/Medium-Size Treatment Plants
	5.1 Introduction
		5.1.1 Plants in Constructed Wetlands
	5.2 Domestic Wastewater in Egypt
		5.2.1 Wastewater Production
		5.2.2 Wastewater Reuse in Egypt
	5.3 Constructed Wetlands in Egypt
		5.3.1 Lake Manzala CW Project
		5.3.2 Gravel Bed Hydroponic Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment in Ismailia
		5.3.3 Decentralized Wastewater Treatment in Sinai via Gravel Bed Hydroponics Wetlands
		5.3.4 Cilioprotists as Biological and Pollution Indicators of GBHW Efficiency
		5.3.5 Hydroponic Rooftop Gardens in Informally Developed Areas in Egypt
		5.3.6 Constructed Wetland in a Remote Area for Greywater Treatment
		5.3.7 Greywater Treatment Using Different Designs of Gravel or Sand Bed Hydroponic Filters
		5.3.8 Integration of UASB and Two Different CWs
		5.3.9 Sewage Water Treatment by UASB Followed by CWs
		5.3.10 Blackwater and Greywater Treatment in UASB Followed by CW
		5.3.11 Investigation of the CW Inlet Area Shape
		5.3.12 Agriculture Drainage Water Treatment in FWS CW Followed by Floating Aquatic Plant CW
		5.3.13 Combination of Sedimentation Process and CWs
		5.3.14 Combination of UASB and Hybrid CW for Sewage Treatment
		5.3.15 Combination of Sedimentation Process and a Hybrid CWs for Blackwater Treatment
		5.3.16 Enhancement of Degreasing/Settling Tank Followed by CW for Greywater Treatment
	5.4 Role of CWs in Heavy Metals Removal
		5.4.1 Gravel Bed Hydroponic Wetland
		5.4.2 Fate of Heavy Metals in CWs for Greywater Treatment
	5.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Constructed Wetland as an Efficient Technology for the Treatment of Urban/Industrial Wastewater in the Arid Regions: Morocco as a Model
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 The Current Status of Wastewater Treatment in Morocco
	6.3 Comparative Approach for Wastewater Treatment
	6.4 Constructed Wetlands for Domestic Wastewater Treatment under Different Operation Conditions in Morocco
	6.5 A Pilot CW for Urban and Industrial Wastewater Treatment in an Arid Area of Morocco
	6.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Horticulture Wastewater Treatment Under a Hot Climate in Ethiopia
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 Materials and Methods
		7.2.1 Wastewater Treatment Pilot
		7.2.2 Experimental Duration and Sampling
		7.2.3 Starting Up the Wastewater Treatment Process
	7.3 Results
	7.4 Discussion
		7.4.1 Opportunities and Challenges
	7.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 8: Constructed Wetlands in a Community Setting in Mombasa, Kenya
	8.1 Historical Context and Site Development
	8.2 Materials and Methods
		8.2.1 Geographical and Climatic Setting
		8.2.2 Constructed Wetland Design and Operation
	8.3 Results
		8.3.1 Performance Results
		8.3.2 Operation and Maintenance of the CW
		8.3.3 Management and Regulation of the CW
			8.3.3.1 Role of the Developer
			8.3.3.2 Role of Authorities
		8.3.4 Barriers
			8.3.4.1 Operational Issues
			8.3.4.2 Societal Issues
	8.4 Discussion
	8.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 9: Performance of Constructed Wetlands in a Hot Tropical Climate: The Case of Tanzania
	9.1 Suitability of Constructed Wetlands in Hot Tropical Climates
	9.2 The Tanzanian Experience
		9.2.1 Mass Transfer, Velocity-Based Design
		9.2.2 Modified Design Equation for the Pathogen Removal in a HSSF CW
		9.2.3 Choice of Macrophytes
		9.2.4 Wetland Substrates and Soils
		9.2.5 Coupling the CW with Other Treatment Systems
		9.2.6 Volarisation of Treated Wastewater
		9.2.7 Improvement of Wildlife Habitat
	9.3 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Constructed Wetlands Lessons from Three Middle East Countries : The Effect of Plants and Filter Media on CW Performance
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Israel
		10.2.1 Evaluation of CW-Effluent Chemical Quality
		10.2.2 Evaluation of the Microbial Quality of CW-Effluent
	10.3 Jordan
		10.3.1 Jordanian CWs Effluent Quality
	10.4 Palestine
	10.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 11: Performance of Decentralized Vertical Flow Constructed Wetlands for Reuse in Agricultural Irrigation in Jordan: Enhancing Nitrogen Removal
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Materials and Methods
		11.2.1 Site Description
		11.2.2 Experimental Setup
		11.2.3 Recirculating VFCW
			11.2.3.1 Operational Modification
		11.2.4 Two-Stage VFCW System
			11.2.4.1 Operational Modification
		11.2.5 Sampling and Water Quality Analysis
		11.2.6 Statistical Methods
	11.3 Results and Discussion
		11.3.1 Recirculating VFCW
		11.3.2 Two-Stage VFCW
	11.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 12: Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment in Oman: Experiences from Research and Case Studies
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland for Onsite Domestic Wastewater Treatment
	12.3 Vertical Flow Constructed Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
	12.4 Aerated Constructed Wetland for Municipal Wastewater Treatment
	12.5 Surface Flow Constructed Wetland for Oily Produced Water Treatment
	12.6 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 13: Constructed Wetlands for Sustainable Wastewater Treatment – Case Studies from Pakistan
	13.1 Background
	13.2 Domestic Wastewater Treatment
	13.3 Industrial Wastewater Treatment
	13.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 14: Constructed Wetland Case Studies for Municipal and Glass Industry Wastewater Treatment in Iran
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 A Constructed Wetland Case Study for Glass Industry Wastewater Treatment
		14.2.1 Design and Operation of the CW
		14.2.2 Treatment Performance
	14.3 A Constructed Wetland Case Study for Dormitory Wastewater Treatment
		14.3.1 Design and Operation of the CW
		14.3.2 Treatment Performance
	14.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 15: Research and Case Studies of Sludge Treatment Wetlands in Hot and Arid Climates: Experiences and Opportunities for Sustainable Sludge Management
	15.1 Introduction to Sludge Management
		15.1.1 Sludge Treatment Processes
	15.2 Sludge Treatment Wetlands
	15.3 Sludge Treatment Wetland Optimization Through Pilot Scale Experiments
		15.3.1 Materials and Methods
		15.3.2 First Experimental Results
	15.4 STW Case Studies in Hot and Arid Climates (Middle East and Australia)
		15.4.1 Bahrain
		15.4.2 Jordan
		15.4.3 United Arab Emirates
		15.4.4 Qatar
		15.4.5 Oman
		15.4.6 Australia
	15.5 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 16: Full-Scale Experiences of Arid and Semi-Arid Land-Based Decentralized Constructed Wetlands in India and China
	16.1 Introduction
	16.2 Constructed Wetland – A Decentralized Solution for Arid/Semi-Arid Regions
		16.2.1 Treatment Configurations and Investigated Wastewaters
		16.2.2 Emerging Macrophytes of India and China – An Overview
		16.2.3 Functional Mechanisms Involved in Pollutant’s Removal
	16.3 Performance Analysis of Point and Non-point Sources of Wastewater
		16.3.1 Organics and Solids Removal
		16.3.2 Nitrogen Removal
		16.3.3 Phosphorus Removal
		16.3.4 Heavy Metal Removal
	16.4 Operational Parameters of Relevance for CWs
	16.5 Climatic Factors Associated with Performance of CWs
	16.6 Sustainability Aspects and Future Perspectives
	16.7 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 17: Performance Assessment of Constructed Wetland in a Semi-arid Region in India Employing SWOT Analysis
	17.1 Introduction
		17.1.1 Performance of CW in Arid and Semi-arid Regions
	17.2 Methodology
	17.3 Results and Performance Evaluation
	17.4 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 18: Novel Media and Unit Configurations in Advanced Constructed Wetlands: Case Studies Under Hot Climate in Thailand
	18.1 Introduction of Advanced Constructed Wetlands
	18.2 Novel Media Modifications and Modified Unit Configurations
	18.3 Natural Treatment Processes in Wetlands and Plant-Microbe Ecology
	18.4 Treatment Performance of ACWs: Organic Matters, Emerging Pollutants and Nutrients
	18.5 Application of Advanced Constructed Wetlands for Pollution Mitigation: Case Studies in Hot Climate Countries
		18.5.1 Performance of Novel Constructed Wetlands for Treating Solar Septic Tank Effluent [38]
		18.5.2 Integration of the Innovative On-site Wastewater Treatment and ACW System Without Plants for Treating Black Water [39]
	18.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 19: Treatment Wetlands in Atacama Desert, Chile: Experiences and Lesson Learnt from Wastewater Treatment and Reuse
	19.1 The Atacama Desert
	19.2 Wastewater into Atacama Desert: Characteristics and Management
	19.3 Experimental Development by CIDERH-UNAP
		19.3.1 Experimental Treatment Wetlands on the Coastal of the Atacama Desert
		19.3.2 Effluent Reuse: Aeroponic Cultivation Systems
	19.4 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 20: Wastewater Gardens Systems in Yucatan, Mexico; Northwest Australia; Northern Algeria and Southern Iraq
	20.1 Introduction
	20.2 Case Studies
		20.2.1 Biosphere 2, Southern Arizona, USA
		20.2.2 Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico
		20.2.3 Kimberley Region, Northwest Australia
		20.2.4 Northern Sahara, Region of Touggourt, Tamacine, Algeria
		20.2.5 El Chibaish, Southern Iraq
	20.3 Conclusions: Constructed Wetlands as Nature-Based Solutions for Wastewater Treatment and Intelligent and Resilient Resource Utilization for Environmental Integration
	References
Chapter 21: Selected Constructed Wetlands Case Studies in Africa, Asian and Latin American Countries
	21.1 Introduction
		21.1.1 Constructed Wetland Designs
	21.2 Case Studies of CWs in Africa
		21.2.1 Egypt
		21.2.2 South Africa
		21.2.3 Tanzania
		21.2.4 Uganda
		21.2.5 Kenya
		21.2.6 Algeria
	21.3 Case Studies of CWs in Asia
		21.3.1 Thailand
		21.3.2 Nepal
		21.3.3 Iran
		21.3.4 Pakistan
	21.4 Case Studies of CWs in Latin America
		21.4.1 Brazil
		21.4.2 Chile
		21.4.3 Cuba
		21.4.4 Equador
	21.5 Conclusions
	References