Construccion - Concrete Construction Engineering Handbook

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 26
Introduction......Page 28
Section 1 Codes, Standards, and Regulations......Page 32
1.1 Building Codes......Page 34
1.2 U.S. Consensus Standards and Specifications......Page 35
1.3 Industry Consensus Standards......Page 37
1.4 Recommended Practices and Guidelines......Page 38
1.5 Regulations and Standards......Page 39
2.1 Federal Regulations......Page 40
2.2 State Requirements and Local Ordinances......Page 43
2.3 Licenses, Permits, and Certifications......Page 45
2.4 Compliance Resources......Page 46
Section 2 Engineering Principles......Page 48
3.1 Mechanical Laws......Page 50
3.2 Determining Stresses......Page 56
3.3 Effect of Motion......Page 60
3.4 Determining Weight of Loads......Page 62
3.5 Calculating Approximate Weights......Page 64
3.6 Determining Centers of Gravity......Page 67
3.7 Applying Factors of Safety......Page 70
4.1 Physical Properties......Page 72
4.2 Common Wood Defects......Page 76
4.3 External Causes of Damage......Page 81
4.4 Mechanical Properties......Page 85
5 Wood Structural Members......Page 94
5.1 Structural Properties......Page 96
5.2 Structural Members......Page 98
5.3 Rules-of-Thumb......Page 107
6 Metal Structural Members......Page 110
6.1 Structural Metal Shape Properties......Page 111
6.2 Selecting Structural Metal Beams......Page 112
6.3 Design Calculations......Page 114
6.4 Steel Structural Sections......Page 118
6.5 Aluminum Structural Sections......Page 121
7 Useful Formulas, Tables, and Conversion Factors......Page 126
Areas and Volumes......Page 127
Trigonometric Functions......Page 131
Conversions Factors......Page 137
Material Weights......Page 141
Diameters of Standard Bolts and Pipes......Page 144
Rope Sizes......Page 148
Block and Tackles......Page 149
Section 3 Worksite Preparation......Page 150
8.1 Work Area Safety......Page 152
8.2 Signage and Protective Barriers......Page 153
8.3 Site Lighting and Perimeter Fencing......Page 155
8.4 Worksite Housekeeping......Page 158
8.5 Jobsite Safety Checklist......Page 161
8.6 Site Features......Page 164
8.7 Boundary Considerations......Page 166
8.8 Public Safety......Page 168
8.9 Property Protection......Page 170
9.2 Medical Services and First Aid......Page 172
9.3 Equipment and Materials Storage......Page 173
9.5 Communications Systems......Page 177
9.6 Emergency Response Plan......Page 181
9.7 Security Systems......Page 182
9.8 Security Checklist......Page 186
Section 4 Rigging Systems......Page 190
10.1 Natural Fiber Ropes......Page 192
10.2 Synthetic Fiber Ropes......Page 199
10.3 Characteristics of Fiber Rope......Page 203
10.4 Breaking Strengths and Safe Working Loads of Fiber Rope......Page 206
10.5 Calculating Breaking Strength of Fiber Rope......Page 209
10.6 Calculating Safe Working Load of Fiber Rope......Page 210
10.7 Safety Factor of Fiber Rope......Page 211
10.8 Handling and Care of Fiber Rope......Page 212
10.9 Inspection of Fiber Rope......Page 215
10.10 Comparative Characteristics of Cordage Fibers......Page 218
11 Knots, Bends, Hitches, and Splices......Page 232
11.1 Knots, Bends, and Hitches......Page 233
11.2 Splicing Natural Fiber Rope......Page 240
11.3 Splicing Synthetic Fiber Rope......Page 246
12.1 Natural Fiber Rope Slings......Page 248
12.2 Synthetic Fiber Rope Web Slings......Page 249
12.3 Wire Rope Slings......Page 251
12.4 Sling Construction......Page 253
12.6 Selecting Proper Slings......Page 258
12.7 Safe Working Loads for Slings......Page 259
12.8 Safe Lifting Practices with Slings......Page 262
12.9 Care and Maintenance of Slings......Page 267
12.10 Inspection of Slings......Page 269
12.11 Safe Working Load Formulas......Page 270
13.1 Fiber Rope Slings......Page 272
13.2 Synthetic Fiber Web Slings......Page 274
13.3 Splicing Fiber Rope Slings......Page 279
13.4 Safe Lifting Practices with Slings......Page 281
13.5 Care and Maintenance of Fiber Rope and Synthetic Fiber Web Slings......Page 282
13.6 Inspection of Fiber Rope and Synthetic Fiber Web Slings......Page 283
14.1 Wire Strand Rope Markings......Page 288
14.2 Types and Sizes......Page 289
14.3 Construction of Wire Strand Rope......Page 290
14.4 Selection Criteria for Wire Rope......Page 297
14.5 Rated Capacity of Wire Rope......Page 300
14.6 Safe Working Loads......Page 301
14.7 Safe Lifting Practices......Page 303
14.8 Care and Maintenance of Wire Strand Rope......Page 307
14.9 Inspection of Wire Strand Rope......Page 316
14.10 Common Wire Rope Degradation......Page 323
15.1 Wire Rope Slings......Page 330
15.2 Selection of Wire Rope Slings......Page 332
15.3 Rated Capacity of Wire Rope Slings......Page 334
15.4 Wire Rope Sling Splices......Page 335
15.5 Safe Lifting Practices with Wire Rope Slings......Page 337
15.6 Care and Maintenance of Wire Rope Slings......Page 338
15.7 Inspection of Wire Rope Slings......Page 339
15.8 Wire Mesh Slings......Page 340
15.9 Rated Capacities of Wire Mesh Slings......Page 342
15.11 Alloy Steel Chain Slings......Page 343
15.12 Selecting Chain Slings......Page 347
15.13 Safe Chain Sling Work Practices......Page 349
15.14 Care and Maintenance of Chain Slings......Page 350
15.15 Inspection of Chain Slings......Page 352
Section 5 Rigging Devices......Page 358
16.1 Seizing Wire Rope......Page 360
16.2 Connections......Page 362
16.3 Fittings......Page 366
16.4 Attachments......Page 377
16.5 Care and Maintenance of Parts and Assemblies......Page 386
17 Sheaves......Page 388
17.1 Sheave Selection......Page 389
17.2 Care and Maintenance of Sheaves......Page 395
17.3 Inspection of Sheaves......Page 397
18.1 Blocks and Tackles......Page 400
18.2 Selecting the Block......Page 405
18.3 Reeving Tackle Blocks......Page 410
18.4 Safety Precautions......Page 417
18.5 Care and Maintenance of Tackles......Page 418
18.7 Reeving Glossary......Page 419
19.1 Winches......Page 420
19.2 Drums......Page 424
Section 6 Rigging Tools......Page 430
20.1 Safe Use of Hand-Held Tools......Page 432
20.2 Accident Control......Page 433
20.3 Care and Maintenance of Tools......Page 434
20.5 Inspection of Tools......Page 437
20.6 Portable Power Tools Safety Inspection Checklist......Page 440
21.1 Types of Welding Processes......Page 444
21.2 Welding Hazards......Page 447
21.3 Operation and Maintenance of Welding Equipment......Page 449
21.4 Safe Welding Practices......Page 451
22.1 Basic Jack Categories......Page 454
22.2 Types of Jacks......Page 455
22.3 Operation of Jacks......Page 462
22.4 Safety Precautions Using Jacks......Page 464
22.5 Maintenance of Jacks......Page 465
22.6 Inspection of Jacks Checklist......Page 466
22.7 Hydraulic Jack Troubleshooting......Page 467
22.8 Plank Skids and Rollers......Page 468
22.9 Air Skids and Air Jacks......Page 470
22.10 Blocking and Cribbing......Page 472
22.12 Specialized Hydraulic Jacking Systems......Page 473
Section 7 Lifting and Hoisting Machinery......Page 478
23.1 Types of Derricks......Page 480
23.2 Types of Cranes......Page 488
23.3 Operational Considerations......Page 506
23.4 Crane and Derrick Safety......Page 509
24 Forklifts......Page 512
24.1 Forklift Operational Practices......Page 513
24.2 Environmental Considerations......Page 517
24.3 Forklift Safety Measures......Page 520
24.4 Safe Forklift Operation......Page 522
24.5 Care and Maintenance of Forklifts......Page 525
24.6 Inspection of Forklifts......Page 526
25.1 Chain Hoists......Page 530
25.2 Electric-Powered, Wire Rope Hoists......Page 534
25.3 Air-Powered Hoists......Page 535
25.4 Safe Operating Practices......Page 536
25.6 Maintenance and Repair of Hoists......Page 540
25.7 Inspection of Overhead Hoists......Page 542
25.8 Inspection Scheduling......Page 545
26.1 Erecting Hoist Towers......Page 556
26.2 Rack-and-Pinion Hoists......Page 558
26.3 Safe Operating Practices......Page 559
26.5 Troubleshooting Rack-and-Pinion Hoists......Page 561
26.6 Hydrostatic Drive (Wire Rope) Hoists......Page 562
26.7 Safe Hydrostatic Drive Hoist Operating Practices......Page 563
26.8 Maintenance of Hydrostatic Drive Hoists......Page 564
26.9 Dismantling Hoist Towers......Page 572
27.1 Planning Lifting Operations......Page 574
27.2 Support Systems......Page 576
27.3 Operations Briefing......Page 577
27.4 Operational Procedures......Page 579
27.5 Lifting Components......Page 580
27.6 Personnel Safety......Page 583
Section 8 Scaffolding and Ladders......Page 586
28 Scaffolding Systems......Page 588
28.2 Scaffolding Safety Guidelines......Page 589
28.3 Erection and Use of Scaffolds......Page 590
28.5 Care and Maintenance of Scaffolds......Page 594
28.6 Inspection of Scaffolding Systems......Page 595
29.1 Swinging Scaffolds......Page 602
29.2 Suspended Scaffolds......Page 608
29.3 Safety Cage and Bosun\'s Chair......Page 609
30.1 Wood Pole and Planking Scaffolds......Page 612
30.2 Metal Tubular Scaffolds......Page 619
30.3 Tube-and-Coupler Scaffolding......Page 624
30.4 Welded Sectional Steel Scaffolding......Page 629
30.5 Welded Aluminum Alloy Scaffolding......Page 630
31.1 Outrigger Scaffold......Page 632
31.2 Mason\'s Adjustable Multipoint Suspension Scaffold......Page 633
31.3 Needle-Beam Scaffold......Page 634
31.4 Interior-Hung Scaffold......Page 636
31.5 Carpenter\'s Bracket Scaffold......Page 637
31.6 Bricklayer\'s Square Scaffold......Page 638
31.7 Miscellaneous Scaffolds......Page 639
31.8 Manually Propelled Mobile Scaffold......Page 642
31.9 Safe Use of Mobile Scaffolds......Page 644
32.1 Scaffolding Safe Practices......Page 646
32.2 Scaffolding Glossary......Page 648
33.1 Types of Portable Ladders......Page 652
33.2 Job-Made Wood Ladders......Page 659
33.3 Ladder Specifications......Page 663
33.4 Care and Maintenance of Portable Ladders......Page 664
33.5 Safe Use of Ladders and Stairways......Page 669
33.6 Inspection of Portable Ladders......Page 672
33.7 Temporary Ladders and Portable Ladders Glossary......Page 675
Section 9 Protective Equipment and Devices......Page 678
34.1 Bodily Protection......Page 680
34.2 Hearing Protection......Page 683
34.3 Respiratory Protection......Page 684
35.2 Life Jackets, Ring Buoys, and Lifesaving Skiffs......Page 688
35.3 Safety Nets......Page 690
Section 10 Safety, Health, and Security......Page 694
36.1 Safety and Health Management Program......Page 696
36.2 Hazard Prevention and Control......Page 698
36.3 Hazard Analysis and Safety Training......Page 700
36.4 Worksite Inspection......Page 702
37.1 Safe Access onto Construction Site......Page 706
37.2 Hazard Awareness......Page 708
37.3 Construction Site Safety......Page 709
37.4 Construction Site Security......Page 711
38.2 Fire Prevention Guidelines......Page 714
38.4 Fire Prevention/Protection Checklist......Page 715
38.5 Selecting Portable Fire Extinguishers......Page 717
38.6 Inspection, Maintenance, and Testing of Fire Extinguishers......Page 720
38.7 Flammables and Combustibles......Page 722
Standards—Construction and Demolition......Page 724
Scaffolding......Page 725
Wood......Page 726
B: Acronyms......Page 728
Construction Safety and Health—29 CFR 1926......Page 730
D: Government Agencies......Page 738
Personal Protection (ANSI)......Page 740
Worksite Safety (ANSI)......Page 741
Construction Equipment (ASME)......Page 742
Vehicles, Surface—Sound Levels (SAE)......Page 743
F: Standard Writing Resources......Page 746
G: Document Distributors......Page 748
H: Industry Resources......Page 752
A......Page 762
B......Page 763
C......Page 764
D......Page 767
E......Page 768
F......Page 769
G......Page 770
H......Page 771
I......Page 772
J......Page 773
L......Page 774
M......Page 775
N......Page 776
O......Page 777
P......Page 778
R......Page 780
S......Page 782
T......Page 786
W......Page 788
Z......Page 790