Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road

Introduction to Site Management and Conservation in China......Page 1
Contents......Page 4
Foreword......Page 8
Preface......Page 10
Dunhuang Art: The Treasure of the Silk Road......Page 18
An Overview of Protection of Grottoes in China......Page 21
Fifty Years of Protection of the Dunhuang Grottoes......Page 29
Environmental monitoring and research of the site......Page 32
Investigation and treatment of causes of deterioration......Page 34
Tourism and site management......Page 35
Projects of the Getty Conservation Institute and the State Bureau of Cultural Relics: The Mogao and Yungang Grottoes......Page 40
Yungang......Page 42
The 1993 conference......Page 43
The Management of Ancient Chinese Cave Temples: A Site-Management Training Course at the Yungang Grottoes......Page 45
The nexus between management and conservation......Page 47
Documentation and condition assessment......Page 48
Significance assessment......Page 49
Weighing significance and constraints......Page 50
Formulating a management policy......Page 51
Implementation strategies......Page 52
The management plan......Page 55
Management of Tourism at Buddhist Sites......Page 58
The Dambulla Rock Temple Complex, Sri Lanka: Ten Years of Management, Research, and Conservation......Page 63
A pan-Asian architectural genre......Page 66
Restorationist traditions and religious requirements......Page 68
Mural conservation......Page 69
Sculpture......Page 72
Site-Management Lessons from Canyon de Chelly, Lascaux, Sigiriya, and Bamian......Page 73
The Role of Documentation in Defining Conservation Strategies at Grotto Sites......Page 79
Religion......Page 84
The Buddha sculptures......Page 85
Climatic factors......Page 86
Wildlife......Page 87
Upper cave......Page 89
Lower cave......Page 91
Keynote Address: Complexity and Communication: Principles of In Situ Conservation......Page 99
Construction......Page 112
Treatment......Page 113
Construction......Page 114
Treatment......Page 115
Consolidation of paint surface......Page 118
Compensation......Page 119
Rehousing......Page 120
Paintings on Silk and Paper from Dunhuang at the British Museum......Page 122
Conservation Treatment of Two Ming Dynasty Temple Wall Paintings......Page 129
Research on Protection of Ancient Floor Tiles in the Mogao Grottoes......Page 137
Tests of raw tung oil on Meridian Gate tiles......Page 138
Technique and materials......Page 144
Conservation treatment of the wall painting......Page 146
History......Page 148
Technique and materials......Page 149
Conservation of the palace hall......Page 151
The Conservation of Tempera Mural Paintings and Architectural Finishes......Page 156
Techniques for Reinforcement of the Maijishan Grottoes......Page 204
Keynote Address: Geotechnical Issues in the Conservation of Sites......Page 164
Review of Stabilization Projects at the Mogao Grottoes......Page 176
Other cracks......Page 177
Overhanging cliffs and unstable rocks......Page 178
Deterioration caused by human factors......Page 179
Roof support......Page 181
Retaining Walls......Page 182
Reduction of overhangs......Page 183
Combined techniques......Page 184
Stabilization and Consolidation of the Kizil Grottoes......Page 187
Protection by consolidation......Page 190
Test results......Page 191
Tests of walkway cantilever beams......Page 192
Emergency reinforcement of the cliff rock and caves......Page 193
Water control......Page 194
Restoration of entrance walls and single-chambered caves......Page 195
Archaeological survey work......Page 196
Application of Cartridge-Type Grouting in Grotto Conservation......Page 198
Cantilever beam tests......Page 199
Principles......Page 200
Method of measurement......Page 201
Results of determinations......Page 202
Tests of rock bolting......Page 205
Tests of crack grouting......Page 206
Characteristics of structural stabilization techniques......Page 208
Chemical Consolidation of Conglomerate and Sand at the Mogao Grottoes......Page 211
Sand sample analysis......Page 212
Determination of the water-absorption capacity of consolidated sand samples......Page 213
Determination of the compressive strength of consolidated rock......Page 216
Wind-tunnel erosion tests on cliff conglomerate......Page 217
Freeze-thaw tests of consolidated rock samples......Page 218
Water resistance of consolidated sand samples......Page 220
Hardness of consolidated sand......Page 221
Determination of the penetration depth of the consolidant......Page 222
Research into the Control of Damage by Windblown Sand at the Mogao Grottoes......Page 230
Wind conditions......Page 232
Characteristics of sand movement......Page 233
Monitoring results......Page 234
Design principles......Page 237
Design basis......Page 238
Characteristics of dynamic transport of sand......Page 242
Desert-Adapted Plants for Control of Windblown Sand......Page 244
Vegetation......Page 246
Layout of the irrigation system......Page 247
System design......Page 248
Conservation of the Engraved Rock Wall in the Temiya Cave, Japan......Page 252
Geological Structure......Page 253
Cracks in the inscribed rock surface......Page 254
Underground water......Page 255
Changes in temperature and relative humidity......Page 256
Contraction and expansion......Page 257
Drainage from behind the inscribed rock......Page 258
Geological Environment of the Mogao Grottoes at Dunhuang......Page 261
Geotechnical Stability Problems of the Dafosi Grotto......Page 266
The atmosphere......Page 276
Location of paintings and engravings......Page 277
Cases A and A': Cave or rock shelter......Page 279
Case B: Burial vault......Page 280
Deposition of Atmospheric Particles within the Yungang Grottoes......Page 287
Control of Particle Deposition within the Yungang Grottoes......Page 296
Installation of a mechanical air-filtration system......Page 300
Passive filtration systems......Page 305
Microclimate of Cave Temples 53 and 194, Mogao Grottoes......Page 311
Vertical differences inside the grottoes......Page 312
Differences between grottoes at different livels......Page 313
Environmental Monitoring at the Mogao Grottoes......Page 318
Climate of the site......Page 321
Microenvironment of the test cave......Page 322
Color Measurement at the Mogao Grottoes......Page 358
A Nondestructive Method for Determining Weathering and Consolidation of Stone......Page 331
Investigations of the Deterioration and Conservation of the Dafosi Grotto......Page 337
Weathering of the sandstone walls......Page 338
Origin of the seepage water......Page 343
Stone conservation in the grotto......Page 344
Color Change of Pigments in the Mogao Grottoes of Dunhuang......Page 346
Green sample......Page 347
Analysis of Wall Painting Fragments from the Moago and Bingling Temple Grottoes......Page 351
Scientific Examination of the Sculptural Polychromy of Cave 6 at Yungang......Page 365
Pigment Analysis of Polychrome Statuary and Wall Paintings of the Tiantishan Grottoes......Page 379
Lead Isotrope Analyses of Some Chinese and Central Asian Pigments......Page 386
Formation and Stability of Chinese Barium Copper-Silicate Pigments......Page 396
Synthesis of Han purple and Han blue with BaCO3......Page 398
Synthesis of Han purple and Han blue with BaSO4......Page 400
The Polychrome Terra-cotta Army of the First Emperor Qin Shi Huang......Page 405
Contributors......Page 412
Illustration Credits......Page 421
Back Cover
......Page 422