Connect Core Concepts in Health: BRIEF

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Brief Contents
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
1 TAKING CHARGE OF YOUR HEALTH
	WELLNESS AS A HEALTH GOAL
		Dimensions of Wellness
		The Long and the Short of Life Expectancy
	PROMOTING NATIONAL HEALTH
		Health Insurance Options
		The Healthy People Initiative
		Health Issues for Diverse Populations
	FACTORS THAT INFLUENCE WELLNESS
		Health Habits
		Heredity/Family History
		Environment
		Access to Health Care
		Personal Health Behaviors
	REACHING WELLNESS THROUGH LIFESTYLE MANAGEMENT
		Getting Serious about Your Health
		Building Motivation to Change
		Enhancing Your Readiness to Change
		Dealing with Relapse
		Developing Skills for Change: Creating a Personalized Plan
		Putting Your Plan into Action
	BEING HEALTHY FOR LIFE
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
2 STRESS: THE CONSTANT CHALLENGE
	WHAT IS STRESS?
		Physical Responses to Stressors
		Cognitive and Psychological Responses to Stressors
	STRESS AND HEALTH
		The General Adaptation Syndrome
		Allostatic Load
		Psychoneuroimmunology
	COMMON SOURCES OF STRESS
		Major Life Changes
		Daily Hassles
		College Stressors
		Job-Related Stressors
		Social Stressors
		Other Stressors
	MANAGING STRESS
		Social Support
		Volunteering
		Communication
		Exercise
		Nutrition
		Time Management
		Cultivating Spiritual Wellness
		Confiding in Yourself through Writing
		Thinking and Acting Constructively
		Body Awareness Techniques
		Counterproductive Coping Strategies
		Getting Help
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
3 PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
	DEFINING PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH
		Positive Psychology
		What Psychological Health Is Not
	MEETING LIFE’S CHALLENGE S WITH A PO SITIVE SELF-CONCEPT
		Growing Up Psychologically
		Achieving Healthy Self-Esteem
		Psychological Defense Mechanisms—Healthy and Unhealthy
		Being Optimistic
		Maintaining Honest Communication
		Finding a Social Media Balance
		Dealing with Loneliness
		Dealing with Anger
	PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
		Anxiety Disorders
		Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder
		Mood Disorders
		Schizophrenia
	SUICIDE
	MODELS OF HUMAN NA TURE AND THERAPEUTIC CHANGE
		The Biological Model
		The Behavioral Model
		The Cognitive Model
		The Psychodynamic Model
		Evaluating the Models
		Other Psychotherapies
	GETTING HELP
		Self-Help
		Peer Counseling and Support Groups
		Online Help and Apps
		Professional Help
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
4 SLEEP
	SLEEP BIOLOGY
		Sleep Stages
		Natural Sleep Drives
	CHANGES IN SLEEP BIOL OGY ACROSS THE LIFE SPAN
		Changes in Circadian Rhythm
		Sleep Cycles, Age, and Gender
	SLEEP AND ITS RELATION TO HEALTH
		Mood and Depression
		Dementia
		Athletic Performance
		Musculoskeletal Pain
		Obesity and Weight Management
		Cardiovascular Disease
		Diabetes
		Public Health Impact
	GETTING STARTED ON A HEALTHY SLEEP PROGRAM
		Step I: Take an Inventory
		Step II: Identify Sleep Disrupters
		Step III: Improve Sleep Fitness
	SLEEP DISORDERS
		Chronic Insomnia
		Restless Leg Syndrome
		Sleep Apnea
		Narcolepsy
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
5 INTIMATE RELATIONSHIPS AND COMMUNICATION
	DEVELOPING INTERPERSONAL RELATIONSHIPS
		Self-Concept, Self-Esteem, and Self-Acceptance
		Friendship
		Love, Sex, and Intimacy
		Challenges in Relationships
		Unhealthy Intimate Relationships
		Ending a Relationship
	COMMUNICATION
		Nonverbal Communication
		Digital Communication and Our Social Networks
		Communication Skills
		Conflict and Conflict Resolution
	PAIRING AND SINGLEHOOD
		Choosing a Partner
		Dating
		Online Dating and Relationships
		Living Together
		Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity in Relationships
		Singlehood
	MARRIAGE
		The Benefits of Marriage
		Issues and Trends in Marriage
		The Role of Commitment
		Separation and Divorce
	FAMILY LIFE
		Becoming a Parent
		Parenting
		Single Parents
		Stepfamilies
		Successful Families
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
6 SEXUALITY, PREGNANCY, AND CHILDBIRTH
	SEXUAL ANATOMY
		From Binary to Spectrum
		Female Sex Organs
		Male Sex Organs
	GENDER ROLES AND SEXUAL ORIENTATION
		Gender Roles
		Sexual Orientation
	HORMONES AND THE REPRODUCTIVE LIFE CYCLE
		Differentiation of the Embryo
		Sexual Maturation
		Aging and Human Sexuality
	HOW SEX ORGANS FUNCTION DURING SEXUAL ACTIVITY
		Sexual Stimulation
		The Sexual Response Cycle
		Sexual Problems
	SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
		Varieties of Human Sexual Behavior
		Commercial Sex
		Responsible Sexual Behavior
	UNDERSTANDING FERTILITY AND INFERTILITY
		Conception
		Infertility
	PREGNANCY
		Changes in the Woman’s Body
		Emotional Responses to Pregnancy
	FETAL DEVELOPMENT
		The First Trimester
		The Second Trimester
		The Third Trimester
		Diagnosing Fetal Abnormalities
		Fetal Programming
	THE IMPORTANCE OF PRENATAL CARE
		Regular Checkups
		Blood Tests
		Prenatal Nutrition
		Avoiding Drugs and Other Environmental Hazards
		Prenatal Activity and Exercise
		Preparing for Birth
	COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY AND PREGNANCY LOSS
		Ectopic Pregnancy
		Spontaneous Abortion
		Stillbirth
		Preeclampsia
		Placenta Previa
		Placental Abruption
		Gestational Diabetes
		Preterm Labor and Birth
		Labor Induction
		Low Birth Weight and Premature Birth
		Infant Mortality and SIDS
	CHILDBIRTH
		Choices in Childbirth
		Labor and Delivery
		The Postpartum Period
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
7 CONTRACEPTION AND ABORTION
	HOW CONTRACEPTIVES WORK
	LONG-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTION
		Intrauterine Devices (IUDs)
		Contraceptive Implants
	SHORT-ACTING REVERSIBLE CONTRACEPTION
		Oral Contraceptives: The Pill
		Contraceptive Skin Patch
		Vaginal Contraceptive Ring
		Injectable Contraceptives
		Male Condoms
		Female Condoms
		Diaphragm with Spermicide
		Cervical Cap
		Contraceptive Sponge
		Vaginal Spermicides
		Abstinence, Fertility Awareness, and Withdrawal
		Combining Methods
	EMERGENCY CONTRACEPTION
	PERMANENT CONTRACEPTION
		Male Sterilization: Vasectomy
		Female Sterilization
	WHICH CONTRACEPTIVE METHOD IS RIGHT FOR YOU?
	ABORTION IN THE UNITED STATES SINCE THE 19TH CENTURY
	UNDERSTANDING ABORTION
		U.S. Abortion Statistics
		Personal Considerations for the Woman
		Personal Considerations for the Man
	METHODS OF ABOR TION
		First-Trimester Abortion
		Second-Trimester Abortion
	POSTABORTION CARE AND POSSIBLE PHYSICAL AND EMOTIONAL EFFECTS
	LEGAL RESTRICTIONS ON ABORTION
	THE PUBLIC DEBATE ABOUT ABORTION
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
8 DRUG USE AND ADDICTION
	ADDICTION
		What Is Addiction?
		Diagnosing Substance Misuse and Addiction
		The Development of Addiction
		Examples of Addictive Behaviors
	WHY PEOPLE USE AND MISUSE DRUGS
		The Allure of Drugs
		Risk Factors for Drug Misuse and Addiction
	RISKS ASSOCIATED WITH DRUG MISUSE
	HOW DRUGS AFFECT THE BODY
		Changes in Brain Chemistry
		Drug-Related Factors
		Physical Factors
		Psychological Factors
		Social Factors
	GROUPS OF PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS
		Opioids
		Central Nervous System Depressants
		Central Nervous System Stimulants
		Marijuana and Other Cannabis Products
		Hallucinogens
		Inhalants
		Prescription Drug Misuse
		Synthetic Recreational Drugs
	PREVENTING DRUG-RELATED PROBLEMS
		Drugs, Society, and Families
		Legalizing Drugs
		Drug Testing
		Treating Drug Addiction
		Preventing Drug Misuse
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
9 ALCOHOL AND TOBACCO
	ALCOHOL AND THE BOD Y
		Common Alcoholic Beverages
		Absorption
		Metabolism and Excretion
		Alcohol Intake and Blood Alcohol Concentration
	ALCOHOL’S IMMEDIATE AND LONG-TERM EFFECTS
		Immediate Effects
		Drinking and Driving
		Long-Term Effects of Chronic Abuse
		Alcohol Use during Pregnancy
		Possible Health Benefits of Alcohol?
	EXCESSIVE USE OF ALCOHOL
		Alcohol Use Disorder: From Mild to Severe
		Binge Drinking
		Alcoholism (Severe Alcohol Use Disorder)
		Gender and Ethnic Differences
		Helping Someone with an Alcohol Problem
	WHO USES TOBACCO?
	WHY PEOPLE USE TOBACCO
		Nicotine Addiction
		Social and Psychological Factors
		Genetic Factors
		Why Start in the First Place?
	HEALTH HAZARDS
		Tobacco Smoke: A Toxic Mix
		The Immediate Effects of Smoking
		The Long-Term Effects of Smoking
		Additional Health, Cosmetic, and Economic Concerns
		Risks Associated with Other Forms of Tobacco Use
	THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON THE NONSMOKER
		Environmental Tobacco Smoke
		Smoking and Pregnancy
	WHAT CAN BE DONE T O COMBAT SMOKING?
		Action at Many Levels
		Regulation of Tobacco
		Individual Action
	HOW A TOBACCO USER CAN QUIT
		Benefits of Quitting
		Options for Quitting
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
10 NUTRITION BASICS
	COMPONENTS OF A HEAL THY DIET
		Proteins—The Basis of Body Structure
		Fats—Essential in Small Amounts
		Carbohydrates—An Important Source of Energy
		Fiber—A Closer Look
		Vitamins—Organic Micronutrients
		Minerals—Inorganic Micronutrients
		Water—Vital but Underappreciated
		Other Substances in Food
	NUTRITIONAL GUIDELINES: PLANNING YOUR DIET
		Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs)
		Dietary Guidelines for Americans
		USDA’s MyPlate
		DASH Eating Plan
		The Vegetarian Alternative
		Dietary Challenges for Various Population Groups
	A PERSONAL PLAN: MAKING INFORMED CHOICES ABOUT FOOD
		Reading Food Labels
		Calorie Labeling: Restaurants and Vending Machines
		Dietary Supplements
		Protecting Yourself against Foodborne Illness
		Organic Foods
		Guidelines for Fish Consumption
		Additives in Food
		Food Biotechnology
		Food Allergies and Food Intolerances
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
11 EXERCISE FOR HEALTH AND FITNESS
	THE BENEFITS OF EXERCISE
		Improved Cardiorespiratory Functioning
		More Efficient Metabolism and Improved Cell Health
		Improved Body Composition
		Disease Prevention and Management
		Improved Psychological and Emotional Wellness
		Improved Immune Function
		Prevention of Injuries and Low-Back Pain
		Improved Wellness for Life
	WHAT IS PHYSICAL FITNESS?
		Cardiorespiratory Endurance
		Muscular Strength and Endurance
		Flexibility
		Body Composition
		Skill-Related Components of Fitness
	COMPONENTS OF AN A CTIVE LIFESTYLE
		Increasing Physical Activity and Exercise
		Reducing Sedentary Time
	DESIGNING YOUR EXERCISE PROGRAM
		First Steps
		Cardiorespiratory Endurance Exercise
		Exercises for Muscular Strength and Endurance
		Flexibility Exercises
		Training in Specific Skills
		Putting It All Together
	GETTING STARTED AND STAYING ON TRACK
		Selecting Instructors, Equipment, and Facilities
		Eating and Drinking for Exercise
		Managing Your Fitness Program
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
12 WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
	EVALUATING BODY WEIGHT AND BODY COMPOSITION
		Body Composition
		Defining Healthy Weight, Overweight, and Obesity
		Estimating Body Composition
		Body Mass Index
		Body Fat Distribution
		What Is the Right Weight for You?
	BODY FAT AND WELLNESS
		Diabetes
		Heart Disease and Other Chronic Conditions
		Problems Associated with Very Low Levels of Body Fat
	FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO EXCESS BODY FAT
		Energy Balance
		Genetic Factors
		Physiological Factors
		Lifestyle Factors
		Psychosocial Factors
		Environmental Factors
	ADOPTING A HEALTHY LIFESTYLE FOR SUCCESSFUL WEIGHT MANAGEMENT
		Dietary Patterns and Eating Habits
		Physical Activity and Exercise
		Thinking and Emotions
		Coping Strategies
	APPROACHES TO OVERCOMING A WEIGHT PROBLEM
		Doing It Yourself
		Diet Books
		Dietary Supplements and Diet Aids
		Weight Loss Programs
		Prescription Drugs
		Surgery
	BODY IMAGE AND EATING DISORDERS
		Severe Body Image Problems
		Eating Disorders
		Positive Body Image: Finding Balance
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
13 CARDIOVASCULAR HEALTH AND CANCER
	THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM
	MAJOR FORMS OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
		Atherosclerosis
		Coronary Artery Disease and Heart Attack
		Stroke
		Peripheral Arterial Disease
		Congestive Heart Failure
		Other Forms of Heart Disease
	RISK FACTORS FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
		Major Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
		Contributing Risk Factors That Can Be Changed
		Major Risk Factors That Can’t Be Changed
		Possible Risk Factors Currently Being Studied
	PROTECTING YOURSELF AGAINST CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE
		Eat Heart-Healthy
		Exercise Regularly
		Avoid Tobacco Products
		Manage Your Blood Pressure, Cholesterol Levels, and Stress/Anger
	BASIC FACTS ABOUT CANCER
		Tumors
		Metastasis
		Remission
		The Incidence of Cancer
	THE CAUSES OF CANCER
		The Role of DNA
		Tobacco Use
		Dietary Factors
		Inactivity and Obesity
		Carcinogens in the Environment
	DETECTING, DIAGNOSING, AND TREATING CANCER
		Detecting Cancer
		Diagnosing Cancer
		Treating Cancer
	COMMON TYPES OF CANCER
		Lung Cancer
		Colon and Rectal Cancer
		Breast Cancer
		Prostate Cancer
		Cancers of the Female Reproductive Tract
		Skin Cancer
		Testicular Cancer
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
14 IMMUNITY AND INFECTION
	THE BODY’S DEFENSE SYSTEM
		Physical and Chemical Barriers
		The Immune System: Cells, Tissues, and Organs
		Immunization
		Allergy: A Case of Mistaken Identity
	THE SPREAD OF DISEASE
		Symptoms and Contagion
		The Chain of Infection
		Epidemics and Pandemics
	PATHOGENS, DISEASES, AND TREATMENTS
		Bacteria
		Viruses
		Fungi
		Protozoa
		Parasitic Worms
		Emerging Infectious Diseases
		Immune Disorders
	SUPPORTING YOUR IMMUNE SYSTEM
	THE MAJOR STIs
		HIV Infection and AIDS
		Chlamydia
		Gonorrhea
		Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
		Human Papillomavirus
		Genital Herpes
		Hepatitis A, B, and C
		Syphilis
		Other STIs
	WHAT YOU CAN DO ABOUT STIs
		Education
		Diagnosis and Treatment
		Prevention
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
15 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
	ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH DEFINED
	POPULATION GROWTH AND CONTROL
	ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF ENERGY USE AND PRODUCTION
		Environmental Threats of Extreme Energy Sources
		Renewable Energy
		Alternative Fuels
		Hybrid and Electric Vehicles
	AIR QUALITY AND POLLUTION
		Air Quality and Smog
		The Greenhouse Effect and Global Warming
		Thinning of the Ozone Layer
		Indoor Air Quality (IAQ)
		Preventing Air Pollution
	WATER QUALITY AND POLLUTION
		Water Contamination and Treatment
		Water Shortages
		Sewage
		Protecting the Water Supply
	SOLID WASTE POLLUTION
		Disposing of Solid Waste
		Reducing Solid Waste
	CHEMICAL POLLUTION AND HAZARDOUS WASTE
		Asbestos
		Lead
		Pesticides
		Mercury
		Other Chemical Pollutants
		Preventing Chemical Pollution
	RADIATION POLLUTION
		Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Energy
		Medical Uses of Radiation
		Radiation in the Home and Workplace
		Avoiding Radiation
	NOISE POLLUTION
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
16 CONVENTIONAL AND COMPLEMENTARY MEDICINE
	SELF-CARE
		Self-Assessment
		Knowing When to See a Physician
		Self-Treatment
	PROFESSIONAL CARE
	CONVENTIONAL MEDICINE
		Premises and Assumptions of Conventional Medicine
		Pharmaceuticals and the Placebo Effect
		The Providers of Conventional Medicine
		Choosing a Primary Care Physician
		Choosing a Specialist
		Getting the Most Out of Your Medical Care
	INTEGRATIVE HEALTH
		Alternative Medical Systems
		Mind–Body Medicine
		Natural Products
		Manipulative and Body-Based Practices
		Other CAM Practices
		When Does CAM Become Conventional Medicine?
		Evaluating Complementary and Alternative Therapies
	PAYING FOR HEALTH CARE
		The Affordable Care Act
		How Health Insurance Works
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
17 PERSONAL SAFETY
	UNINTENTIONAL INJURIES
		What Causes an Injury?
		Home Injuries
		Motor Vehicle Injuries
		Leisure Injuries
		Weather-Related Injuries
		Work Injuries
	VIOLENCE AND INTENTIONAL INJURIES
		Factors Contributing to Violence
		Assault
		Homicide
		Gang-Related Violence
		Hate Crimes
		School Violence
		Workplace Violence
		Terrorism
		Family and Intimate-Partner Violence
		Sexual Violence
		What You Can Do about Violence
	PROVIDING EMERGENCY CARE
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
18 THE CHALLENGE OF AGING
	GENERATING VITALITY AS YOU AGE
		What Happens as You Age?
		Life-Enhancing Measures: Age-Proofing
	DEALING WITH THE CHANGES OF AGING
		Planning for Social Changes
		Adapting to Physical Changes
		Psychological and Mental Changes
	LIFE IN AN A GING SOCIETY
		The Aging Minority
		Family and Community Resources for Older Adults
		Government Aid and Policies
	WHAT IS DEATH?
		Defining Death
		Learning about Death
		Denying versus Acknowledging Death
	PLANNING FOR DEATH
		Making a Will
		Giving the Gift of Life
		Considering Options for End-of-Life Care
		Difficult Decisions at the End of Life
		Planning a Funeral or Memorial Service
	COPING WITH IMMINENT DEATH
		The Tasks of Coping
		Supporting a Person in the Last Phase of Life
	COPING WITH LOSS
		Experiencing Grief
		Supporting a Grieving Person
		When a Young Adult Loses a Friend
		Helping Children Cope with Loss
	COMING TO TERMS WITH DEATH
	Tips for Today and the Future
	Summary
	For More Information
	Selected Bibliography
Index