Congress on Intelligent Systems. Proceedings of CIS 2021

Preface
Contents
About the Editors
The Extraction of Automated Vehicles Traffic Accident Factors and Scenarios Using Real-World Data
	1 Introduction
	2 Data Collecting and Preprocessing
		2.1 Collecting AVs Accident Data
		2.2 Preprocessing AVs Accident Data
	3 Learning Method and Result
		3.1 Random Forest
		3.2 Extraction of AVs Collision Factor Importance
	4 AVs Traffic Accident Scenarios
		4.1 Scenario Combinations Based on Collision Situations
		4.2 AVs Ahead Situation
		4.3 AVs Rear Situation
		4.4 Comparison with HVs Traffic Accidents
		4.5 Summary
	5 Conclusion and Future Research
	References
Leaf Disease Identification in Rice Plants Using CNN Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Method
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Pre-processing
		3.3 Data Normalization
		3.4 Create a Model
		3.5 Training and Validation
		3.6 Test the Model
		3.7 Convert the Model to .tflite Format
		3.8 Develop and Deploy Using Mobile App
		3.9 Test the Mobile App
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Experimental Set-Up
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
Twitter Sentiment Analysis Based on Neural Network Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
		2.1 Related Work
		2.2 Opinion Mining
		2.3 Twitter
		2.4 Twitter Sentiment Analysis
	3 Data Description
	4 Proposed Methodology
		4.1 Pre-processing
		4.2 Feature Extraction
		4.3 Feature Representation
		4.4 Handling Memory Issues
		4.5 Implementation
	5 Classification Techniques Compared
		5.1 Naïve Bayes
		5.2 Decision Tree
		5.3 Support Vector Machine (SVM)
		5.4 Multilayer Perceptron (MLP)
		5.5 Recurrent Neural Network (RNN)
		5.6 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
	6 Results
	7 Conclusion
	References
Enhanced Stock Market Prediction Using Hybrid LSTM Ensemble
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Dataset
	4 Proposed Methodology
		4.1 Ensemble
		4.2 Bagging
		4.3 Optimizer
		4.4 Experimental Settings
	5 Result
	6 Conclusion
	References
Classifying Microarray Gene Expression Cancer Data Using Statistical Feature Selection and Machine Learning Methods
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Feature Selection
		3.3 Classifiers
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Pythagorean Fuzzy Information Measure with Application to Multicriteria Decision Making
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 New Pythagorean Fuzzy Information Measure
		3.1 Properties of θαβ ( A )
		3.2 Monotonicity of Proposed Pythagorean Fuzzy Information Measure
		3.3 Multicriteria Decision Making Based on New Pythagorean Fuzzy Information Measure
	4 Conclusion
	References
Developing an Improved Software Architecture Framework for Smart Manufacturing
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
		2.1 Industry 4.0
		2.2 Software Architecture 4.0
	3 Review of Software Architectures
		3.1 Requirements of Smart Manufacturing
	4 Results
		4.1 Centralized Communication
		4.2 Decentralised Communication
		4.3 Combined Communication
		4.4 Assessment of Software Architectures
	5 Conclusion and Proposal of Software Architecture
		5.1 Proposed Segments of the Software Architecture
		5.2 Divisions of Machine Communication in Software Architecture
		5.3 Proposed Software Architecture Implementation Mock-Up
		5.4 Predicted Impact of Software Architecture
	6 Future Work
	References
Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm Hand Calculation Using a Mathematical Function
	1 Introduction to Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm
	2 Working of Intelligent Water Drops Algorithm
		2.1 The Pseudo-Code of an IWD-Based Algorithm
		2.2 Case Study
	3 Convergence of Intelligence Water Drops Optimization Algorithm
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Study of Decision Tree Classifier to Predict Learner’s Progression
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Study
	3 Material and Method
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 ID3 Decision Tree Classifier Algorithm Steps
		3.3 Experimental Work
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 Example
	5 Conclusion
	References
An Overview of Blockchain and IoT in e-Healthcare System
	1 Introduction
	2 Blockchain
		2.1 Blockchain Technology [12]
		2.2 Blockchain Implementation
		2.3 Smart Contracts
		2.4 Consensus
	3 Combination of Blockchain and Internet of Things
		3.1 Internet of Things (IoT)
	4 Applications Internet of Things for Blockchain in e-Healthcare
	5 Literature Review
	6 Existing Research on Internet of Things for Blockchain
	7 Conclusion
	References
Energy-Efficient ACO-DA Routing Protocol Based on IoEABC-PSO Clustering in WSN
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
		2.1 Proposed Approach
		2.2 Energy Consumption Model
		2.3 Network Model
		2.4 Proposed IoEABC-PSO Clustering Algorithm
		2.5 PSO Algorithm
		2.6 Algorithm for Proposed IoEABC-PSO Approach
		2.7 Cluster Head Selection
		2.8 ACO Algorithm
	3 Result and Discussion
		3.1 Network Lifetime
		3.2 Energy Consumption
		3.3 Distance Between Node and Base Station
		3.4 Residual Energy of Nodes
	4 Conclusion
	References
Modelling Critical Success Factors for Smart Grid Development in India
	1 Introduction
	2 Review of Literature
		2.1 Smart Grid at a Glance
		2.2 Overview of Smart Grid Development in India
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Identification of Critical Success Factors
		3.2 Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA)
		3.3 Questionnaire Development
		3.4 Analysis of EFA Result
		3.5 TISM
		3.6 TISM Model
		3.7 Analysis of TISM-Based Model
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusions
	Appendix
	References
Stability Analysis of Emerged Seaside Perforated Quarter Circle Breakwater Using Soft Computing Techniques
	1 Introduction
		1.1 General
		1.2 Quarter Circle Breakwater
		1.3 ANN
		1.4 SVM
		1.5 AdaBoost
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 Separation of Data
		3.3 Development of Prediction Models
		3.4 Evaluation of Model Performance and Selection of the Best Model
	4 Prediction Models
		4.1 ANN
		4.2 SVM
		4.3 AdaBoost
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Artificial Neural Network
		5.2 Support Vector Machine
		5.3 AdaBoost
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Risk-Budgeted Portfolio Selection Strategy Using Novel Metaheuristic Optimization Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Problem Formulation
	4 Proposed Strategy
		4.1 Gradient Search Rule
		4.2 Local Escaping Operator
	5 Experimental Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Scope
	References
An Optimization Reconfiguration Reactive Power Distribution Network Based on Improved Bat Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 A Model of Reactive Power Optimization of Distribution Network
	3 Improving Bat Algorithm
		3.1 Bats Algorithm
		3.2 Improving Bat Algorithm
		3.3 The IBA for the RPODN Problem
	4 Experimental Results
	5 Conclusion
	References
Analyzing a Raga-Based Bollywood Song: A Statistical Approach
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Methodology
	4 Experimental Results and Discussion
		4.1 Note Duration
		4.2 IOI (Interonset Interval)
		4.3 Unconditional Probability
		4.4 Chi Square Goodness-of-Fit Test
		4.5 Conditional Probability
		4.6 Andrews Plot for Statistical Parameters of Music Phrase
	5 Conclusion
	References
Security Prioritized Heterogeneous Earliest Finish Time Workflow Allocation Algorithm for Cloud Computing
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Workflow Allocation Problem
	4 SPHEFT
	5 Experimental Results
	6 Conclusions and Future Scope
	References
Dropout-VGG Based Convolutional Neural Network for Traffic Sign Categorization
	1 Introduction
	2 Background and Related Work
		2.1 Background
		2.2 Deep Learning in Image Classification
	3 Experiment
		3.1 Dataset Description
	4 Data Preprocessing
	5 Network Architectures
		5.1 VGG-16 Model
		5.2 dVGG Model
	6 Results and Comparison
	7 Conclusion
	References
Internet-Based Healthcare Things Driven Deep Learning Algorithm for Detection and Classification of Cervical Cells
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Classification of Cervical Cancer
	4 Cervical Cancer Screening Methods and Their Characterization
		4.1 PAP Tests
		4.2 Visual Inspection
		4.3 Fluid-Based Cytology
		4.4 HPV DNA Testing
		4.5 Antibody
	5 Approaches Used for Cervical Cytology
	6 Channel Estimation Parameters
		6.1 High Resolution Algorithm
	7 Role of Machine Learning and Internet of Things in Diagnose the Cervical Disorder
	8 Proposed Solution Strategies for Cervical Cancer Based on Internet of Things and Machine Learning
	9 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Load Balancing Algorithms in Cloud Computing Environment—An Effective Survey
	1 Introduction
	2 Load Balancing in Cloud Computing
		2.1 Load Balancing
		2.2 Challenges in Cloud Load Balancing
		2.3 Types of Load Balancing
	3 Existing Load Balancing Algorithms: A Review
		3.1 Examining Static Load Balancing Algorithms
		3.2 Examining Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithms
		3.3 Review of Static and Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithms
	4 Comparative Study of Static and Dynamic Load Balancing Algorithms
	5 Conclusion
	References
Assessment of the Spatial Variability of Air Pollutant Concentrations at Industrial Background Stations in Malaysia Using Self-organizing Map (SOM)
	1 Introduction
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Study Area
		2.2 Air Pollution and Meteorological Data
		2.3 Statistical Analysis
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Univariate Statistics
		3.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA)
		3.3 Self-organizing Maps (SOMs)
		3.4 General Remarks
	4 Conclusion
	References
An Approach for Enhancing Security of Data over Cloud Using Multilevel Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Cryptography Methods
		3.1 Converting Plain Text to Cipher Text
		3.2 Symmetric Key Cryptography
		3.3 Asymmetric Key Cryptography
	4 Proposed Work
	5 Proposed Technique Implementation
	6 Analysis of Work
	7 Conclusion
	References
Advanced Spam Detection Using NLP and Deep Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Survey
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Implemented Models
	4 Results and Discussion
		4.1 SMS Spam Classifier
		4.2 Email Spam Classifier
		4.3 Tweets Spam Classifier
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Systematic Literature Review on Image Preprocessing and Feature Extraction Techniques in Precision Agriculture
	1 Introduction
	2 Focus of this Survey
	3 Role of Image Processing and Feature Extraction in Precision Agriculture
		3.1 Image Preprocessing Methods in Precision Agriculture
		3.2 Feature Extraction Methods in PAg
		3.3 Classification Methods
	4 Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
A Comprehensive Study on Computer-Aided Cataract Detection, Classification, and Management Using Artificial Intelligence
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Classification of Cataract
	2 Computer-Aided Cataract Detection, Classification, and Management
	3 Gap Identified and Proposed Method
	4 Conclusion
	References
Improving Black Hole Algorithm Performance by Coupling with Genetic Algorithm for Feature Selection
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Algorithm
		3.1 Existing BH Algorithm Employed for Feature Selection
		3.2 Existing Genetic Algorithm Employed for Feature Algorithm
		3.3 Combined BH-GA Algorithm
	4 Experimental Studies and Settings
	5 Results and Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Brain Tumor Analysis and Reconstruction Using Machine Learning
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed System
	4 Convolution Neural Network
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Image Acquisition
		5.2 Image Reconstruction
		5.3 Deep Learning Model for Binary Segmentation
	6 Conclusion
	References
Ordered Ensemble Classifier Chain for Image and Emotion Classification
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed EccWtRase
	4 Performance Evaluation
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Novel Deep Learning SFR Model for FR-SSPP at Varied Capturing Conditions and Illumination Invariant
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Domain-specific Face Synthesis
		2.2 Super-resolution GAN
		2.3 DeblurGAN
		2.4 Pose and Illumination Normalization
		2.5 Neural Network Method
		2.6 Varied Capturing Conditions
		2.7 Cross-correlation Matching
		2.8 Deep Convolutional Neural Network
	3 Dataset
	4 Proposed Work: Synergized Face Recognition System for FR-SSPP
		4.1 Image Pre-processing
		4.2 Generative Adversarial Network (GAN)
		4.3 Image Formulation
		4.4 Deep Feature Extraction
		4.5 Face Embedding
		4.6 Recognized Face
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Experimental Results
		5.2 Implementation Details
	6 Conclusion
	References
Attention-Based Ensemble Deep Learning Technique for Prediction of Sea Surface Temperature
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methodology
		3.1 Long Short-term Memory (LSTM)
		3.2 Convolutional Neural Network (CNN)
		3.3 Attention Model
		3.4 Proposed Method
		3.5 Data and Study Area
		3.6 Experimental Setup
	4 Results and Analysis
	5 Conclusion
	References
Political Optimizer-Based Optimal Integration of Soft Open Points and Renewable Sources for Improving Resilience in Radial Distribution System
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
	3 Political Optimizer
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	References
Face and Emotion Recognition from Real-Time Facial Expressions Using Deep Learning Algorithms
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed Framework
	4 Implementation Details
		4.1 Phase I: Data Collection and Preprocessing
		4.2 Phase II: Implementation Using Deep Neural Networks
	5 Result and Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Real-Time Traffic Jam Detection and Notification System Using Deep Learning Convolutional Networks
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Object Detection Algorithms
		3.1 Yolo
		3.2 Single Shot Multiplebox Detector (SSD)
		3.3 MobileNet-SSD
		3.4 R-CNN Algorithm
		3.5 Fast R-CNN Algorithm
		3.6 Faster R-CNN Algorithm
		3.7 Mask R-CNN Algorithm
	4 Methodology
		4.1 Object Tracker
		4.2 Traffic Jam Detection
		4.3 User Notification
	5 Implementation
		5.1 Object Detection
		5.2 Traffic Jam Detection and Notification
	6 Experiments and Results
		6.1 Scenario 1
		6.2 Scenario 2
		6.3 Scenario 3
		6.4 Traffic Jam Detection and Notification
		6.5 Comparison with Existing Works
	7 Conclusion
	References
Design of a Robotic Flexible Actuator Based on Layer Jamming
	1 Introduction
	2 Soft Robotics
	3 Granular Jamming
		3.1 Granular Jamming
		3.2 Layer Jamming
	4 Materials and Methods
		4.1 Design
		4.2 Implementation
	5 Results and Validation
	6 Discussion and Conclusion
	References
Sentiment Analysis on Diabetes Diagnosis Health Care Using Machine Learning Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Proposed Methodology
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Feature Extraction
		3.3 Sentiment Analysis
	4 Classification Model
		4.1 SVM Classifier
	5 Experimental Study
		5.1 Performance Evaluation
		5.2 Experimental Results
		5.3 Polarity of Outcome
	6 Conclusion
	References
Predicting the Health of the System Based on the Sounds
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
	3 Dataset
		3.1 ToyADMOS (Toy Anomalous Detection in Machine-Operating Sounds)
		3.2 Malfunctioning Industrial Machine Investigation and Inspection (MIMII)
	4 Proposed Work
		4.1 SVM Algorithm
		4.2 Self-supervised Learning
		4.3 Self-supervised Support Vector Machine (S3VM)
	5 Results
		5.1 Training Accuracy
		5.2 Validation Accuracy
		5.3 Testing Accuracy
	6 Conclusion
	References
A Model Based on Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) for Vehicle Classification
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Preprocessing
		2.3 Proposed Convolution Neural Network (CNN) Architecture
		2.4 Evaluating Performance Using Performance Matrix
	3 Experiment Result Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Transfer Learning Approach for Face Recognition Using Average Pooling and MobileNetV2
	1 Introduction
	2 Research Methodology
		2.1 Data Collection
		2.2 Preprocessing and Augmentation of Data
		2.3 Proposed Classifier
		2.4 Evaluating Performance Using Performance Matrix
	3 Results and Discussion
		3.1 Performance of Average Pooling
		3.2 Performance of MobileNetV2
		3.3 Comparison of Models’ Classifications
	4 Conclusion
	References
A Deep Learning Approach for Splicing Detection in Digital Audios
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Dataset
	4 Proposed Methodology
		4.1 Spectrogram Generation and Preprocessing
		4.2 Network Architecture
	5 Experimental Results
		5.1 Performance Evaluation Metrics
		5.2 Results
		5.3 Discussion
	6 Conclusion
	References
Multi-criteria Decision Theory-Based Cyber Foraging Peer Selection for Content Streaming
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Decision Criterion
	4 The Proposed System Model
	5 Methodology
		5.1 Analytic Hierarchy Process
		5.2 Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process
		5.3 Procedure
	6 Result Analysis
	7 Conclusion
	References
Visualizing Missing Data: COVID-2019
	1 Introduction
	2 Existing Methods
	3 Imputation Methods
		3.1 Missing Data
		3.2 Data Visualization
		3.3 Imputation
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion
	6 Future Scope
	References
Study of Impact of COVID-19 on Students Education
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Challenges in Learning
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed Method
		3.1 Data Collection
		3.2 Analysis of Data
		3.3 Significance of the Questions
	4 Results
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
A Framework for Analyzing Crime Dataset in R Using Unsupervised Optimized K-means Clustering Technique
	1 Introduction
	2 K-Means Clustering
		2.1 Definition
		2.2 Implementation
		2.3 Pros and Cons
	3 Literature Review
	4 Dataset
	5 Methodology
	6 Implementation
		6.1 Tool Used
		6.2 Packages Used
		6.3 Implementation of K-Means Clustering
	7 Result and Discussion
	8 Conclusion
	9 Future Enhancement
	References
Seed Set Selection in Social Networks Using Community Detection and Neighbourhood Distinctness
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methods
	4 Datasets
	5 Performance Metrics
	6 Results
	7 Conclusions and Discussion
	References
An Optimized Active Learning TCM-KNN Algorithm Based on Intrusion Detection System
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Distributed Denial of Service Attacks (DDoS) Over SDN
		3.1 Data Plane DDoS Attacks
		3.2 Control Plane DDoS
	4 DDoS Detection Over SDN
		4.1 Detection of Volumetric Attacks
		4.2 Detection of Protocol Exploitation Attacks
	5 Detection Using Machine Learning
		5.1 Methods Used for Anomaly Detection
	6 Background of TCM-KNN Algorithm
	7 TCM-KNN with Active Learning
	8 Experimental Results
	9 Conclusion and Future Work
	References
Ensemble Model of Machine Learning for Integrating Risk in Software Effort Estimation
	1 Introduction
	2 Theoretical Background
	3 Methodology
	4 Model Building and Analysis
		4.1 Feature Selection for Model Building
		4.2 Modeling Using Ensemble Machine Learning Approach
		4.3 Building the Model
		4.4 Validation of the Model
	5 Conclusion
	References
A Questionnaire-Based Analysis of Network Forensic Tools
	1 Introduction
	2 Existing Network Forensic Tools
	3 Questionnaire-Based Forensic Community Judgment
		3.1 Questionnaire Responses Analysis
	4 Conclusion
	References
On the Industrial Clustering: A View from an Agent-Based Version of Krugman Model
	1 Introduction
	2 The Conceptual Model
		2.1 Consumer’s Behavior
		2.2 Producer Behavior
	3 The Main Steps of the ABM Simulator
	4 Tested Scenarios
	5 Simulation Results
		5.1 The Transport’s Effect upon Industrial Clustering
		5.2 The Preference Intensity’s Effect upon Industrial Clustering
		5.3 The Substitution Elasticity’s Effect upon Industrial Clustering
		5.4 The Carrying Capacity’s Effect upon Industrial Clustering
	6 Discussion
	References
An Efficient Comparison on Machine Learning and Deep Neural Networks in Epileptic Seizure Prediction
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Experimental Setup
		3.1 Dataset
	4 Experiments and Results
	5 Discussion
	6 Conclusions
	References
Analysis of Remote Sensing Satellite Imagery for Crop Yield Mapping Using Machine Learning Techniques
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Research
	3 Materials and Methods
		3.1 Surface Spectral Reflectance and Land Surface Temperature
		3.2 Land Cover Type
		3.3 Feature Engineering
		3.4 Methods
	4 Results and Discussion
	5 Conclusion and Future Works
	References
Analysis of Lung Cancer Prediction at an Early Stage: A Systematic Review
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Proposed Methodology
	4 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Framework for Estimating Software Cost Using Improved Machine Learning Approach
	1 Introduction
		1.1 The Background
		1.2 Research Problem
		1.3 Proposed Solution
	2 Framework Implementation
		2.1 Adopted Cost Estimation Context
		2.2 Developing Framework
		2.3 Stages of Implementation
	3 Performance Evaluation
	4 Conclusion
	References
Deducing Water Quality Index (WQI) by Comparative Supervised Machine Learning Regression Techniques for India Region
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Methods Used for Analyzing and Predicting WQI
		3.1 Data Preprocessing
		3.2 Data Normalization
		3.3 Correlation Analysis
		3.4 Supervised Regression Machine Learning (ML) Techniques
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Artificial Ecosystem-Based Optimization for Optimal Location and Sizing of Solar Photovoltaic Distribution Generation in Agriculture Feeders
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Formulation
		2.1 Objective Functions
		2.2 Computation of Grid Dependency and GHG Emission
		2.3 Agriculture Load Modeling
	3 Artificial Ecosystem-Based Optimization
		3.1 Producer Operator
		3.2 Consumption Operator
		3.3 Decomposition Operator
		3.4 Step-by-Step Representation of AEO Algorithm for Electrical Network
	4 Results and Discussions
		4.1 Practical 22-Bus Agriculture Feeder
		4.2 Practical 28-Bus Rural Feeder
	5 Conclusion
	References
Optimized Segmentation Technique for Detecting PCOS in Ultrasound Images
	1 Introduction
		1.1 Dataset Collection
	2 Methodology
		2.1 Preprocessing Methods
		2.2 Optimized Image Segmentation
		2.3 Bounding Boxes for Follicle Detection
	3 Experiment and Results
	4 Conclusion
	References
Implementation of Morphological Gradient Algorithm for Edge Detection
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Preliminary
		3.1 Dilation
		3.2 Erosion
		3.3 Gradient
	4 Proposed Methodology
		4.1 Dilation
		4.2 Erosion
		4.3 Gradient
	5 Results and Discussion
		5.1 Execution Time in MATLAB
		5.2 Execution Time in Colab
	6 Conclusion
	References
Support Vector Machine Performance Improvements by Using Sine Cosine Algorithm
	1 Introduction
	2 Literature Review
	3 Original Sine Cosine Algorithm (SCA)
	4 Proposed Method
		4.1 Enhanced Sine Cosine Algorithm (eSCA)
		4.2 Proposed eSCA-SVM Method
	5 Experimental Setup
	6 Conclusion
	References
French COVID-19 Tweets Classification Using FlauBERT Layers
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Work
	3 Datasets
		3.1 Data Collection
	4 Annotation Process
		4.1 Keywords Selection
		4.2 Features Extraction
		4.3 Dataset Exploration
	5 Data Classifier
		5.1 Embeddings and Text Cleaning
		5.2 Classification Model
	6 Discussion and Future Work
	References
A Novel Weighted Extreme Learning Machine for Highly Imbalanced Multiclass Classification
	1 Introduction
	2 Extreme Learning Machine
	3 Weighted Extreme Learning Machine
	4 Proposed Methodologies
	5 Empirical Setup
		5.1 Datasets
		5.2 Performance Measures
		5.3 Validation Strategy
		5.4 Statistical Tests
	6 Results and Observations
		6.1 Multiclass Classification
		6.2 Binary Classification
	7 Conclusion, Limitations, and Future Work
		7.1 Conclusion
		7.2 Limitations
		7.3 Future Work
	References
An Enhanced Pixel Intensity Range-Based Reversible Data Hiding Scheme for Interpolated Images
	1 Introduction
	2 Related Works
		2.1 Neighbor Mean Interpolation
		2.2 Modified Neighbor Mean Interpolation
	3 Proposed EPIR Technique
		3.1 Embedding Phase
		3.2 Extraction–Recovery Phase
		3.3 Explanation of Proposed Technique Using an Example
	4 Discussion of Proposed Technique over Existing Technique and Its Motivation
	5 Experimental Results
	6 Conclusion
	References
UAV Collaboration for Autonomous Target Capture
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Description
	3 Proposed Solution
		3.1 Detection of Target
		3.2 Target Tracking and Capture
	4 Hardware Setup
		4.1 Manipulator Design
		4.2 Onboard Systems
	5 Simulation and Implementation Results
	6 Conclusions
	References
A Leaf Image-Based Automated Disease Detection Model
	1 Introduction
	2 Description of the Proposed Model
		2.1 Image Acquisition
		2.2 Image Preprocessing
		2.3 Feature Extraction
		2.4 Classification
	3 Experimental Setup
		3.1 Dataset
		3.2 Standard Indexes
	4 Results and Discussions
	5 Conclusion and Future Scope
	References
Multi-agent Cooperative Framework for Autonomous Wall Construction
	1 Introduction
	2 Problem Statement
	3 Methodology
		3.1 System Architecture
		3.2 Components
	4 Simulation Setup and Execution
		4.1 Simulation Setup
		4.2 Mission Execution
	5 Results
		5.1 UAV Operations
		5.2 UGV Operations
	6 Discussion
	7 Conclusions
	References
Construction of a Convex Polyhedron from a Lemniscatic Torus
	1 Introduction
	2 Mathematical Preliminaries
		2.1 Curves on the TL
		2.2 Construction of a Lemniscatic Curve that Lies on the Lemniscatic Torus
		2.3 Complementary Programming Tools
	3 Construction of the 114-Sided Polyhedron
		3.1 Polyhedron with 114 Faces
		3.2 Generating the 114-Face Polyhedron from 8 Faces
		3.3 Area and Volume of the Polyhedron
	4 Conclusions
	References
An Ant System Algorithm Based on Dynamic Pheromone Evaporation Rate for Solving 0/1 Knapsack Problem
	1 Introduction
	2 The 0–1 Knapsack Problem
		2.1 Formulation of the 0–1 Knapsack Problem
	3 Related Works to Solve 0/1 KP from Nature-Inspired Algorithms
		3.1 The Following Are the NIAs to Solve 0/1 KP
	4 Ant System Algorithm with Static Pheromone Evaporation Rate
	5 Ant System Algorithm with Dynamic Pheromone Evaporation Rate
		5.1 The Implemented Concept in ASA-DPER Algorithm
	6 Experiments and Results
	7 Future Research
	8 Conclusion
	References
Ant System Algorithm with Output Validation for Solving 0/1 Knapsack Problem
	1 Introduction
	2 The 0–1 Knapsack Problem
		2.1 Formulation of the 0–1 Knapsack Problem
	3 Related Works to Solve 0/1 KP from Nature-Inspired Algorithms
		3.1 The Following Are the NIAs to Solve 0/1 KP
	4 Ant System Algorithm
	5 Ant System Algorithm with Output Validation
		5.1 The Merits of ASA-OV Are Explained by an Example
	6 Experiment and Results
	7 Future Research
	8 Conclusion
	References
Fitness-Based PSO for Large-Scale Job-Shop Scheduling Problem
	1 Introduction
	2 Fitness-Based PSO
	3 Job-Shop Scheduling Problem Organization
	4 FitPSO for LSJSSP
		4.1 Step 1
		4.2 Step 2
		4.3 Step 3
		4.4 Step 3
	5 Experimental Results and Analysis
	6 Conclusion
	References
Author Index