Confined Turbidite Systems (Geological Society Special Publication No. 222)

Contents......Page 6
Preface......Page 8
Confined turbidite systems......Page 10
Key controls on the characteristics of turbidite systems......Page 18
Fig. 1. Schematic block diagrams showing two end models with different relative .........Page 20
Fig. 2. Schematic dip section (a) and plan view (b) of faulted blocks, .........Page 21
Fig. 3. Block diagram showing the model for the fine-grained turbidite system .........Page 24
Fig. 4. Map of the eastern part of the French Maritime Alps .........Page 26
Fig. 5. Southeast–northwest oriented photograph of the southern boundary of the Peïra .........Page 27
Fig. 6. Selected schematic presentations of the interaction between diapirism and fan .........Page 28
Table 1. Important differences between coarse-grained, sand-rich and fine-grained, mud-rich turbidite complexes .........Page 23
Silled sub-basins to connected tortuous corridors: sediment distribution systems on topographically complex sub-aqueous slopes......Page 32
Fig. 1. Rendered seafloor image of the Gulf of Mexico salt-based slope. .........Page 33
Fig. 3. Stepped topography on the northwest Borneo slope with tortuous lateral .........Page 35
Fig. 4. A seafloor example of flow diversion into a tortuous path .........Page 36
Fig. 5. Schematic diagrams illustrating the importance of the areal extent of .........Page 38
Fig. 6. Changes in profile due to changes in flow character: the .........Page 39
Fig. 8. Cartoon illustrating sand-rich and mud-rich stages of system development in .........Page 40
Fig. 9. Distributary channel-lobe complex in an intraslope basin on the western .........Page 41
Fig. 10. Seismic sections through intraslope basin shown in Figure 9, showing (a) .........Page 42
Fig. 12. Three-dimensional seismic image showing continuity of sediment distribution paths around .........Page 43
Fig. 13. Summary cartoon of the connected tortuous corridor model showing a .........Page 44
Fig. 15. Horizon slice through the near-seafloor confined turbidite system shown in .........Page 45
Fig. 16. Illustration of potential downflow change from lateral abrupt (convergent baselap) .........Page 47
Factors influencing the deposit geometry of experimental turbidity currents: implications for sand-body architecture in confined basins......Page 54
Fig. 1. Schematic plan view diagram of the square flume (T-tank) used .........Page 55
Table 1. Experimental starting conditions......Page 57
Fig. 3. Relationship between flow head velocity and (a) increasing initial flow density .........Page 58
Fig. 4. A representative isopach map illustrating the length (L) and width (W) .........Page 59
Fig. 5. Aspect ratio plots, showing the relationship between the length/width .........Page 60
Fig. 6. Three sediment distribution maps produced by partially obstructed flows of .........Page 62
Fig. 7. Volume of sediment deposited in zones A and B versus .........Page 63
Fig. 8. Cumulative volume percentage versus grain size of samples taken from .........Page 64
Fig. 9. Schematic summary diagram illustrating the anticipated control of flow efficiency .........Page 65
Present morphology and depositional architecture of a sandy confined submarine system: the Golo turbidite System, eastern margin of Corsica......Page 68
Fig. 1. General location map of the East Corsica margin showing the .........Page 69
Fig. 2. Structural cross-section of the East Corsica margin (profile 24; see .........Page 70
Fig. 3. Morpho-sedimentary map of the Golo depositional system showing the main .........Page 72
Fig. 4. Bathymetric three-dimensional view of the Golo depositional system.......Page 73
Fig. 5. Series of dip and strike bathymetric profiles across the Golo .........Page 74
Fig. 6. Seismic profile showing seismic facies of the Golo depositional system .........Page 76
Fig. 7. Selected parts of seismic profiles showing the continental shelf, incised .........Page 77
Fig. 8. Seismic profiles showing characteristics of the southern slump of the .........Page 78
Fig. 9. Selected part of seismic profiles 2 and 3 (see Fig. 3 for location) .........Page 79
Fig. 10. Geometries of sedimentary bodies and type of lateral migration observed .........Page 81
Fig. 11. Seismic profile 9 (see Fig. 3 for location) showing geometries of .........Page 82
Fig. 13. Selected parts of seismic profiles 2 and 6 (see Fig. 3 for .........Page 83
Fig. 14. Synthetic diagram of the main longitudinal migrations observed in the Golo turbidite system.......Page 84
Fig. 15. New map of the Golo system: four individual fans and .........Page 85
Fig. 16. Schematic diagram showing relative size, shapes and mode of assemblage .........Page 86
Fig. 17. Four types of sedimentary facies and distribution at the stages .........Page 87
Fig. 18. Palaeo-facies maps of the 12 stratigraphic levels based on key .........Page 88
Fig. 19. Schematic diagrams showing processes and resulting geometries of channel–levee complex .........Page 91
Fig. 20. Conceptual model of the late Quaternary Golo sedimentation according to .........Page 93
Multiple terraces within the deep incised Zaire Valley (ZaïAngo Project): are they confined levees?......Page 100
Fig. 1. Various models for the interpretation of terraces along turbidite channels.......Page 101
Fig. 3. Shaded bathymetric map acquired during ZAIANGO and GUINESS cruises. The .........Page 103
Fig. 4. Comparison of EM 12 and EM300 bathymetric data in map form .........Page 105
Fig. 5. General EM12 bathymetric map of the studied area (contour interval: .........Page 106
Fig. 6. Series of seismic profiles across the Zaire valley, from upslope .........Page 107
Fig. 8. Three-dimensional view of the EM300 bathymetric box. The location of .........Page 108
Fig. 9. Mapping of the terrace levels relative to the thalweg floor on the EM300 .........Page 109
Fig. 10. Seismic air-gun profile Z2-42 and its interpretation (see location in Fig. 7).......Page 110
Fig. 11. Seismic air-gun profile Z2-29 and its interpretation (see location in Fig. 7).......Page 111
Fig. 12. PASISAR seismic profile ZSAR40 and its interpretation (see location in Figs 7 & 8).......Page 112
Fig. 13. 3.5kHz SAR acoustic profile ZSAR40 corresponding to the previous seismic .........Page 113
Fig. 14. Schematic logs of cores KZR23 and KZR24.......Page 114
Fig. 15. X-ray images, X-ray grey intensity curve and lithological log along a section of core KZR24.......Page 115
Fig. 16. Two examples of photograph, X-ray image X-ray grey intensity curve .........Page 116
Fig. 17. Detail of the EM12 bathymetric map along the upper channel–levee.......Page 117
Fig. 19. Schematic three-dimensional blocks illustrating the behaviour of turbidity currents into .........Page 118
Fig. 20. Schematic sketches showing how a channel abandons a meander and builds inner levees.......Page 120
Fig. 21. Schematic sketch of the recent evolution of the Zaire valley: .........Page 121
Factors controlling foredeep turbidite deposition: the case of Northern Apennines (Oligocene–Miocene, Italy)......Page 124
Fig. 1. Tectonic sketch map of the Northern Apennines and location of the study area.......Page 125
Fig. 2. Very simplified palaeogeographical scheme showing the basic features of the .........Page 126
Fig. 3. Hierarchical scheme for classification of turbidite successions based on the .........Page 127
Fig. 4. Adopted calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphic schemes (after Fornaciari & Rio 1996 and .........Page 128
Fig. 5. Tectonic map of the study area reporting the location of .........Page 130
Fig. 6. Geological cross-section showing the overall tectonic arrangement of the study region. Symbols as in Figure 5.......Page 131
Fig. 7. Chronostratigraphical distribution of the studied turbidite systems and stages according to nannoplankton biostratigraphy.......Page 132
Fig. 8. Very simplified lithostratigraphy and correlation scheme of the studied turbidite systems and stages.......Page 133
Fig. 9. Sandstone petrology of studied turbidite systems according to traditional QFL .........Page 134
Fig. 10. Average depositional rates calculated for each foredeep turbidite system and .........Page 138
Fig. 11. Conceptual scheme summarizing the recognized effects of basin tectonics and .........Page 139
Fig. 12. Lithostratigraphical scheme for the Torrente Carigiola turbidite system. Note the .........Page 140
Impact of syndepositional faulting on gravity current behaviour and deep-water stratigraphy: Tabernas-Sorbas Basin, SE Spain......Page 144
Fig. 1. Location map showing the simplified geology of the Tabernas-Sorbas Basin .........Page 145
Fig. 2. Geological map of the study area in the western Tabernas-Sorbas .........Page 146
Fig. 3. Revised stratigraphical terminology for the Tortonian to Lower Messinian fill .........Page 147
Fig. 4. A panel of logged section from the western Tabernas-Sorbas Basin .........Page 149
Fig. 5. Schematic cross-section to illustrate the evolution of the western Tabernas-Sorbas .........Page 151
Fig. 6. Representative outcrops from the El Cautivo Fault. (A) Intense deformation .........Page 153
Fig. 7. Lower-hemisphere equal-area stereographic projections constructed from kinematic data collected from .........Page 154
Fig. 8. Selected representative photographs from the Loma de los Baños Formation. .........Page 156
Fig. 9. A cliff section through the Loma de los Baños Formation close .........Page 157
Fig. 10. The onlap and pinchout of the Gordo megabed onto marl-prone .........Page 158
Fig. 11. Palaeo-current map constructed from measurements collected in the Loma de .........Page 159
Fig. 12. Representative photos from the Verdelecho Formation. (A) A 7 m thick graded .........Page 161
Fig. 13. Cartoon illustrating the impact of oblique slip, syndepositional faulting on .........Page 163
Comparing the depositional architecture of basin floor fans and slope fans in the Pab Sandstone, Maastrichtian, Pakistan......Page 168
Fig. 1. Location map of the Pab Range in the SW Kirthar .........Page 169
Fig. 2. Chronostratigraphy of the Cretaceous to Eocene in the southern Kirthar fold belt.......Page 170
Fig. 3. Cross-section of the Pab Sandstone turbidite systems in the Pab .........Page 171
Fig. 4. Stratigraphic section of the Fort Munro, Pab and Khadro Formation .........Page 172
Fig. 5. Stratigraphic section of the three Pab Sandstone turbidite systems in .........Page 173
Fig. 6. General outcrop view south of Shah Noorani showing the Lower .........Page 174
Fig. 7. Reconstruction of the sequence architecture of the Pab Formation in .........Page 176
Fig. 8. Detail of a stratigraphic section in the LP3 channel complex .........Page 178
Fig. 10. The LP3 channel complex of the Lower Pab in the .........Page 179
Fig. 11. The Lower Pab LP3 channel complex close to the canyon .........Page 180
Fig. 13. Sequential organization of the Lower Pab basin-floor fan. The fan .........Page 181
Fig. 14. Hemipelagites and channe–Hevee system forming part of the mud-rich slope .........Page 182
Fig. 16. Reconstruction of the Lower Pab mud-rich slope fan. Small, sinuous .........Page 183
Fig. 17. Lobe stacking in the mid-fan setting of the Upper Pab .........Page 184
Fig. 18. Stratigraphic section of the Pab Sandstone at Jakkher Lak from .........Page 185
Fig. 19. Onlap of the Upper Pab sand-rich slope fan onto slope .........Page 186
Fig. 20. Detailed stratigraphic section of mid-fan lobes in the Upper Pab .........Page 187
Fig. 21. Reconstruction of the Upper Pab slope fan depositional system. The .........Page 188
Fig. 22. Sequential organization and facies distribution along the Pab range of .........Page 189
Basin-floor fans of the Central Tertiary Basin, Spitsbergen: relationship of basin-floor sand-bodies to prograding clinoforms in a structurally active basin......Page 196
Fig. 1. (A) Central Tertiary Basin and Spitsbergen Orogenic Belt. Box marks .........Page 197
Fig. 2. (A) Southwest face of the mountain Storvola (ca. 1 km .........Page 198
Fig. 3. Stratigraphy of the Central Tertiary Basin in Spitsbergen, with a .........Page 199
Fig. 4. Schematic illustration of the time–space relationship of the five main .........Page 201
Fig. 5. Clinoforms 12, 14 and 15 on Storvola correlated with stacked .........Page 203
Fig. 6. (A) Location of measured sections (basin-floor fans of Clinoforms 12 .........Page 204
Fig. 7. Examples of some of the main basin-floor facies (A) Interval .........Page 206
Fig. 8. Measured sedimentary sections through the basin-floor fan deposits of Clinoform .........Page 207
Fig. 9. Three sedimentary sections measured through Clinoform 14 (Orange and Yellow .........Page 208
Fig. 10. (A) Correlation panel showing geometry of the four fan bodies on .........Page 209
Fig. 11. (A) Outcrop photo, 150m wide, of the two main sandstone .........Page 211
Fig. 12. Turbidites in the upper sandbody (Yellow) of Clinoform 14 on .........Page 212
Fig. 13. Schematic representation of the likely lateral relationship between erosively based .........Page 213
Fig. 15. Tectonic model to explain the abrupt lateral pinchout and longitudinal .........Page 214
Fig. 16. A summary of the basin-floor fan data. Schematic diagram shows .........Page 215
Turbidite systems influenced by structurally induced topography in the multi-sourced Welsh Basin......Page 218
Fig. 1. Map showing the outcrop areas of the preserved portions of .........Page 219
Fig. 2. West–east chronostratigraphic chart illustrating graptolite biostratigraphy of the uppermost Ordovician .........Page 220
Fig. 3. Illustrative eustatic and relative sea-level curves for both eastern and .........Page 221
Fig. 4. Location map showing approximate outlines of the four turbidite systems .........Page 223
Fig. 5. Map showing outcrop patterns, inferred extent of coarse-grained sediment bodies .........Page 224
Fig. 6. Illustration of Caban-Ystrad Meurig architecture in a quantitative three-dimensional model. .........Page 225
Fig. 7. Block diagram summarizing lateral shifts in the eastern edge of .........Page 227
Fig. 9. Palaeogeographic map for turriculatus to crispus Zone times. Note the .........Page 228
Fig. 11. Down-palaeoflow development of the Pysgotwr Formation. Locations of measured sections .........Page 229
Fig. 12. Bed thickness distributions for beds having non-laminated basal intervals from .........Page 230
Fig. 13. Palaeogeographic map for griestoniensis Zone times. Locations of measured sections .........Page 231
Fig. 14. Large-scale facies belt development from basinal to slope areas in griestoniensis Zone times.......Page 232
Fig. 16. Input parameters for the model illustrated in Figure 15. The .........Page 233
Table 1. Distribution of trace fossil ichnogenera along a Late Llandovery (Telychian) .........Page 222
Submarine fans within small basins: examples from the Tertiary of New Zealand......Page 238
Fig. 1. Tectonic setting of the New Zealand region showing the main .........Page 239
Fig. 2. Structure and location map of southwest New Zealand showing the .........Page 240
Fig. 3. Stratigraphic correlation chart for the Te Anau (TAB) and Waiau .........Page 241
Fig. 4. Large-scale cliff exposure of the basal 500 m of Turret Peaks .........Page 242
Fig. 5. Summary stratigraphic column of the Turret Peaks Formation taken along .........Page 243
Fig. 6. Base of the Blackmount Formation deposits, exposed by the Waiau .........Page 244
Fig. 8. A complete Bouma sequence developed in the Maclvor Formation strata.......Page 245
Fig. 9. Diagrammatic representation of the relationships between the Blackmount and Mclvor .........Page 246
Down-channel variations in stratal patterns within a conglomeratic, deepwater fan feeder system (Miocene, Adana Basin, Southern Turkey)......Page 250
Fig. 2. General Cenozoic stratigraphy for the study area with interpreted sea-level .........Page 251
Fig. 3. Map of the multisourced feeder system in the northeastern parts .........Page 252
Fig. 4. Graphs illustrating the lithofacies and grading types recorded within Channel .........Page 254
Fig. 5. Clast-type ratios of the four feeder channels to the eastern .........Page 255
Fig. 6. Photograph, line drawing and sedimentary log of the exposure at .........Page 257
Fig. 7. Summary sedimentary logs of the feeder channels of the Eastern .........Page 258
Fig. 8. Part of the 90m thick fill of Channel 1, location .........Page 259
Fig. 9. (a) Typical facies within the lower unit of Channel 1. .........Page 260
Fig. 10. (a) Photomosaic, line drawing and (b) sedimentary logs of Channel 2 .........Page 263
Fig. 11. Conceptual physiography model of the northern margin of the multi-sourced .........Page 264
Fig. 12. Schematic block diagram illustrating down-channel variations in the facies organization .........Page 265
Fig. 13. Possible down-channel changes in hydrodynamic processes within the proximal sector .........Page 267
Table 1. Lithofacies scheme used in this study (after Ghibaudo 1992)......Page 253
Sand-rich turbidite systems of the Late Oligocene Northern Apennines foredeep: physical stratigraphy and architecture of the \'Macigno costiero\' (coastal Tuscany, Italy)......Page 270
Fig. 1. Geological sketches, (a) structural sketch map of the circum-Mediterranean area; .........Page 271
Fig. 2a. Legend to the facies and sedimentary structures.......Page 274
Fig. 2b. Log A. Stages 1, 2 and 3 are shown. Fades associations .........Page 275
Fig. 2c. Log A. Stage 4 is shown. Fades associations (with Roman numerals) .........Page 276
Fig. 2d. Stage 5 is shown (log A on the left and log .........Page 277
Fig. 3. Correlation and architecture pattern of the entire succession. Bed-by-bed lateral ..........Page 278
Fig. 4. Detail of the correlation and architecture pattern of the stage 1 deposits.......Page 279
Fig. 5. Detail of the correlation and architecture pattern of the stage 3 deposits.......Page 280
Fig. 7. Thin-bedded turbidites (facies I) with interbedded classical turbidites (facies H) of unit 3.1.......Page 281
Fig. 8. Detail of the correlation and architecture pattern of the stage 4 deposits.......Page 283
Fig. 9. Lower portion of stage 4. Thin-bedded turbidites of unit 4.1, .........Page 284
Fig. 11. A scour is observed on the left side of the .........Page 285
Fig. 12. Schematic evolution of the \'Macigno costiero\' turbidite system. The various .........Page 288
Fig. 13. Diagrams showing the two different phases of the depositional system: .........Page 289
Table 2. Facies associations scheme: depositional elements according to Mutti & Normark (1987)......Page 273
Spatial variability of Hurst statistics in the Castagnola Formation, Tertiary Piedmont Basin, NW Italy: discrimination of sub-environments in a confined turbidite system......Page 294
Fig. 1. This plot show the variables used in calculation of Hurst .........Page 295
Fig. 2. (a) Location of Tertiary Piedmont Basin; (b) geological sketch map of .........Page 297
Fig. 3. Geological cross-section throughout the eastern portion of the TPB showing .........Page 298
Fig. 4. (a) Panoramic view of the studied area from logs 15–17. (b) Photo-montage .........Page 299
Fig. 5. Geological sketch map of the studied turbidite unit, showing location .........Page 300
Fig. 6. Detailed stratigraphical logs with relative facies and palaeocurrent data of .........Page 301
Fig. 7. Frequency distribution of sandy bed thickness, muddy bed thickness and .........Page 302
Fig. 8. Grain size distribution of five different areas: (A) southern margin, .........Page 303
Fig. 9. Simplified cross-section of the studied turbiditic unit (sand-body A).......Page 304
Fig. 11. Results of the Hurst statistics along the transect (from section number 1 to section 41).......Page 305
Fig. 12. Values of H, computed for the sand-body, are compared with the .........Page 306
Fig. 13. Results of the Hurst H statistics considering different sub-environments within the sand-body.......Page 307
Fig. 14. (a) Variogram and kriging map of the Hurst H values (coarse-division .........Page 308
Fig. 15. (a) Variogram and kriging map of the Hurst H values (coarse-division .........Page 309
Fig. 16. (a) Variogram and kriging map of the Hurst H values (grain-size score); .........Page 310
Reservoir modelling of the Hamitabat Field, Thrace Basin, Turkey: an example of a sand-rich turbidite system......Page 316
Fig. 1. Map of northwest Turkey illustrating the location of the Hamitabat .........Page 317
Fig. 2. Illustration of the identification of cyclicity from V[sub(sh)] data using .........Page 322
Fig. 3. Illustration of the correlation rationale based on stacking patterns. Dotted .........Page 323
Fig. 4. Correlation surfaces used to subdivide the Hamitabat A interval.......Page 324
Fig. 5. Evaluation of stacking patterns from isochore maps for each subgrid .........Page 325
Fig. 7. Structural and stratigraphical model of the Hamitabat Field illustrating the .........Page 326
Table 3. Geological grid parameters......Page 327
Fig. 9. Illustration of the turbidite facies distribution in relation to isopach .........Page 328
Table 1. Stratigraphical subdivision of the Thrace Basin......Page 318
Table 2. Facies classification based on a combination of core and wireline .........Page 321
C......Page 330
E......Page 331
G......Page 332
M......Page 333
P......Page 334
S......Page 335
T......Page 336
Z......Page 337