Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Endodontics

Title
Copyright
Contents
Chapter 1: The Limitations of Conventional Radiography and Adjunct Imaging Techniques
	Introduction
	Limitations of conventional radiographic imaging
		Superimposition of three-dimensional anatomy
		Geometric distortion
		Anatomical noise
		Follow-up radiographs
	Advanced radiographic techniques for endodontic diagnosis
		Magnetic resonance imaging
		Ultrasound
		Tuned aperture computed tomography
		Computed tomography
		Cone beam computed tomography
	Conclusions
	Acknowledgement
	References
Chapter 2: Radiation Physics
	Introduction
	The electromagnetic wave
		Individual photons or continuous waves?
	X-ray production
		Bremsstrahlung
		Characteristic radiation
		Heat
		Spectrum profile
		Filtering
		Altering the mA or kV
		Summary
	Interaction with matter
		Absorbed X-rays
		Scattered X-rays
		Transmitted X-rays
	Further reading
Chapter 3: Cone Beam Computed Tomography
	The differences and similarities between multidetector computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography
		Multidetector computed tomography
		CBCT
	Detector types
		Image intensifier
		Indirect digital flat panels
		Direct digital flat panels
		Comparing the three detector types
		Detective quantum efficiency
	Image reconstruction methods
		Filtered back projection
		Problems with filtered back projection and iteration
	Image quality
		Contrast resolution
		Spatial resolution
		Testing contrast and spatial resolution
		Noise
		Unsharpness
	Ideal machine characteristics
	Further reading
Chapter 4: Using CBCT: Dose, Risks and Artefacts
	Introduction
	Dose and risk
		Ionising biological tissue
		Stochastic risk
		Measuring dose
		UK background dose
		Age and risk
		Estimating risk
	Dose-reducing measures
		Justification
		Ensure patient is set up correctly
		Raise kV and reduce mA
		Dose-reduction feature
		Larger voxels
		Low mA
		Correct filtering
		mA modulation
		Physical collimation
		180-degree views
		Pulsed beam
	Average dose for CBCT scanners
	Artefacts in CBCT
		Extinction artefacts
		Beam-hardening artefacts
		Partial volume effect
		Aliasing artefacts
		Ring artefacts
		Motion artefacts
		Noise
		Summary of artefacts
	Viewing and storing images
		PACS
		DICOM
		Viewing monitor
		Lighting conditions
		Storage of images
	Training requirements
	CBCT-specific regulations
	Assessment of images
	Further reading
Chapter 5: Dentoalveolar Anatomy
	Introduction
	The anatomy of the maxilla and palatine bone
	The anatomy of the nose and nasal cavity
	The anatomy of the maxillary sinus
	The anatomy of the alveolar bone
	The anatomy of the maxillary teeth
	The anatomy of the mandible
	The anatomy of the mandibular canal
	The anatomy of the mental foramen
	The mandibular alveolar bone
	Conclusions
	References
Chapter 6: Assessment of Root Canal Anatomy
	Introduction
	Complex anatomy
		Incisor and canine teeth
		Premolar teeth
		Molar teeth
	Anomalous tooth forms
		Dens invaginatus
		Taurodontism
		Fused teeth
	Pulp chamber parameters
	Root length and curvature
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 7: Apical Periodontitis
	Introduction
	Limitations of conventional periapical radiography
	Detection of apical periodontitis
	Assessment of the outcome of endodontic treatment
	Radiographic appearance of apical periodontitis
		Conventional radiography
		Cone beam computed tomography
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 8: Non-surgical and Surgical Re-treatment
	Introduction
	Non-surgical endodontic re-treatment
		Presence of a periapical lesion
		Quality of existing root canal treatment
		Missed root canals and anatomical features
	Surgical endodontic re-treatment
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 9: Traumatic Dental Injuries
	Introduction
	Radiographic assessment of TDI
		Background
		Radiographic assessment of specific TDI
	Radiographic follow-up of TDI
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 10: Root Resorption
	Introduction
		External root resorption
		Internal root resorption
	External root resorption
		External surface resorption
		External inflammatory resorption
		External replacement resorption
		External cervical resorption
	Internal root resorption
	Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Vertical Root Fractures
	Introduction
	Conventional radiography
	Cone beam computed tomography
		Ex vivo studies
		In vivo studies
	Conclusion
	References
Index