Concise Guide to Neuropsychiatry and Behavioral Neurology

Cover
Title
Copyright
Contents
List of Figures
List of Tables
Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
1 Neuropsychiatric Assessment
2 Behavioral Neurobiology
	NEUROANATOMY, NEUROPHYSIOLOGY, AND NEUROCHEMISTRY
	ESSENTIAL NEUROANATOMY
		Limbic System
			TABLE 2–1. Neuroreceptors of clinical relevance
			TABLE 2–2. Some neurotransmitters
			TABLE 2–3. Limbic system
			FIGURE 2–1. Major limbic system structures in medial view.
			FIGURE 2–2. Frontal-subcortical circuits.
		Basal Ganglia
		Reticular Activating System
		Cerebral Cortex
			FIGURE 2–3. Anatomical areas as depicted by Brodmann.Main anatomic areas to note are the 1, 2, and 3=primary somatosensory areas; 4=primary motor cortex; 6=premotor area; 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 45, 46, and 47=prefrontal granular cortex; 17=visual cortex; 22=superior temporal gyrus; 23, 24, 31, and 33=cingulate gyrus; 27, 28, and 34=parahippocampal gyrus; 38=temporal pole; 39 and 40=inferior parietal lobule; and 41 and 42= auditory cortex (Heschl’s gyri).
			FIGURE 2–4. Default network of the human brain.The cerebral cortex can be parcellated in functional-anatomical networks that show cooperative, correlated activity at rest, during tasks, and even in deep sleep when consciousness is absent. The default network (shown in white) consists of many regions distributed throughout the brain. The major nodes of the network are labeled. Abnormal activity and connectivity of the default network plays an important role in various neuropsychiatric diseases.
		Cerebellum
		TABLE 2–4. Some brain-behavior associations
	BRAIN-BEHAVIOR RELATIONSHIPS
	FIGURE 2–5. Sensory homunculus in the human brain.The postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe contains the primary sensory cortex, where body sensations are first processed in the cerebral cortex. Directly applying electrical stimulation to the cortical surface in neurosurgical patients revealed that larger areas of cortex are dedicated to processing information from the most sensitive parts of the body, such as the face, hands, and fingers.
	REFERENCES
3 Neuropsychiatric Symptoms and Syndromes
	DISORDERS OF MOOD AND AFFECT
		Depression
			TABLE 3–1. Frequency of depression in neurological disorders
		Mania
			TABLE 3–2. Neurological disorders associated with mania or hypomania
	MOOD AND AFFECT LABILITY
		TABLE 3–3. Neurological disorders associated with mood and affective lability
		TABLE 3–4. Causes of pseudobulbar palsy
	PSYCHOTIC SYMPTOMS
	DELUSIONS
	HALLUCINATIONS AND ILLUSIONS
		TABLE 3–5. Types of delusions
		TABLE 3–6. Neuropsychiatric disorders associated with delusions
		TABLE 3–7. Neurological disorders associated with visual hallucinations
	ANXIETY
	OCD AND OTHER REPETITIVE BEHAVIORS
		TABLE 3–8. Neurological disorders associated with OCD or compulsions
		TABLE 3–9. Repetitive behaviors observed in patients with brain dysfunction
		TABLE 3–9. Repetitive behaviors observed in patients with brain dysfunction (continued)
	PERSONALITY CHANGE
	DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
		TABLE 3–10. Personality alterations in neurological disorders
	ALTERED SEXUAL BEHAVIOR AND PARAPHILIC DISORDERS
		TABLE 3–11. Causes of Klüver-Bucy syndrome
	AGGRESSIVE BEHAVIOR
	TABLE 3–12. Neurodevelopmental disorders associated with self-injurious behavior
	REFERENCES
4 Functional Neurological Symptoms Disorder
5 Frontal Lobe Syndromes
6 Aphasia and Related Syndromes
7 Visual, Visuospatial, and Right-Brain Disorders
8 Memory and Its Disorders
9 Epilepsy and Limbic System Disorders
10 Delirium
11 Dementia
12 Movement Disorders
13 Cerebrovascular Disease—Stroke
14 Brain Tumors
15 White Matter Diseases
16 Head Injury and Its Sequelae
17 Alcohol and Other Substance Use Disorders
	EPIDEMIOLOGY
	NEUROBIOLOGY OF ADDICTION
	DIAGNOSIS OF SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER
	TABLE 17–1. DSM-5 criteria for substance use disordera
	PSYCHOSOCIAL TREATMENT
	TABLE 17–2. Stages of change
	MEDICATIONS FOR SUBSTANCE USE DISORDER
		Medications for Alcohol Use Disorder
		TABLE 17–3. FDA-approved alcohol use disorder medications
		Medications for Opioid Use Disorder
	REFERENCES
18 Autism Spectrum Disorder
19 Evaluation and Treatment of Endocrine Disorders With Neuropsychiatric Symptoms (Thyroid and Adrenal)
	HYPOTHYROIDISM
		TABLE 19–1. Causes and risk factors for hypothyroidism
		Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
		TABLE 19–2. Physical and neuropsychiatric symptoms of hypothyroidism
		Physical and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
		Diagnostic Workup
		Treatment
		FIGURE 19–1. Proposed evaluation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels.
	HYPERTHYROIDISM
		TABLE 19–3. Common causes and risk factors for hyperthyroidism
		Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
		Clinical Presentation
		TABLE 19–4. Physical and neuropsychiatric signs/symptoms of hyperthyroidism
		Diagnostic Workup
		Treatments
	HYPOCORTISOLEMIA
		Common Causes and Risk Factors
		Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
		TABLE 19–5. Physical and neuropsychiatric signs/symptoms of adrenal insufficiency
		Diagnosis
		Treatment
	HYPERCORTISOLEMIA
		Pathophysiology of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms
		Clinical Presentation
			TABLE 19–6. Physical and neuropsychiatric signs/symptoms of hypercortisolemia
		Diagnostic Workup
		Treatment and Course
	REFERENCES
20 Limbic Encephalitis
	PATHOGENESIS
	CLINICAL PRESENTATION
		Case Example
		TABLE 20–1. Key features of autoimmune limbic encephalitis
	DIAGNOSTIC WORKUP
		TABLE 20–2. Clinical approach to limbic encephalitis (LE)
	DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS
		TABLE 20–3. Differential diagnosis for limbic encephalitis
	TREATMENT
	ANTI-NMDAR ENCEPHALITIS
	ANTI-LGI1 ENCEPHALITIS
	SUMMARY
	REFERENCES
21 HIV Neurocognitive Disorders
22 Treatments in Neuropsychiatry
23 Interventional Psychiatry
Index
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