Conceptual Integrated Science

Cover......Page 1
Title Page......Page 6
Copyright Page......Page 7
Contents......Page 10
Special Features......Page 17
To the Student......Page 22
To the Instructor......Page 23
Acknowledgments......Page 28
Reviewers......Page 29
1 About Science......Page 30
1.1 A Brief History of Advances in Science......Page 31
1.3 The Scientific Method—A Classic Tool......Page 32
1.4 The Scientific Hypothesis......Page 34
1.5 The Scientific Experiment......Page 35
1.6 Facts, Theories, and Laws......Page 36
1.7 Science Has Limitations......Page 37
1.8 Science, Art, and Religion......Page 38
1.9 Technology—The Practical Use of Science......Page 39
1.11 Integrated Science......Page 40
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 1A: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY: An Investigation of Sea Butterflies......Page 41
PART ONE: Physics......Page 46
2 Describing Motion......Page 47
2.2 Galileo’s Concept of Inertia......Page 48
2.3 Mass—A Measure of Inertia......Page 51
2.4 Net Force......Page 53
2.5 The Equilibrium Rule......Page 54
2.6 The Support Force......Page 55
2.7 Equilibrium of Moving Things......Page 58
2.8 The Force of Friction......Page 59
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 2A: BIOLOGY, ASTRONOMY, CHEMISTRY, AND EARTH SCIENCE: Friction Is Universal......Page 60
2.9 Speed and Velocity......Page 61
2.10 Acceleration......Page 64
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 2B: BIOLOGY: Hang Time......Page 66
3 Newton’s Laws of Motion......Page 73
3.2 Newton’s Second Law of Motion......Page 74
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 3A: BIOLOGY: Gliding......Page 80
3.3 Forces and Interactions......Page 82
3.4 Newton’s Third Law of Motion......Page 83
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 3B: BIOLOGY: Animal Locomotion......Page 87
3.5 Vectors......Page 89
3.6 Summary of Newton’s Three Laws......Page 90
4 Momentum and Energy......Page 98
4.2 Impulse......Page 99
4.3 Impulse–Momentum Relationship......Page 100
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 4A: BIOLOGY: The Impulse–Momentum Relationship in Sports......Page 101
4.4 Conservation of Momentum......Page 103
4.5 Energy......Page 105
4.7 Potential Energy......Page 107
4.8 Kinetic Energy......Page 109
4.9 The Work–Energy Theorem......Page 110
4.10 Conservation of Energy......Page 113
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 4B: BIOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY: Glucose: Energy for Life......Page 114
4.11 Machines......Page 115
5 Gravity......Page 124
5.3 Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation......Page 125
5.4 Gravity and Distance: The Inverse-Square Law......Page 126
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 5A: BIOLOGY: Your Biological Gravity Detector......Page 128
5.6 Weight and Weightlessness......Page 131
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 5B: BIOLOGY: Center of Gravity of People......Page 132
5.7 Centripetal Force Can Simulate Gravity......Page 133
5.8 Projectile Motion......Page 134
5.10 The Effect of Air Drag on Projectiles......Page 137
5.11 Fast-Moving Projectiles—Satellites......Page 139
5.12 Elliptical Orbits......Page 140
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 5C: ASTRONOMY: Escape Speed......Page 142
6 Heat......Page 150
6.2 Temperature......Page 151
6.3 Absolute Zero......Page 152
6.4 What Is Heat?......Page 153
6.5 The Laws of Thermodynamics......Page 155
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 6A: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY: Entropy......Page 156
6.6 Specific Heat Capacity......Page 158
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 6B: EARTH SCIENCE: Specific Heat Capacity and Earth’s Climate......Page 160
6.7 Thermal Expansion......Page 162
6.8 Heat Transfer: Conduction......Page 165
6.9 Heat Transfer: Convection......Page 166
6.10 Heat Transfer: Radiation......Page 168
7 Electricity and Magnetism......Page 176
7.1 Electrical Force and Charge......Page 177
7.2 Coulomb’s Law......Page 178
7.3 Electric Field......Page 180
7.4 Electric Potential......Page 181
7.5 Conductors and Insulators......Page 182
7.6 Voltage Sources......Page 183
7.7 Electric Current......Page 184
7.8 Electrical Resistance......Page 185
7.9 Ohm’s Law......Page 186
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 7A: BIOLOGY: Electric Shock......Page 187
7.10 Electric Circuits......Page 189
7.11 Electric Power......Page 190
7.12 The Magnetic Force......Page 191
7.13 Magnetic Fields......Page 192
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 7B: BIOLOGY AND EARTH SCIENCE: Earth’s Magnetic Field and the Ability of Organisms to Sense It......Page 195
7.14 Magnetic Forces on Moving Charges......Page 196
7.15 Electromagnetic Induction......Page 198
8 Waves—Sound and Light......Page 207
8.1 Vibrations and Waves......Page 208
8.2 Wave Motion......Page 209
8.4 The Nature of Sound......Page 211
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 8A: BIOLOGY: Sensing Pitch......Page 212
8.5 Resonance......Page 214
8.6 The Nature of Light......Page 215
8.7 Reflection......Page 217
8.8 Transparent and Opaque Materials......Page 219
8.9 Color......Page 221
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 8B: BIOLOGY: Mixing Colored Lights......Page 223
8.10 Refraction......Page 225
8.11 Diffraction......Page 229
8.12 Interference......Page 230
8.13 The Doppler Effect......Page 232
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 8C: ASTRONOMY: The Doppler Effect and the Expanding Universe......Page 233
8.14 The Wave–Particle Duality......Page 234
PART TWO: Chemistry......Page 242
9 Atoms and the Periodic Table......Page 243
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 9A: PHYSICS: Atoms Are Ancient and Empty......Page 244
9.1 The Elements......Page 245
9.2 Protons and Neutrons......Page 247
9.3 The Periodic Table......Page 250
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 9B: BIOLOGY AND EARTH SCIENCE: Physical and Conceptual Models......Page 255
9.4 Identifying Atoms Using the Spectroscope......Page 258
9.5 The Quantum Hypothesis......Page 260
9.6 Electron Waves......Page 263
9.7 The Noble Gas Shell Model......Page 265
10 The Atomic Nucleus and Radioactivity......Page 272
10.1 Radioactivity......Page 273
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 10A: BIOLOGY: Radiation Dosage......Page 275
10.2 The Strong Nuclear Force......Page 278
10.3 Half-Life and Transmutation......Page 280
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 10B: BIOLOGY AND EARTH SCIENCE: Radiometric Dating......Page 284
10.4 Nuclear Fission......Page 286
10.5 Mass–Energy Equivalence......Page 291
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 10C: ASTRONOMY: Nuclear Fusion......Page 293
11 Investigating Matter......Page 301
11.1 Chemistry: The Central Science......Page 302
11.2 The Submicroscopic View of Matter......Page 303
11.3 Phase Changes......Page 306
11.4 Physical and Chemical Properties......Page 308
11.5 Determining Physical and Chemical Changes......Page 311
11.6 Elements to Compounds......Page 313
11.7 Naming Compounds......Page 316
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 11A: PHYSICS AND BIOLOGY: The Advent of Nanotechnology......Page 317
12 Chemical Bonds and Mixtures......Page 326
12.1 Electron-Dot Structures......Page 327
12.2 The Ionic Bond......Page 328
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 12A: EARTH SCIENCE: Metals from Earth......Page 333
12.3 The Covalent Bond......Page 336
12.4 Polar Covalent Bonds......Page 339
12.5 Molecular Polarity......Page 341
12.6 Molecular Attractions......Page 344
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 12B: BIOLOGY AND EARTH SCIENCE: Most Materials Are Mixtures......Page 349
12.7 Describing Solutions......Page 352
12.8 Solubility......Page 356
13 Chemical Reactions......Page 365
13.1 Chemical Equations......Page 366
13.2 Energy and Chemical Reactions......Page 368
13.3 Reaction Rates......Page 372
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 13A: EARTH SCIENCE AND BIOLOGY: Catalysts......Page 377
13.4 Acids Donate Protons; Bases Accept Them......Page 379
13.5 Acidic, Basic, and Neutral Solutions......Page 384
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 13B: EARTH SCIENCE: Acid Rain and Ocean Acidification......Page 387
13.6 Losing and Gaining Electrons......Page 390
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 13C: PHYSICS: Batteries and Fuel Cells......Page 392
13.7 Corrosion and Combustion......Page 395
14 Organic Compounds......Page 405
14.1 Hydrocarbons......Page 406
14.2 Unsaturated Hydrocarbons......Page 410
14.3 Functional Groups......Page 412
14.4 Alcohols, Phenols, and Ethers......Page 413
14.5 Amines and Alkaloids......Page 417
14.6 Carbonyl Compounds......Page 419
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 14A: BIOLOGY: Drug Action......Page 423
14.7 Polymers......Page 425
PART THREE: Biology......Page 438
15 The Basic Unit of Life—The Cell......Page 439
15.1 Characteristics of Life......Page 440
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 15A: CHEMISTRY: Macromolecules Needed for Life......Page 441
15.2 Cell Types: Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic......Page 444
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 15B: PHYSICS: The Microscope......Page 446
15.3 Tour of a Eukaryotic Cell......Page 448
15.4 The Cell Membrane......Page 450
15.5 Transport Into and Out of Cells......Page 451
15.6 Cell Communication......Page 455
15.7 How Cells Reproduce......Page 456
15.8 How Cells Use Energy......Page 459
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 15C: CHEMISTRY: ATP and Chemical Reactions in Cells......Page 460
15.9 Photosynthesis......Page 463
15.10 Cellular Respiration and Fermentation......Page 466
16 Genetics......Page 474
16.2 Chromosomes: Packages of Genetic Information......Page 475
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 16A: CHEMISTRY: The Structure of DNA......Page 477
16.4 How Proteins Are Built......Page 479
16.5 Genetic Mutations......Page 484
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 16B: PHYSICS: How Radioactivity Causes Genetic Mutations......Page 486
16.6 Meiosis and Genetic Diversity......Page 488
16.7 Mendelian Genetics......Page 490
16.8 More Wrinkles: Beyond Mendelian Genetics......Page 495
16.9 The Human Genome......Page 498
16.10 Cancer: Genes Gone Awry......Page 500
16.11 Transgenic Organisms and Cloning......Page 501
16.12 DNA Technology—What Could Possibly Go Wrong?......Page 504
17 The Evolution of Life......Page 511
17.1 The Origin of Life......Page 512
17.2 Early Life on Earth......Page 514
17.3 Charles Darwin and The Origin of Species......Page 516
17.4 How Natural Selection Works......Page 518
17.5 Adaptation......Page 521
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 17B: PHYSICS: Staying Warm and Keeping Cool......Page 524
17.6 Evolution and Genetics......Page 525
17.7 How Species Form......Page 528
17.8 Evidence of Evolution......Page 532
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 17C: EARTH SCIENCE: Fossils: Earth’s Tangible Evidence of Evolution......Page 535
17.9 The Evolution of Humans......Page 537
18 Diversity of Life on Earth......Page 545
18.1 Classifying Life......Page 546
18.2 The Three Domains of Life......Page 549
18.3 Bacteria......Page 550
18.5 Protists......Page 552
18.6 Plants......Page 554
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 18A: PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY: Moving Water up a Tree......Page 560
18.7 Fungi......Page 561
18.8 Animals......Page 562
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 18B: EARTH SCIENCE AND CHEMISTRY: Coral Bleaching and Ocean Acidification......Page 563
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 18C: PHYSICS: How Birds Fly......Page 570
18.9 Viruses and Prions......Page 571
19 Human Biology I—Control and Development......Page 577
19.1 Organization of the Human Body......Page 578
19.2 Homeostasis......Page 579
19.3 The Brain......Page 580
19.4 The Nervous System......Page 582
19.5 How Neurons Work......Page 585
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 19A: PHYSICS: How Fast Can Action Potentials Travel?......Page 587
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 19B: CHEMISTRY: Endorphins......Page 589
19.6 The Senses......Page 591
19.7 Hormones......Page 595
19.8 Reproduction and Development......Page 599
19.9 The Skeleton and Muscles......Page 602
20 Human Biology II—Care and Maintenance......Page 609
20.2 The Circulatory System......Page 610
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 20A: CHEMISTRY: Hemoglobin......Page 613
20.3 Respiration......Page 614
20.4 Digestion......Page 616
20.5 Nutrition, Exercise, and Health......Page 619
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 20B: PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY: Low-Carb Versus Low-Cal Diets......Page 620
20.6 Excretion and Water Balance......Page 622
20.7 Keeping the Body Safe: Defense Systems......Page 624
21 Ecology......Page 637
21.1 Organisms and Their Environments......Page 638
21.2 Population Ecology......Page 639
21.3 Human Population Growth......Page 643
21.4 Species Interactions......Page 645
21.5 Kinds of Ecosystems......Page 651
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 21A: EARTH SCIENCE: Materials Cycling in Ecosystems......Page 656
21.6 Energy Flow in Ecosystems......Page 659
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 21B: PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY: Energy Leaks When Organisms Eat......Page 661
21.7 Change in an Ecosystem......Page 662
PART FOUR: Earth Science......Page 672
22 Plate Tectonics......Page 673
22.1 Earth Science Is an Integrated Science......Page 674
22.2 Earth’s Compositional Layers......Page 675
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22A: PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY: Earth Developed Layers When It Was Young, Hot, and Molten......Page 677
22.3 Earth’s Structural Layers......Page 678
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22B: PHYSICS: Using Seismology to Explore Earth’s Interior......Page 680
22.4 Continental Drift—An Idea Before Its Time......Page 682
22.5 Seafloor Spreading—A Mechanism for Continental Drift......Page 684
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22C: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND ASTRONOMY: Magnetic Stripes Are Evidence of Sea.oor Spreading......Page 686
22.6 The Theory of Plate Tectonics......Page 688
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22D: PHYSICS: What Forces Drive the Plates?......Page 689
22.7 Plate Boundaries......Page 691
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 22E: BIOLOGY: Life in the Trenches......Page 695
23 Rocks and Minerals......Page 701
23.1 What Is a Mineral?......Page 702
23.2 Mineral Properties......Page 703
23.3 Types of Minerals......Page 706
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 23A: CHEMISTRY: The Silicate Tetrahedron......Page 709
23.4 How Do Minerals Form?......Page 710
23.5 What Is Rock?......Page 713
23.6 Igneous Rock......Page 715
23.7 Sedimentary Rock......Page 718
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 23B: BIOLOGY, CHEMISTRY, AND PHYSICS: Coal......Page 720
23.8 Metamorphic Rock......Page 721
23.9 The Rock Cycle......Page 723
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 23C: BIOLOGY AND ASTRONOMY: Earth’s History Is Written in Its Rocks......Page 725
24 Earth’s Surface—Land and Water......Page 731
24.1 A Survey of Earth......Page 732
24.2 Crustal Deformation—Folds and Faults......Page 734
24.3 Mountains......Page 737
24.4 Plains and Plateaus......Page 741
24.5 Earth’s Waters......Page 742
24.6 The Ocean......Page 743
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 24A: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY: The Composition of Ocean Water......Page 745
24.7 Fresh Water......Page 747
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 24B: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGY: Water Pollution......Page 752
25 Surface Processes......Page 758
25.1 Processes That Sculpt Earth: Weathering, Erosion, and Deposition......Page 759
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 25A: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, AND BIOLOGY: Weathering......Page 761
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 25B: BIOLOGY: Soil......Page 764
25.2 The Impact of Running Water......Page 766
25.3 Glaciers—Earth’s Bulldozers......Page 771
25.4 Effects of Gravity Alone— Mass Movement......Page 773
25.5 Groundwater Erodes Rock to Make Caves and Caverns......Page 775
25.6 Wave Effects......Page 777
25.7 Wind—Agent of Change......Page 779
26 Weather......Page 784
26.1 The Atmosphere......Page 785
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 26A: PHYSICS: Atmospheric Pressure......Page 786
26.2 The Structure of the Atmosphere......Page 788
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 26B: PHYSICS: Solar Radiation and the Greenhouse Effect Drive Global Temperature......Page 790
26.3 Temperature Depends on Latitude......Page 794
26.4 Earth’s Tilted Axis—The Seasons......Page 795
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 26C: BIOLOGY: Wind Chill......Page 797
26.6 Local and Global Wind Patterns......Page 798
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 26D: PHYSICS: The Coriolis Effect......Page 800
26.7 Ocean Currents Distribute Heat......Page 801
26.8 Water in the Atmosphere......Page 803
26.9 Changing Weather—Air Masses, Fronts, and Cyclones......Page 808
27 Environmental Geology......Page 816
27.1 Earthquakes......Page 817
27.2 Tsunami......Page 822
27.3 Volcanoes......Page 823
27.4 Hurricanes......Page 827
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 27A: PHYSICS, CHEMISTRY, BIOLOGY, AND ASTRONOMY: Climate Change......Page 830
PART FIVE: Astronomy......Page 848
28 The Solar System......Page 849
28.1 The Solar System and Its Formation......Page 850
28.2 The Sun......Page 854
28.3 The Inner Planets......Page 856
28.4 The Outer Planets......Page 860
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 28A: BIOLOGY: What Makes a Planet Suitable for Life?......Page 864
28.5 Earth’s Moon......Page 866
28.6 Failed Planet Formation......Page 873
29 The Universe......Page 883
29.1 Observing the Night Sky......Page 884
29.2 The Brightness and Color of Stars......Page 886
29.3 The Hertzsprung–Russell Diagram......Page 888
29.4 The Life Cycles of Stars......Page 891
29.5 Black Holes......Page 896
29.6 Galaxies......Page 900
INTEGRATED SCIENCE 29A: BIOLOGY: The Drake Equation......Page 911
29.7 Looking Back in Time......Page 912
29.8 Dark Matter and Dark Energy......Page 916
APPENDIX A: On Measurement and Unit Conversion......Page 926
APPENDIX B: Linear and Rotational Motion......Page 930
APPENDIX C: More on Vectors......Page 936
APPENDIX D: Exponential Growth and Doubling Time......Page 937
APPENDIX E: Physics of Fluids......Page 942
APPENDIX F: Chemical Equilibrium......Page 948
ODD-NUMBERED SOLUTIONS......Page 954
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CREDITS......Page 990
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