Concentrating Solar Power Technology : principles, developments and.

Front-Matter_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-Technology
	Front matter
Copyright_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-Technology
	Copyright
Author-bio_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-Technology
	Author bio
		Primary editor and Chapters 1* and 2*
		Editor and Chapter 1
		Chapter 2
		Chapter 3
		Chapter 4
		Chapter 5
		Chapter 6
		Chapter 7
		Chapter 8
		Chapter 9
		Chapter 10
		Chapter 11
		Chapter 12
		Chapter 13
		Chapter 14
		Chapter 15
		Chapter 16
		Chapter 17
		Chapter 18
		Chapter 19
		Chapter 20
Woodhead-Publishing-Series-in-Energ_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-Technolog
	Woodhead Publishing Series in Energy
Preface_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-Technology
	Preface
Chapter-1---Introduction-to-concentrating-sol_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power
	Introduction to concentrating solar power technology
		Introduction
			History and context
		Approaches to concentrating solar power
			Parabolic trough
			Central receiver tower
			Linear Fresnel reflectors
			Fresnel lens
			Parabolic dishes
			Deployment growth by technology
		Future growth, cost, and value
		Organization of this book
		References
Chapter-2---Fundamental-principles-of-concentra_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Pow
	Fundamental principles of concentrating solar power systems
		Introduction
			Basic principles
		Concentrating optics
			Solar radiation
			Calculation of sun position
		Limits on concentration
			A limit from the second law of thermodynamics
			Parabolas and paraboloids
				Limits with flat receivers
				Limits for cylindrical and spherical receivers
			Secondary optics
			Practical factors reducing concentration
				Specularity error
				Surface slope error
				Shape error
				Tracking error
				Combinations of errors
			Cosine losses and end losses
		Focal region flux distributions
			Prediction of focal region distributions
			Measurement of focal region distributions
		Losses from receivers
			Radiative losses
			Convection losses
			Conduction losses
		Energy transport and storage
		Power cycles for CSP systems
			Steam turbines
			Organic Rankine cycles
			Stirling engines
			Air Brayton cycles
			Supercritical CO2 Brayton cycles
			Concentrating photovoltaics
			Others
		Maximizing system efficiency
			The second law of thermodynamics and exergy analysis
			Heat exchange between fluids
			Optimization of operating temperature
			Optimization of aperture size
			Solar multiple and capacity factor
		Predicting overall system performance
			Case study using the system advisor model (SAM)
		Economic analysis
			Stochastic modelling of CSP systems
		Conclusion
		Sources of further information and advice
		References
Chapter-3---Solar-resources-for-concentrating-_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Powe
	Solar resources for concentrating solar power systems
		Introduction
		Solar radiation characteristics and assessment of solar resources
			Important solar radiation terms
			Seasonal variation of global and beam irradiance
			Influence of atmospheric constituents on direct beam irradiance
			Spectral characteristics of solar radiation
		Measuring solar irradiance
			Thermal sensors
			Photoelectric sensors
		Deriving solar resources from satellite data
		Annual cycle of direct normal irradiance
		Auxiliary meteorological parameters
			Air temperature
			Humidity
			Wind speed
		Recommendations for solar resource assessment for CSP plants
		Summary and future trends
		References
Chapter-4---Site-selection-and-feasibility-analysi_2021_Concentrating-Solar-
	Site selection and feasibility analysis for concentrating solar power systems
		Introduction
		Overview of the process of site selection and feasibility analysis
			Market analysis
			Regional or national study and site identification
			Prefeasibility analysis
			Feasibility analysis
			Project qualification phase
			Finalization of contracts and start of construction
		Main aspects considered during the prefeasibility and feasibility phases
			Economic assumptions
			Solar irradiation
			Land, topography, and soil
			Water
			Infrastructure
				Grid access
				Interconnection with other plants and processes
				Roads and highways
			Environmental impact assessment
			Population and labour
			Socio-economic impact assessment
		Boundary conditions for a concentrating solar power project
			Off-take and market
			Incentives and support schemes
			Specification of energy products
			Dispatch mode: Storage and hybridization
			Regulatory restrictions or technical plant concepts
			Overall project viability
			Long-term perspective: Political stability
		Detailed analysis of a qualifying project location
			Site-specific solar resources and meteorological patterns
				Direct normal irradiation
				Wind
				Soiling
				Ambient conditions
				Weather patterns
			Land and surroundings
				Orientation and slope
				Topography and soil
				Free horizon
				Footprint and scaling
				Ownership structures
			Infrastructure interconnections
				Electricity grid
				Road network
				Fuel availability
			Hybridization with other fuels
			Water: Sources, uses, and related requirements
				Dry vs wet cooling technologies
				Water requirements
				Water-steam cycle
				Process and service water
				Mirror cleaning
				Condenser cooling system
				Water quality and volume requirements
			Natural hazards risks and mitigation
			Labour
			Permissions
		Summary and future trends
			Summary
			Future trends
		References
Chapter-5---Socio-economic-and-environmental-assess_2021_Concentrating-Solar
	Socio-economic and environmental assessment of concentrating solar power systems
		Introduction
		Environmental assessment for CSP systems
			Life cycle assessment of CSP systems
			Environmental externalities assessment of CSP systems
		Socioeconomic impacts of CSP systems
			Input-Output methodology
			Framework for integrated sustainability assessment methodology
			Application of FISA: Estimation of the sustainability impacts of CSP plant
		Future trends
			Environmental impacts projections
			Socio-economic impacts projections
		Summary and conclusions
		References
Chapter-6---Linear-Fresnel-Collector--LFC--sol_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Powe
	Linear Fresnel Collector (LFC) solar thermal technology
		Introduction
		Historical background
		Commercial developments of LFC
			Large-scale multitube receiver LFC
			Large-scale single-tube receiver LFC
				Solar Power Group (formerly Solarmundo, Solel Europe)
				Frenell (formerly Novatec Solar/Novatec-Biosol/Turmberg)
			Small-scale solar process heat LFC
				Industrial Solar (formerly Miroxx/PSE)
				Other process heat collector developments
			Other commercial developments of LFC worldwide
		Optics of LFC
			Primary mirror field
			Secondary optics
			Comparison of design options
		LFC receivers and thermal performance
			Multitube receivers
				Theoretical designs
				Commercial design (Areva/Ausra/SHP)
			Single-tube receivers
				Single-tube cavity receiver
				CPC receiver
				XX-SMS Fresnel concentrator
				TERC concentrator
				Adaptive design concentrator (ADC)
				Segmented parabolic secondary concentrator (SPSC)
				Commercial receivers
		Comparison of heat loss and collector efficiency
		Future directions
			Design targets
			Advanced optical designs
			Molten salt technology
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-7---Parabolic-trough-concentrating-so_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power
	Parabolic-trough concentrating solar power systems
		Introduction
		Historical development
		Commercially available parabolic-trough collectors
			Large PTCs
			Small PTCs
			Receivers
		Parabolic-trough collector solar thermal power plants
			Deployment progress
		Design of parabolic-trough solar systems
			Basic parameters of a parabolic-trough collector
			Optical and thermal losses in a parabolic-trough collector
			Energy balance in a PTC
			Design of parabolic-trough solar fields for STE/CSP plants
		Operation and maintenance of parabolic-trough systems
		Thermal storage systems for parabolic-trough systems
		Future trends
			New working fluids
			New technology improvements for the reduction of water consumption
		Conclusions
		Sources of further information
		References
Chapter-8---Central-tower-concentrating-sola_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-
	Central tower concentrating solar power systems
		Introduction
			Basic configurations
		History of central receivers
			Early evolution
			International test facilities and pilot plants
			Solar one and solar two
			Period of transition
		Activities since 2005
			Research, development, and demonstration
			Commercial power plants
		Design and optimization of central receiver systems
			Determination of system configuration
			The objective function for optimization
			Items to include in the cost function
				Fixed costs such as permitting, design, and access
				Capital costs
				Land
				Heliostats
				Present value of subsystem operations and maintenance (O&M) costs
			Choice of performance criterion
				Design point or annual
				Incident, absorbed, or delivered energy
				Inclusion/effect of time-of-day pricing, sloped fields
			Effect of constraints on optimization
		Heliostat factors
			Beam errors
			Heliostat size
			Focusing and facet canting
			Off-axis aberration
			Effects of tracking mode
			Effects of heliostat size on heliostat cost and other factors
			Reflectivity and cleanliness
		Receiver considerations
			Cavity vs flat vs cylindrical receivers
				Field constraint
				Reflective, radiative, and thermal loss of the cavity
				Cost and weight
			Effect of allowable flux density on design
			Emissivity vs absorptivity vs temperature
		Variants on the basic central receiver system
			Polar vs surround fields
			Beam-down systems
			Use of compound parabolic concentrators as tertiaries
			Optical beam splitting
		Field layout and land use
			Field layout for optimized systems
		Major events since 2012
		Future trends
		Sources of further information and advice
		Acknowledgements
		References
		Further reading
Chapter-9---Parabolic-dish-concentrating-sol_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-
	Parabolic dish concentrating solar power systems
		Introduction
		Basic principles and historical development
			Basic principles
			Historical development
		Developments in the recent past
			Stirling Energy Systems
			Schlaich bergermann partner
			Infinia Corporation
			HelioFocus
			Solar Cat/SouthWest Solar
			Solar Systems
			Australian National University
			Others
		Current initiatives
		Energy conversion, power cycles, and equipment
			Stirling engines
			Brayton cycle
			Other cycles
			Equipment
				Alternator
				Cooling system
				Receiver
		System performance
			Hybrid operation
		Optimization of manufacture
			Reflector fabrication
			Drives
			Trade-off between concentrator accuracy and cost
			Strategies for site assembly and alignment
		Future trends
			System size
			Energy storage
			Hybrid operation
		Conclusions
		Sources of further information and advice
		References
Chapter-10---Concentrating-photovoltaic-syste_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power
	Concentrating photovoltaic systems and applications
		Introduction
			Historical summary
		Fundamental characteristics of CPV systems
			Acceptance angle
			Principles of photovoltaic devices
			Maintenance
			Energy payback and recyclability
		Characteristics of HCPV and LCPV devices and their applications
			HCPV-specific characteristics
				Optical considerations
				Two-axis tracking
				Multijunction cells
		Design of concentrating photovoltaic (CPV) systems
			Levelized cost of energy
			General system design considerations
				System architecture
				Optical method
				Tracking type
				Environmental control methodology
				Cell management
		Examples of CPV systems
			Single dish reflective
			Fresnel lens array
			Complex reflective
			LCPV reflective
			Central receiver
		Future trends
			New generation optical systems
			Next generation cells
			System-level trends and research
		Conclusions
		References
		Further reading
Chapter-11---Thermal-energy-storage-systems-for-c_2021_Concentrating-Solar-P
	Thermal energy storage systems for concentrating solar power plants
		Introduction: Relevance of energy storage for CSP
		Sensible energy storage
			Two-tank liquid storage medium
			Steam accumulator
			Solid media storage concepts
				Solid media with integrated heat exchanger
				Packed bed
				Direct heat transfer to solid particles
		Latent heat storage concepts
			PCM concept with extended heat transfer area
			Composite material with increased thermal conductivity
			Intermediate heat transfer fluid
			Active PCM storage
		Chemical energy storage
			Reversible chemical reactions
			Sorption heat storage
		Selection of a heat storage concept
		Storage in commercial CSP plants
		Future developments
		References
Chapter-12---Hybridization-with-conventional_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-
	Hybridization with conventional fossil plants
		Introduction
		Solar hybridization approaches
			Fossil fuel backup/boosting of solar thermal plants
			Solar-aided coal-fired power plants
			Integrated solar combined cycle plants
			Advanced systems
			The role of different solar concentrators
				Parabolic dish
				Solar tower
				Parabolic trough
				Linear Fresnel
		Fossil boosting/backup of solar power plants
			Process integration and design of SEGS
			Dispatchability
			Economic effect
		Solar-aided coal-fired power plants
			Hybridization process and arrangement
			Case study design
			Evaluation of different arrangements of solar-aided coal-fired power plants
			Potential of systems in China
		Integrated solar combined cycle power plants
			Process integration and design
				Medium temperature solar technology
				High-temperature solar technology
				Low-temperature solar technology
			Major equipment design
				Heat recovery steam generator (HRSG)
				Steam turbine
				Balance of plant (BOP)
			Typical demonstration plants and projects
		Advanced hybridization systems
			High-temperature solar-preheating air
			Economic potential
				Mid-temperature solar-driven chemical-looping combustion power plant
				Mid-temperature temperature solar thermochemical hybridization plant
			Solar photovoltaics and thermochemical hybridization plant
		Conclusions and future trends
		References
Chapter-13---The-long-term-market-potential-of-co_2021_Concentrating-Solar-P
	The long-term market potential of concentrating solar power systems
		Introduction
			The role of CSP systems in the electric system
			The role of solar concentrating technology in process heat applications and chemicals
		Factors impacting the market penetration of CSP
			Energy transition policies
			System cost and performance
			Competition with other technologies (PV and gas)
			Additional contribution of the thermal storage to the electric system
			Hybridization alternatives
			Long-distance transmission to supply far geographical areas
		Long-term CSP market potential
			Natural geographical areas for CSP deployment
			The key role of rational capacity expansion planning for a large CSP deployment
				Case study for Spain
			Reflections on CSP technology trends on the 2030 horizon
		Summary and future trends
		Acknowledgements
		References
		Further reading
Chapter-14---Absorber-materials-for-solar-thermal-r_2021_Concentrating-Solar
	Absorber materials for solar thermal receivers in concentrating solar power systems
		Introduction
			Ideal selective absorber
			Receivers for linearly concentrating collectors
			Evacuated and non-evacuated receivers
			Receivers for point concentrating receivers
			Optical and thermal operating requirements
		Characterization of selective absorber surfaces
			Determination of thermal emittance
			Determination of solar absorptance
		Types of absorbers
			Selective absorbers
				Intrinsic absorbers
				Surface texturing
				Semiconductor-metal tandems
				Multilayer absorbers
				Metal-dielectric composite coatings (Cermets)
				Selectively solar-transmitting coating on a blackbody-like absorber
			Non-selective absorbers
			Other considerations
		Degradation and lifetime
			Degradation processes
				Diffusion processes
				Oxidation
				Redox reactions
				Thermo-mechanical stresses
				Other environmental stresses
			Long-term stability and lifetime
		Examples of receivers for concentrating collectors
			Vacuum tube receivers
			Standardised testing of vacuum receivers
			Air-stable receivers
			High-flux receivers for solar towers
		Conclusion
		References
Chapter-15---Optimization-of-concentrating-solar-power_2021_Concentrating-So
	Optimization of concentrating solar power plant designs through integrated techno-economic modelling
		Introduction
		State-of-the-art in simulation and design of concentrating solar power plants
			Energy yield calculations
			Economic simulation
			Design process for solar thermal power plants
		Multi-variable optimization of concentrating solar power (CSP) plants
			New methodology for integrated plant optimization
			Overview of optimization methods
		Case study definition: Optimization of a parabolic trough power plant with molten salt storage
			Definition of optimization task
			Applied energetic and economic plant models
				Energetic plant model
				Economic plant model
		Case study results
			Results of optimization by varying solar block variables only (the classical approach)
			Results of optimization by varying solar and power block variables simultaneously
				Optimized plant configuration
				Evaluation of the stochastic optimization process applied
		Discussion of case study results
			Optimal solar field size
			Optimal distance between parallel collector rows
			Optimal storage size
			Steam quality limitations (punishments)
				Unacceptable steam quality at high pressure turbine exit
				Unacceptable steam quality at low pressure turbine exit
			Optimal upper solar field temperature
			Optimal terminal temperature difference of oil-steam heat exchanger
			Optimal live steam pressure
			Optimal reheat pressure
			Varying the power block design ambient temperature
		Conclusions and future trends
		Acknowledgements
		References
Chapter-16---Heliostat-size-optimization-for-cent_2021_Concentrating-Solar-P
	Heliostat size optimization for central receiver solar power plants
		Introduction
			Progress in the development of heliostats
		Heliostat design issues and cost analysis
			Design issues
			Introduction to cost analysis
		Category 1: Costs constant per unit area irrespective of heliostat size and number
		Category 2: Size dependent costs
			Structure
			Reflector support structure stiffness
			Representative drive units
			Foundation or pier
		Category 3: Fixed costs for each heliostat and other costs
			Category 3: Fixed costs for each heliostat
			Costs distributed among the categories
		Cost analysis as a function of area: The case of the 148m2 ATS glass/metal heliostat
			Installed cost/area analysis
		Additional considerations in analysis of cost as a function of area for the 148m2 ATS glass/metal heliostat
			Operations and maintenance
			Optical performance
			Learning curve effects
		Parametric analysis for optimum size based on a single detailed design
		Conclusion
		References
		Further reading
Chapter-17---Heat-flux-and-high-temperature-measurem_2021_Concentrating-Sola
	Heat flux and high temperature measurement technologies for concentrating solar power
		Introduction
		Heat flux measurement
			Radiometers
				Gardon radiometer
				Kendall radiometer
				Double cavity radiometer
				Heat flux microsensors
			Calorimeters
				CAVICAL and SUNCATCH calorimeters
			Camera-target method
			Surface profile measurements and ray tracing
		Flux mapping system case studies
			Flux mapping at the DLR solar furnace
			Heat flux measurement systems at PSA
				ProHERMES
				ProHERMES 2A and MDF
					The MDF direct heat flux measurement system
					ProHERMES 2A indirect heat flux measurement system
				PARASCAN
			High concentration dish flux mapping
		High temperature measurement
			Contact measurement techniques
			Pyrometry
			Solar-blind infra-red camera
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-18---Concentrating-solar-technologies-f_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Pow
	Concentrating solar technologies for industrial process heat
		Introduction
		Overview
		Components and system configuration
			Collector designs
				Linear concentrators: Parabolic trough (PT)
				Linear concentrators: Linear Fresnel
				Point focus systems
			Heat transfer fluid
			Storage
			System integration
			Backup
		Case studies
			Direct steam generation for a production process in Germany
			Direct steam generation for a pharmaceutical factory in Jordan
			Solar steam for enhanced oil recovery in Oman
			Solar Heat for dairies in Switzerland
			Solar steam cooking system at `Shantivan, the Brahma Kumaris complex at Taleti, India
		Future trends and conclusion
		Sources of further information and advice
		References
Chapter-19---Solar-fuels-and-industrial-sol_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-T
	Solar fuels and industrial solar chemistry
		Introduction
		Solar chemistry
			Thermochemical and photochemical reactions
			Applications of solar thermochemistry to fuel production
		Solar energy carriers and storage
			Solar hydrogen from hydrocarbons
				Natural gas steam reforming
				Natural Gas Cracking
				Gasification of solid hydrocarbons
			Solar hydrogen from thermochemical water splitting
			Solar-thermochemical CO2 splitting
			Other carriers
			Thermochemical energy storage concept
				TCS material systems
		Solar reactors
			Solar reactor concepts
				Multitubular solar reactors
				Volumetric cavity reactors
				Cavity dual cell reactors
				Rotating disk reactors
				Particle reactors
				Aerosol flow reactors
				Membrane reactor
				SOLREF reactor
				SOLHYCARB reactors
				HYDROSOL reactor
			Examples from lab to pilot scale plants
				Sun-to-liquid project
				CPR2 reactor
				HYDROSOL-PLANT project
		Solar fuels for end use
			Methanol synthesis
			Dimethyl ether production
			Fischer-Tropsch process
			Ongoing research into solar fuels
		Other applications of industrial solar chemistry
			Waste processing
			Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions
				Synergy with carbon capture and storage
				Reduction of carbon dioxide emissions from the metallurgical industry
		Conclusions
		References
Chapter-20---Concentrating-solar-power-bes_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-Te
	Concentrating solar power best practices
		Introduction
		CSP historical development
		Scope of the best practices study
		CSP project organization and implementation
			Project participants
				Project sponsor
				The project company
				Investors/equity investment
				Lenders/project debt
				Independent engineer
				Lenders engineer
				Owners engineer
			Key project contracts
				Power purchase agreement
				EPC contract
				O&M contract
				Finance contracts
				Other contracts
			Project phases
				Development phase
				Execution phase
				Operation phase
		Summary of best practice study results
			Parabolic trough power plants
				Receiver hydrogen issue
				Collector interconnections
				Heat-transfer fluid system
				Collector technology
				Thermal energy storage
				Steam turbine
				Control system
			Molten-salt tower/central receiver power plants
			Steam generation system
			Project development
				Site selection
				Environmental and permitting
				Wind assessment
				Performance modeling
			Engineering, procurement, and construction
			Quality assurance/quality control
			Commissioning
			Operation and maintenance
			Solar resource measurement and performance modeling
		Conclusion
		References
Index_2021_Concentrating-Solar-Power-Technology
	Index