Computing with Multi-Value Logic in Quantum Dot Cellular Automata

fmatter
	Title Page
	Copyright
	Contents
	List of Figures
	List of Tables
	About the Authors
	Preface
	Introduction
ch1
	1.1 Introduction to Quantum Dots
	1.2 Physical Characteristics of Semiconductor Quantum Dots
	1.3 Quantum Dots Structure
		1.3.1 Core‐Structure Quantum Dots
		1.3.2 Core–Shell Quantum Dots: Enhanced Properties and Diverse Applications
		1.3.3 Alloyed Quantum Dots
	1.4 Surface Structure of Quantum Dots
		1.4.1 Surface Passivation
			1.4.1.1 Organically Capped Quantum Dots
			1.4.1.2 Inorganically Passivated Quantum Dots
			1.4.1.3 Multishell Structure
		1.4.2 Characterization of Shell Structures
	1.5 Properties of Quantum Dots
		1.5.1 Optical and Electronic Properties
		1.5.2 Unique Properties and Applications of Quantum Dots
			1.5.2.1 Confinement Effect
			1.5.2.2 Excitation and Emission Spectra
			1.5.2.3 Stability Against Light Radiation
			1.5.2.4 Luminescence Effect
ch2
	2.1 Synthesis Processes
	2.2 Top‐Down Synthesis Processes
		2.2.1 Etching Processes
		2.2.2 Focused Ion Beam Techniques
		2.2.3 Electron Beam Lithography
	2.3 Bottom‐Up Synthesis Processes
		2.3.1 Wet Chemical Methods
			2.3.1.1 Sol–Gel
			2.3.1.2 Microemulsion
			2.3.1.3 Hot‐Solution Decomposition
		2.3.2 Vapor‐Phase Method
			2.3.2.1 Heteroepitaxial Growth
			2.3.2.2 Molecular Beam Epitaxy
			2.3.2.3 Physical Vapor Deposition
			2.3.2.4 Chemical Vapor Deposition
	2.4 Applications of Quantum Dots
		2.4.1 White Light‐Emitting Diode
		2.4.2 Quantum Dot in Solar Cell
		2.4.3 Quantum Computers
		2.4.4 Quantum Dot Cellular Automata
ch3
	3.1 Introduction to QCA Technology
	3.2 Binary QCA Concept
	3.3 Ternary QCA Cell Structure
	3.4 Clock in QCA Technology
	3.5 Manufacturing and Implementation of QCA
	3.6 Overview of Quantum Gates
		3.6.1 Quantum Wire
		3.6.2 Binary NOT Gate
		3.6.3 Binary Majority Gate
ch4
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Polarization and Calculation of Hamiltonian Matrix in QCA
		4.2.1 Polarization and Hamiltonian Matrix in bQCA
			4.2.1.1 Polarization in bQCA
			4.2.1.2 Hamiltonian Matrix in Binary QCA
		4.2.2 Polarization and Hamiltonian Matrix in Ternary QCA
			4.2.2.1 Polarization in Ternary QCA
			4.2.2.2 Hamiltonian Matrix in Ternary QCA
		4.2.3 Polarization and Hamiltonian Matrix in Quaternary QCA
			4.2.3.1 Polarization in Quaternary QCA
			4.2.3.2 Hamiltonian Matrix in Quaternary QCA
		4.2.4 Polarization and Hamiltonian Matrix in Quinary QCA
			4.2.4.1 Polarization in Quinary QCA
			4.2.4.2 Hamiltonian Matrix in Quinary QCA
ch5
	5.1 Ternary QCA
		5.1.1 Proposed Ternary QCA
		5.1.2 Energy Calculations in Proposed TQCA
			5.1.2.1 Internal Electrostatic Energy
			5.1.2.2 Ground State Energy
			5.1.2.3 Kinetic Energy
			5.1.2.4 External Electrostatic Energy
	5.2 Quaternary QCA
		5.2.1 Proposed QQCA
		5.2.2 Integration in Input Applied to Proposed QQCA Cell
			5.2.2.1 First Structure of Input and Output Drives in Proposed Cell
			5.2.2.2 Second Structure of Input and Output Drives
		5.2.3 Energy in Proposed QQCA Cell
			5.2.3.1 Internal Electrostatic Energy
			5.2.3.2 Ground State Energy
			5.2.3.3 Kinetic Energy
			5.2.3.4 External Electrostatic Energy
	5.3 Quinary QCA
		5.3.1 Proposed QuQCA Cells
		5.3.2 Integration in Input to QuQCA Cells
			5.3.2.1 First Structure of Input and Output Drive
			5.3.2.2 Second Structure of Input and Output Drive
		5.3.3 Energy in QuQCA Cell
			5.3.3.1 Internal Electrostatic Energy
			5.3.3.2 Ground State Energy
			5.3.3.3 Kinetic Energy
			5.3.3.4 External Electrostatic Energy
	5.4 Hypothesis Based on n‐Value QCA Cell
	5.5 Fuzzy Logic Design Using MIN and MAX Functions
	5.6 Quantum Information
		5.6.1 Quantum Computation
		5.6.2 Quantum Communication
		5.6.3 Quantum Cryptography
ch6
	6.1 Effect of Two Adjacent Cells in Terms of Polarization
		6.1.1 Effect of Two Adjacent Cells in TQCA
		6.1.2 Effect of Two Quaternary Cells
		6.1.3 Effect of Two QuQCA Cells
	6.2 Power Consumption in QCA Technology
		6.2.1 Power Consumption in a TQCA Cell with Changes in Time and Polarization
		6.2.2 Power Consumption in QQCA Cell with Changes in Time and Polarization
			6.2.2.1 Power Consumption in QQCA Using Quantum Computation
			6.2.2.2 Power Consumption of QQCA Cell
		6.2.3 Power Consumption in QuQCA Cell with Changes in Time and Polarization
			6.2.3.1 Power Consumption in QuQCA Using Quantum Computation
			6.2.3.2 Power Consumption in QuQCA Cell
ch7
	7.1 Structure of Basic Gates Using TQCA
		7.1.1 NOT Gate
		7.1.2 Simulation of Two Adjacent Cells
		7.1.3 Implementation of AND and OR Functions
	7.2 Structure of Basic QQCA Gates
		7.2.1 QQCA‐Based NOT Gate
		7.2.2 Simulation of Two Adjacent Cells
		7.2.3 Implementation of AND and OR Functions
	7.3 Structure of Basic Gates Using QuQCA
		7.3.1 QuQCA‐Based NOT Gate
		7.3.2 Simulation of Two Adjacent Cells in QuQCA
		7.3.3 Implementation of AND and OR Functions
ch8
	8.1 TQCA Simulator
		8.1.1 Majority Gate
		8.1.2 AND Gate
		8.1.3 OR Gate
		8.1.4 Ternary Wire
	8.2 QQCA Simulator for QQCA Circuit Simulation
		8.2.1 Majority Gate
		8.2.2 AND Gate
		8.2.3 OR Gate
		8.2.4 NOT Gate
		8.2.5 Quaternary Quantum Wire
ch9
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 A Review of Basic Memory Structures
		9.2.1 D Flip‐Flop in Binary QCA
		9.2.2 RAM Cell in Binary QCA
		9.2.3 PIM and Akers Logic Array
	9.3 Review of Literature on Memory Design
ch10
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Binary QCA‐Based Structures
		10.2.1 First Model of Binary PIM
		10.2.2 Second Model of Binary PIM
		10.2.3 Third Structure of PIM
		10.2.4 Fourth Model of PIM
	10.3 Fault Analysis
		10.3.1 Fault Tolerance Analysis Against Cell Omission and Extra‐Cell Deposition Defects in Proposed Models
			10.3.1.1 Fault Evaluation of BPIM1
			10.3.1.2 Fault Evaluation of BPIM2
			10.3.1.3 Fault Evaluation of BPIM3
			10.3.1.4 Fault Evaluation of BPIM4
ch11
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Basic‐Extended Hypothesis
	11.3 Designing Logic Gates with Binary QCA‐Based PIM Capability
		11.3.1 AND Gate Design Using PIM Basic Cells in Binary QCA
		11.3.2 OR Gate Design Using Binary QCA‐Based Basic PIM Cells
		11.3.3 NAND Gate Design Using Binary QCA‐Based Basic PIM Cells
		11.3.4 NOR Gate Using Basic PIM Cells in Binary QCA
		11.3.5 XOR Gate Design Using Basic PIM Cells in Binary QCA
ch12
	12.1 Introduction
	12.2 Simulation of a Flip‐Flop in Ternary QCA Using MATLAB
	12.3 Structures in Ternary QCA
		12.3.1 First Model of PIM Cell (TPIM1)
		12.3.2 Second Model of PIM Cell (TPIM2)
		12.3.3 Third Model of Ternary QCA‐Based PIM Cell (TPIM3)
	12.4 Fault Analysis
		12.4.1 Fault Tolerance for Cell Omission or Extra‐Cell Deposition Defects in Proposed Models
			12.4.1.1 Fault Analysis for First Model of PIM Cell (TPIM1)
			12.4.1.2 Fault Analysis for Second Model of PIM Cell (TPIM2)
			12.4.1.3 Fault Analysis for Third Model of PIM Cell (TPIM3)
ch13
	13.1 Introduction
	13.2 Designing Logic Gates With Ternary QCA‐Based PIM Capability
		13.2.1 AND Gate Design Using PIM Basic Cells in Ternary QCA
		13.2.2 OR Gate Design Using Ternary QCA‐Based Basic PIM Cells
		13.2.3 XOR Gate Design Using Ternary QCA‐Based PIM Model
	13.3 Evaluation, Analysis, and Comparison of Results
ch14
	14.1 Introduction
	14.2 Summary and Conclusion
	14.3 Suggestions
ref
app1
	A.1 Particle State Matrix in QQCA
	A.2 Particle State Matrix in QQCA
app2
index