Computer Programming in Fortran 90 and 95

Contents
Preface vii
1. Evolution of Fortran 1
1.1 Evolution of FORTRAN 90 1
2. Simple FORTRAN 90 Programs 3
2.1 Writing a Program 3
2.2 Input Statement 7
2.3 Some FORTRAN 90 Program Examples 8
Exercises 10
3. Numeric Constants and Variables 11
3.1 Constants 11
3.2 Scalar Variables 13
3.3 Declaring Variable Names 14
3.4 Implicit Declaration 16
3.5 Named Constants 16
Summary 18
Exercises 18
4. Arithmetic Expressions 20
4.1 Arithmetic Operators and Modes of Expressions 20
4.2 Integer Expressions 20
4.3 Real Expressions 21
4.4 Precedence of Operations in Expressions 22
4.5 Examples of Arithmetic Expressions 24
4.6 Assignment Statements 27
4.7 Defining Variables 28
4.8 Some Problems Due to Rounding of Real Numbers 29
4.9 Mixed Mode Expressions 30
4.10 Intrinsic Functions 31
4.11 Examples of Use of Functions 33
Summary 40
Exercises 40
5. Input-Output Statements 43
5.1 List-Directed Input Statements 43
5.2 List-Directed Output Statement 46
6. Conditional Statements 48
6.1 Relational Operators 49
6.2 The Block IF Construct 50
6.3 Example Programs Using IF Structures 54
Summary 60
Exercises 60
7. Implementing Loops in Programs
7.1 The Block DO Loop 64
7.2 Count Controlled DO Loop 67
7.3 Rules to be Followed in Writing DO Loops 73
Summary 76
Exercises 77
8. Logical Expressions and More Control Statements
8.1 Introduction 79
8.2 Logical Constants, Variables and Expressions 80
8.3 Precedence Rules for Logical Operators 82
8.4 Some Examples of Use of Logical Expressions 84
8.5 The Case Statement 87
Summary 95
Exercises 95
9. Functions and Subroutines—Basics
9.1 Introduction 98
9.2 Function Subprograms 99
9.3 Syntax Rules for Function Subprograms 103
9.4 Generic Functions 107
9.5 Subroutines 107
9.6 Internal Procedures 113
Summary 115
Exercises 116
10. Defining and Manipulating Arrays
10.1 Arrays Variables 118
10.2 Use of Multiple Subscripts 123
10.3 DO Type Notation for Input/Output Statements 125
10.4 Initializing Arrays 129
10.5 Terminology Used for Multidimensional Arrays 130
10.6 Use of Arrays in DO Loops 131
10.7 Whole Array Operations 144
Summary 145
Exercises 146
11. Elementary Format Specifications
11.1 Format Description for Numerical Data; READ Statement
11.2 Format Description for Print Statement 152
11.3 Multi-Record Formats 157
11.4 Printing Character Strings 164
11.5 Reading and Writing Logical Quantities 164
11.6 Generalized Input/Output Statements 165
11.7 Some Comments on Formats 167
Summary 170
Exercises 172
12. Processing Strings of Characters 174
12.1 The Character Data Type 174
12.2 Manipulating Strings 176
12.3 Comparing Character Strings 181
Summary 188
Exercises 188
13. Program Examples 190
13.1 Description of a Small Computer 190
13.2 A Machine Language Program 193
13.3 An Algorithm to Simulate the Small Computer 194
13.4 A Simulation Program for the Small Computer 194
13.5 A Statistical Data Processing Program 197
13.6 Processing Survey Data with Computers 201
Exercises 207
14. Procedures with Array Arguments 209
14.1 Introduction^ 209
14.2 Procedures with Multi-Dimensional Arrays 213
14.3 Temporary Arrays in Procedures 223
14.4 Functions as Dummy Arguments 224
Summary 227
Exercises 228
15. Derived Types 230
15.1 Defining Derived Types 230
15.2 Using Derived Types 231
15.3 Using Derived Types in Procedures 233
15.4 Using Derived Types in Arrays 234
Summary 239
Exercises 239
16. Additional Features in Procedures 241
16.1 A Review of Procedures 241
16.2 Recursive Functions 243
16.3 Generic Procedures 247
16.4 User Defined Operators 250
16.5 Overloading Assignment 255
16.6 Array Valued Functions 256
16.7 Use of Optional and Keyword Arguments in Procedures 258
16.8 Scope of Names in FORTRAN 90 260
16.9 Saving Values of Variables in Subprograms 263
Summary 264
Exercises 266
17. Processing Files in Fortran 268
17.1 Creating a Sequential File 269
17.2 Searching a Sequential File 273
17.3 Updating a Sequential File 275
17.4 Direct Access Files 279
17.5 The INQUIRE Statement 282
Summary 283
Exercises 284
18. Pointer Data Type and Applications 285
18.1 The Pointer Data Type 286
18.2 Creating a List Data Structure 288
18.3 Manipulating a Linearly Linked List 291
18.4 Applications of Binary Trees 295
Summary 301
Exercises 302
19. Use of Modules 304
19.1 Abstract Data Type with Modules 304
19.2 Simulation and Application of a Stack 308
19.3 Abstract Data Type Complex 313
Summary 315
Exercises 315
20. Miscellaneous Features of Fortran 90 317
20.1 Kind Specification for Reals 317
20.2 Kind Specification for Integers and Characters 319
20.3 Use of Complex Quantities 320
20.4 Array Operations with a Mask 321
20.5 Namelist Input/Output 322
Summary 323
Exercises 324
21. Additional Features of Fortran 95 325
21.1 FORALL Statement 325
21.2 PURE Procedures 330
21.3 Elemental Procedures 331
21.4 Miscellaneous Features 331
21.5 Conclusions 332
Summary 332
Exercises 332
Appendix A Intrinsic Procedures in Fortran 90 335
Appendix B Statement Order in Fortran 90 345
Appendix C Statements of Fortran 77 declared as obsolete in Fortran 95 346
Appendix D New Fortran 90/95 Features compared with Fortran 77 347
References 349
Index 351