CompTIA Network+ Study Guide: Exam N10-008

Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Acknowledgments
About the Author
	About the Technical Editor
Contents at a Glance
Contents
Introduction
	N10-008 Exam Objectives
	Objective Map
Assessment Test
	Answers to Assessment Test
Chapter 1 Introduction to Networks
	First Things First: What’s a Network?
		The Local Area Network
		Common Network Components
		Metropolitan Area Network
		Wide Area Network
		Personal Area Network
		Campus Area Network
		Storage Area Network
		Software-Defined Wide Area Network
		Multiprotocol Label Switching
		Multipoint Generic Routing Encapsulation
		Network Architecture: Peer-to-Peer or Client-Server?
	Physical Network  Topologies
		Bus Topology
		Star Topology
		Ring Topology
		Mesh Topology
		Point-to-Point Topology
		Point-to-Multipoint Topology
		Hybrid Topology
	Topology Selection, Backbones, and Segments
		Selecting the Right Topology
		The Network Backbone
		Network Segments
		Service-Related Entry Points
		Service Provider Links
		Virtual Networking
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 2 The Open Systems Interconnection Specifications
	Internetworking Models
		The Layered Approach
		Advantages of Reference Models
	The OSI Reference Model
		The Application Layer
		The Presentation Layer
		The Session Layer
		The Transport Layer
		The Network Layer
		The Data Link Layer
		The Physical Layer
	Introduction to Encapsulation
	Modulation Techniques
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 3 Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards
	Physical Media
		Coaxial Cable
		Twisted-Pair Cable
		Twinaxial Cable
		Fiber-Optic Cable
		Transceivers
		Media Converters
		Serial Cables
	Cable Properties
		Transmission Speeds
		Distance
		Duplex
		Noise Immunity (Security, EMI)
		Frequency
	Wiring Standards
		T568A vs. T568B
		Straight-Through Cable
		Crossover Cable
		Rolled/Rollover Cable
		T1 Crossover Cable
	Installing Wiring Distributions
		MDF/IDF
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 4 The Current Ethernet Specifications
	Network Basics
	Ethernet Basics
		Collision Domain
		Broadcast Domain
		CSMA/CD
		Broadband/Baseband
		Bit Rates vs. Baud Rate
		Wavelength
		Half- and Full-Duplex Ethernet
	Ethernet at the Data Link Layer
		Binary to Decimal and Hexadecimal Conversion
		Ethernet Addressing
		Ethernet Frames
	Ethernet at the Physical Layer
	Ethernet over Other Standards (IEEE 1905.1-2013)
		Ethernet over Power Line
		Ethernet over HDMI
		Bidirectional Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
		Course Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (CWDM)
		Dense Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (DWDM)
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 5 Networking Devices
	Common Network Connectivity Devices
		Network Interface Card
		Hub
		Bridge
		Switch
		Router
		Firewall
		IDS/IPS
		HIDS
		Access Point
		Wireless Range Extender
		Wireless LAN Controller
		Load Balancer
		Contention Methods
		Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol Server
		IPAM
	Other Specialized Devices
		Multilayer Switch
		Domain Name Service Server
		Network Time Protocol
		Proxy Server
		Encryption and Content Filtering
		Analog Modem
		Packet Shaper
		VPN Concentrator/Headend
		Media Converter
		VoIP PBX
		VoIP Endpoint
		NGFW/Layer 7 Firewall
		VoIP Gateway
		Cable Modem
		DSL Modem
	Networked Devices
		VoIP Phones
		Printers
		Physical Access Control Devices
		Cameras
		Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning (HVAC) Sensors
		Internet of Things (IoT)
		Industrial Control Systems
	Planning and Implementing a Basic SOHO Network Using Network Segmentation
		Determining Requirements
		Switches and Bridges at the Data Link Layer
		Hubs at the Physical Layer
		Environmental Considerations
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 6 Introduction to the Internet Protocol
	Introducing TCP/IP
		A Brief History of TCP/IP
		TCP/IP and the DoD Model
		The Process/Application Layer Protocols
		The Host-to-Host Layer Protocols
		The Internet Layer Protocols
	Data Encapsulation
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 7 IP Addressing
	IP Terminology
	The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme
		Network Addressing
		Private IP Addresses (RFC 1918)
	IPv4 Address Types
		Layer 2 Broadcasts
		Layer 3 Broadcasts
		Unicast Address
		Multicast Address (Class D)
	Internet Protocol Version 6 (IPv6)
		Why Do We Need IPv6?
		The Benefits of and Uses for IPv6
		IPv6 Addressing and Expressions
		Shortened Expression
		Address Types
		Special Addresses
		Stateless Address Autoconfiguration (SLAAC)
		DHCPv6 (Stateful)
		Migrating to IPv6
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Labs
		Written Lab 7.1
		Written Lab 7.2
	Review Questions
Chapter 8 IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and Introduction to NAT
	Subnetting Basics
		How to Create Subnets
		Subnet Masks
		Classless Inter-Domain Routing (CIDR)
		Subnetting Class C Addresses
		Subnetting Class B Addresses
	Troubleshooting IP Addressing
		Determining IP Address Problems
	Introduction to Network Address Translation (NAT)
		Types of Network Address Translation
		NAT Names
		How NAT Works
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 9 Introduction to IP Routing
	Routing Basics
	The IP Routing Process
	Testing Your IP Routing Understanding
	Static and Dynamic Routing
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 10 Routing Protocols
	Routing Protocol Basics
		Administrative Distances
		Classes of Routing Protocols
	Distance-Vector Routing Protocols
		Routing Information Protocol (RIP)
		RIP Version 2 (RIPv2)
		VLSMs and Discontiguous Networks
		EIGRP
		Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)
	Link-State Routing Protocols
		Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)
		Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS)
	High Availability
		Hot Standby Router Protocol (HSRP)
		Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol
	Advanced IPv6 Concepts
		Router Advertisement
		Neighbor Discovery Protocol
		Tunneling
		Dual Stack
	IPv6 Routing Protocols
		RIPng
		EIGRPv6
		OSPFv3
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 11 Switching and Virtual LANs
	Networking Before Layer 2 Switching
	Switching Services
		Limitations of Layer 2 Switching
		Bridging vs. LAN Switching
		Three Switch Functions at Layer 2
		Distributed Switching
	Spanning Tree Protocol
		Spanning Tree Port States
		STP Convergence
		Rapid Spanning Tree Protocol 802.1w
	Virtual LANs
		VLAN Basics
		Quality of Service
		VLAN Memberships
		Static VLANs
		Dynamic VLANs
		Identifying VLANs
		VLAN Identification Methods
	VLAN Trunking Protocol
		VTP Modes of Operation
		Do We Really Need to Put an IP Address on a Switch?
		Switch Port Protection
		Port Bonding
		Device Hardening
	Two Additional Advanced Features of Switches
		Power over Ethernet (802.3af, 802.3at)
		Port Mirroring/Spanning (SPAN/RSPAN)
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 12 Wireless Networking
	Introduction to Wireless Technology
	Cellular Technologies
	The 802.11 Standards (Regulatory Impacts)
		2.4 GHz (802.11b)
		2.4 GHz (802.11g)
		5 GHz (802.11a)
		5 GHz (802.11h)
		2.4 GHz/5 GHz (802.11n)
		5 GHz (802.11ac)
		WiFi 6 (802.11ax)
	Comparing 802.11 Standards
		Range and Speed Comparisons
	Wireless Network Components
		Wireless Access Points
		Wireless Network Interface Card
		Wireless Antennas
	Installing a Wireless Network
		Ad Hoc Mode: Independent Basic Service Set
		Infrastructure Mode: Basic Service Set
		Wireless Controllers
		Mobile Hot Spots
		Signal Degradation
		Other Network Infrastructure Implementations
		Technologies That Facilitate the Internet of Things (IoT)
		Installing and Configuring WLAN Hardware
	Site Survey
		Providing Capacity
		Multiple Floors
		Location-Based WLAN
		Site Survey Tools
	Wireless Security
		Wireless Threats
		Open Access
		Service Set Identifiers, Wired Equivalent Privacy, and Media Access Control Address Authentication
		Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (802.1X)
		Temporal Key Integrity Protocol
		Wi-Fi Protected Access or WPA2 Pre-Shared Key
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 13 Using Statistics and Sensors to Ensure Network Availability
	Performance Metrics/Sensors
		Device/Chassis
		Network Metrics
	SNMP
		Traps
		Object Identifiers (OIDs)
		Management Information Bases (MIBs)
	Network Device Logs
		Log Reviews
		Logging Levels/Severity Levels
	Interface Statistics/Status
		Link State (Up/Down)
		Speed/Duplex
		Send/Receive Traffic
		Cyclic Redundancy Checks (CRCs)
		Protocol Packet and Byte Counts
	Interface Errors or Alerts
		CRC Errors
		Giants and Runts
		Encapsulation Errors
	Environmental Factors and Sensors
		Temperature
		Humidity
		Electrical
		Flooding
	Baselines
	NetFlow Data
		NetFlow Overview and Flows
	Uptime/Downtime
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 14 Organizational Documents and Policies
	Plans and Procedures
		Change Management
		Incident Response Plan
		Disaster Recovery Plan
		Business Continuity Plan
		System Life Cycle
		Standard Operating Procedures
	Hardening and Security Policies
		Acceptable Use Policy
		Password Policy
		Bring Your Own Device (BYOD) Policy
		Remote Access Policy
		Onboarding and Offboarding Policy
		Security Policy
		Data Loss Prevention
	Common Documentation
		Physical Network Diagram
		Logical Network Diagram
		Wiring Diagram
		Site Survey Report
		Audit and Assessment Report
		Baseline Configurations
	Common Agreements
		Nondisclosure Agreement (NDA)
		Service-Level Agreement (SLA)
		Memorandum of Understanding (MOU)
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 15 High Availability and Disaster Recovery
	Load Balancing
	Multipathing
	Network Interface Card (NIC) Teaming
	Redundant Hardware/Clusters
		Switches
		Routers
		Firewalls
	Facilities and Infrastructure Support
		Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
		Power Distribution Units (PDUs)
		Generator
		HVAC
		Fire Suppression
	Redundancy and High Availability (HA) Concepts
		Recovery Sites
		Cold Site
		Warm Site
		Hot Site
		Cloud Site
		Active/Active vs. Active/Passive
	Mean Time to Repair (MTTR)
	Mean Time Between Failure (MTBF)
	Recovery Time Objective (RTO)
	Recovery Point Objective (RPO)
	Network Device Backup/Restore
		State/Configuration
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 16 Common Security Concepts
	Confidentiality, Integrity, and Availability (CIA)
		Confidentiality
		Integrity
		Availability
	Threats
		Internal
		External
	Vulnerabilities
		Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures (CVE)
		Zero-Day
		Exploits
	Least Privilege
	Role-Based Access
	Zero Trust
	Defense in Depth
		Network Segmentation Enforcement
		Screened Subnet (aka Demilitarized Zone)
		Separation of Duties
		Network Access Control
		Honeypot
	Authentication Methods
		Multifactor
		Authentication, Authorization, and Accounting (AAA)
		Remote Authentication Dial-In User Service (RADIUS)
		Terminal Access Controller Access Control System Plus (TACACS+)
		Single Sign-On (SSO)
		LDAP
		Kerberos
		Local Authentication
		802.1X
		Extensible Authentication Protocol (EAP)
	Security Risk Assessments
		Threat Assessment
		Vulnerability Assessment
		Penetration Testing
		Business Risk Assessments
	Security Information and Event Management (SIEM)
		Notifications
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 17 Common Types of Attacks
	Technology-Based Attacks
		Denial of Service (DoS)/Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS)
		On-Path Attack (Previously Known as Man-in-the-Middle Attack)
		DNS Poisoning
		VLAN Hopping
		ARP Spoofing
		Rogue DHCP
		Rogue Access Point (AP)
		Evil Twin
		Ransomware
		Password Attacks
		MAC Spoofing
		IP Spoofing
		Deauthentication
		Malware
	Human and Environmental
		Social Engineering
		Phishing
		Environmental
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 18 Network Hardening Techniques
	Best Practices
		Secure SNMP
		Router Advertisement (RA) Guard
		Port Security
		Dynamic ARP Inspection
		Control Plane Policing
		Private VLANs
		Disable Unneeded Switchports
		Disable Unneeded Network Services
		Change Default Passwords
		Password Complexity/Length
		Enable DHCP Snooping
		Change Default VLAN
		Patch and Firmware Management
		Access Control List
		Role-Based Access
		Firewall Rules
	Wireless Security
		MAC Filtering
		Antenna Placement
		Power Levels
		Wireless Client Isolation
		Guest Network Isolation
		Preshared Keys (PSKs)
		EAP
		Geofencing
		Captive Portal
	IoT Access Considerations
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 19 Remote Access Security
	Site-to-Site VPN
	Client-to-Site VPN
		Clientless VPN
		Split Tunnel vs. Full Tunnel
	Remote Desktop Connection
	Remote Desktop Gateway
	SSH
	Virtual Network Computing (VNC)
	Virtual Desktop
	Authentication and Authorization Considerations
	In-Band vs. Out-of-Band Management
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 20 Physical Security
	Detection Methods
		Cameras
		Motion Detection
		Asset Tags
		Tamper Detection
	Prevention Methods
		Employee Training
		Access Control Hardware
		Locking Racks
		Locking Cabinets
		Access Control Vestibule (Previously Known as a Mantrap)
		Smart Lockers
	Asset Disposal
		Factory Reset/Wipe Configuration
		Sanitize Devices for Disposal
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 21 Data Center Architecture and Cloud Concepts
	Data Center Network Architectures
		Access/Edge Layer
		Distribution Layer
		Core Layer
	Software-Defined Networking
		Application Layer
		Control Layer
		Infrastructure Layer
		Management Plane
		Spine-Leaf–Based Two-Tier Networks
		Top-of-Rack Switching
		Backbone
	Traffic Flows
		North-South
		East-West
	Branch Office vs. On-premises Data Center vs. Colocation
	Cloud Computing and Its Effect on the Enterprise Network
		Service Models
	Overview of Network Programmability in Enterprise Network
		Software-Defined Networking
	Application Programming Interfaces (APIs)
		Southbound APIs
		Northbound APIs
	Managing Network Documentation
		Using SNMP
		Schematics and Diagrams
	Network Monitoring
		Baselines
		Processes
		Onboarding and Offboarding of Mobile Devices
		NAC
		Policies, Procedures, and Regulations
		Safety Practices
		Implementing Network Segmentation
	Network Optimization
		Reasons to Optimize Your Network’s Performance
		How to Optimize Performance
		Unified Communications
		Traffic Shaping
		Load Balancing
		High Availability
		Caching Engines
		Fault Tolerance
		Archives/Backups
		Common Address Redundancy Protocol
		Virtual Networking
		Locating and Installing Equipment
		Change Management Procedures
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 22 Ensuring Network Availability
	Performance Metrics/Sensors
	Network Metrics
		SNMP
	Network Device Logs
	Interface Statistics/Status
	Interface Errors
		Environmental Factors and Sensors
	Baseline
	NetFlow
	Uptime
	Downtime
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 23 Cable Connectivity Issues and Tools
	Identifying Hardware Tools
		Cable Testers
		Protocol Analyzer
		Certifiers
		Time-Domain Reflectometer
		Optical Time-Domain Reflectometer
		Multimeter
		Spectrum Analyzer
		Toner Generator (Probe)
		Tap
		Metrics
		Butt Set
		Punch-Down Tool
		Cable Snips/Cutters
		Voltage Event Recorder (Power)
		Fiber Light Meter
		Fiber Fusion Splicer
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 24 Network Troubleshooting Methodology
	Narrowing Down the Problem
		Did You Check the Super Simple Stuff?
		Is Hardware or Software Causing the Problem?
		Is It a Workstation or a Server Problem?
		Which Segments of the Network Are Affected?
		Is It Bad Cabling?
	Troubleshooting Steps
		Step 1: Identify the Problem
		Step 2: Establish a Theory of Probable Cause
		Step 3: Test the Theory to Determine Cause
		Step 4: Establish a Plan of Action to Resolve the Problem and Identify Potential Effects
		Step 5: Implement the Solution or Escalate as Necessary
		Step 6: Verify Full System Functionality, and If Applicable, Implement Preventative Measures
		Step 7: Document Findings, Actions, Outcomes, and Lessons Learned
	Troubleshooting Tips
		Don’t Overlook the Small Stuff
		Prioritize Your Problems
		Check the Software Configuration
		Don’t Overlook Physical Conditions
		Don’t Overlook Cable Problems
		Check for Viruses
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Chapter 25 Network Software Tools and Commands
	Software Tools
		Wi-Fi Analyzers
		Protocol Analyzer/Packet Capture
		Bandwidth Speed Testers
		Port Scanners
		NetFlow Analyzers
		Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) Server
		Connectivity Software
		IP Scanner
	Using traceroute
	Using ipconfig, ifconfig, and ip
		Using the ipconfig Utility
		Using the ifconfig Utility
		Using the ip Utility
	Using the iptables Utility
		Examples of iptables
	Using the ping Utility
	Using the Address Resolution Protocol
		The Windows ARP Table
	Using the arp Utility
	Using the nslookup Utility
	Resolving Names with the Hosts File
	Using the Mtr Command (pathping)
	Using the Nmap Utility
	Using the route Command
		Using the route Command Options
		Some Examples of the route Command
	Using the nbtstat Utility
		The –a Switch
		The –A Switch
		The –c Switch
		The –n Switch
		The –r Switch
		The –R Switch
		The –S Switch
		The –s Switch
	Using the netstat Utility
		The –a Switch
		The –e Switch
		The –r Switch
		The –s Switch
		The –p Switch
		The –n Switch
	Using tcpdump
		Examples of Using tcpdump
	Using the File Transfer Protocol
		Starting FTP and Logging In to an FTP Server
		Downloading Files
		Uploading Files
	Using the Telnet Utility
		How to Enable Telnet in Windows
		Don’t Use Telnet, Use Secure Shell
	Summary
	Exam Essentials
	Written Lab
	Review Questions
Appendix A Answers to Written Labs
	Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks
	Chapter 2: The Open Systems Interconnection Specifications
	Chapter 3: Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards
	Chapter 4: The Current Ethernet Specifications
	Chapter 5: Networking Devices
	Chapter 6: Introduction to the Internet Protocol
	Chapter 7: IP Addressing
		Written Lab 7.1
		Written Lab 7.2
	Chapter 8: IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and Introduction to NAT
	Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing
	Chapter 10: Routing Protocols
	Chapter 11: Switching and Virtual LANs
	Chapter 12: Wireless Networking
	Chapter 13: Using Statistics and Sensors to Ensure Network Availability
	Chapter 14: Organizational Documents and Policies
	Chapter 15: High Availability and Disaster Recovery
	Chapter 16: Common Security Concepts
	Chapter 17: Common Types of Attacks
	Chapter 18: Network Hardening Techniques
	Chapter 19: Remote Access Security
	Chapter 20: Physical Security
	Chapter 21: Data Center Architecture and Cloud Concepts
	Chapter 22: Ensuring Network Availability
	Chapter 23: Cable Connectivity Issues and Tools
	Chapter 24: Network Troubleshooting Methodology
	Chapter 25: Network Software Tools and Commands
Appendix B Answers to Review Questions
	Chapter 1: Introduction to Networks
	Chapter 2: The Open Systems Interconnection Specifications
	Chapter 3: Networking Connectors and Wiring Standards
	Chapter 4: The Current Ethernet Specifications
	Chapter 5: Networking Devices
	Chapter 6: Introduction to the Internet Protocol
	Chapter 7: IP Addressing
	Chapter 8: IP Subnetting, Troubleshooting IP, and Introduction to NAT
	Chapter 9: Introduction to IP Routing
	Chapter 10: Routing Protocols
	Chapter 11: Switching and Virtual LANs
	Chapter 12: Wireless Networking
	Chapter 13: Using Statistics and Sensors to Ensure Network Availability
	Chapter 14: Organizational Documents and Policies
	Chapter 15: High Availability and Disaster Recovery
	Chapter 16: Common Security Concepts
	Chapter 17: Common Types of Attacks
	Chapter 18: Network Hardening Techniques
	Chapter 19: Remote Access Security
	Chapter 20: Physical Security
	Chapter 21: Data Center Architecture and Cloud Concepts
	Chapter 22: Ensuring Network Availability
	Chapter 23: Cable Connectivity Issues and Tools
	Chapter 24: Network Troubleshooting Methodology
	Chapter 25: Network Software Tools and Commands
Appendix C Subnetting Class A
	Subnetting Practice Examples: Class A Addresses
		Practice Example #1A: 255.255.0.0 (/16)
		Practice Example #2A: 255.255.240.0 (/20)
		Practice Example #3A: 255.255.255.192 (/26)
	Subnetting in Your Head: Class A Addresses
	Written Lab 1
	Written Lab 2
	Answers to Written Lab 1
	Answers to Written Lab 2
Index
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