Compression of biomedical images and signals

Compression of Biomedical Images and Signals......Page 5
Table of Contents......Page 7
Preface......Page 15
1.1. Introduction......Page 19
1.2.1. Usefulness of PACS......Page 20
1.2.2. The limitations of installing a PACS......Page 21
1.3.1. An example from radiology......Page 22
1.3.2. An example from anatomic pathology......Page 24
1.3.3. An example from cardiology with ECG......Page 25
1.4. Legal and practical matters......Page 26
1.5. The role of data compression......Page 27
1.6.1. Evaluation......Page 28
1.6.2. Reticence......Page 29
1.8. Bibliography......Page 30
2.1. Introduction......Page 33
2.2. Outline of a generic compression technique......Page 34
2.2.1. Reducing redundancy......Page 35
2.2.3. Coding the quantized values......Page 36
2.2.4. Compression ratio, quality evaluation......Page 38
2.3. Compression of still images......Page 39
2.3.1.1. Why use DCT?......Page 40
2.3.1.3. Coding......Page 42
2.3.1.4. Compression of still color images with JPEG......Page 43
2.3.1.5. JPEG standard: conclusion......Page 44
2.3.2.2. Decomposition of images with the wavelet transform......Page 45
2.3.2.3. Quantization and coding of subbands......Page 47
2.3.2.4. Wavelet-based compression methods, serving as references......Page 48
2.3.2.5. JPEG 2000 standard......Page 49
2.4. The compression of image sequences......Page 51
2.4.1. DCT-based video compression scheme......Page 52
2.4.2. A history of and comparison between video standards......Page 54
2.5. Compressing 1D signals......Page 56
2.7. Conclusion and future developments......Page 57
2.8. Bibliography......Page 58
3.1. Introduction......Page 61
3.2.1.1. Electroencephalogram (EEG)......Page 62
3.2.1.3. Electromyogram (EMG)......Page 63
3.2.3.1. Properties of EEG signals......Page 64
3.2.3.2. Properties of ECG signals......Page 66
3.3.1. The different features of medical imaging formation processes......Page 68
3.3.1.1. Radiology......Page 69
3.3.1.2. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)......Page 72
3.3.1.3. Ultrasound......Page 76
3.3.1.4. Nuclear medicine......Page 80
3.3.1.5. Anatomopathological imaging......Page 84
3.3.1.6. Conclusion......Page 86
3.3.2. Properties of medical images......Page 87
3.3.2.1. The size of images......Page 88
3.3.2.2. Spatial and temporal resolution......Page 89
3.3.2.3. Noise in medical images......Page 90
3.4. Conclusion......Page 91
3.5. Bibliography......Page 92
4.1. Introduction......Page 95
4.2.1. Who creates the standards, and how?......Page 97
4.2.2.3. DICOM Committee......Page 98
4.2.2.4.Health Level Seven (HL7)......Page 103
4.2.2.5. Synergy between the standards bodies......Page 104
4.3.1. Image compression......Page 105
4.3.2.1. The coding of compressed images in DICOM......Page 107
4.3.2.2. The types of compression available......Page 110
4.3.2.3. Modes of access to compressed data......Page 113
4.5. Bibliography......Page 117
5.1. Introduction......Page 119
5.2.1. The block effect......Page 120
5.2.2. Fading contrast in high spatial frequencies......Page 121
5.3.1. Protocol evaluation......Page 123
5.3.2. Analyzing the diagnosis reliability......Page 124
5.3.2.1. ROC analysis......Page 126
5.3.3. Analyzing the quality of diagnostic criteria......Page 129
5.4. Objective quality assessment......Page 132
5.4.2. Metrics based on texture analysis......Page 133
5.4.3.1. Luminance adaptation......Page 135
5.4.3.3. Spatio-frequency decomposition......Page 136
5.4.3.4. Masking effect......Page 137
5.4.3.5. Visual distortion measures......Page 138
5.4.4. Analysis of the modification of quantitative clinical parameters......Page 141
5.6. Bibliography......Page 143
6.1. Introduction......Page 147
6.2.3. EDF norm......Page 148
6.3.1. Time-domain EEG compression......Page 149
6.3.5. Compression of the EEG by parameter extraction......Page 150
6.4.1. State of the art......Page 151
6.4.2. Evaluation of the performances of ECG compression methods......Page 152
6.4.3. ECG pre-processing......Page 153
6.4.4.1. Time domain ECG compression......Page 154
6.4.4.2. Compression of the ECG in the frequency domain......Page 159
6.4.5. ECG compression for storage......Page 162
6.4.5.1. Synchronization and polynomial modeling......Page 163
6.4.5.2. Synchronization and interleaving......Page 167
6.5. Conclusion......Page 168
6.6. Bibliography......Page 169
7.1. Introduction......Page 173
7.2.1. Lossless compression by standard methods......Page 174
7.2.2. Specific methods of lossless compression......Page 175
7.2.3. Compression based on the region of interest......Page 176
7.3.1. Quantization of medical images......Page 178
7.3.1.2. A few illustrations......Page 179
7.3.1.5. Other vector quantization methods applied to medical images......Page 181
7.3.2. DCT-based compression of medical images......Page 182
7.3.3.1. Optimizing the JPEG 2000 parameters for the compression of medical images......Page 185
7.3.4. Fractal compression......Page 188
7.3.5.1. Compression of mammography images......Page 189
7.3.5.2. Compression of ultrasound images......Page 190
7.4.1. State-of-the-art progressive medical image compression techniques......Page 191
7.4.2.1. Characteristics of the LAR encoding method......Page 192
7.4.2.2. Progressive LAR encoding......Page 194
7.4.2.3. Hierarchical region encoding......Page 196
7.5. Conclusion......Page 199
7.6. Bibliography......Page 200
8.1. Introduction......Page 205
8.2. Reversible compression of (2D+t) and 3D medical data sets......Page 208
8.3.1. Intra-frame lossy coding......Page 210
8.3.2.1. Conventional video coding techniques......Page 212
8.3.2.3. 2D+t wavelet-based coding systems limits......Page 213
8.4.1. Wavelet-based intra coding......Page 214
8.4.2.1. 3D DCT coding......Page 215
8.4.2.2. 3D wavelet-based coding based on scalar or vector quantization......Page 216
8.4.2.3. Embedded 3D wavelet-based coding......Page 217
8.4.2.4. Object-based 3D embedded coding......Page 222
8.4.2.5. Performance assessment of 3D embedded coders......Page 223
8.5. Conclusion......Page 225
8.6. Bibliography......Page 226
9.1. Introduction......Page 229
9.2. Definitions and properties of triangular meshes......Page 231
9.3. Compression of static meshes......Page 234
9.3.1.1. Connectivity coding......Page 235
9.3.1.2. Geometry coding......Page 236
9.3.2.2. Spectral methods......Page 237
9.3.2.3. Wavelet-based approaches......Page 238
9.4. Compression of dynamic meshes......Page 247
9.4.1.1. Prediction-based techniques......Page 248
9.4.1.2. Wavelet-based techniques......Page 249
9.4.1.3. Clustering-based techniques......Page 251
9.4.1.5. Discussion......Page 252
9.4.2.1. Data......Page 254
9.4.2.2. Proposed approach......Page 255
9.4.2.3. Results......Page 256
9.5. Conclusion......Page 257
9.6.1. Appendix A: mesh via the MC algorithm......Page 258
9.7. Bibliography......Page 259
10.1. Introduction......Page 265
10.2.1. Legislation and patient rights......Page 266
10.2.2. A wide range of protection measures......Page 267
10.3.1. Encryption algorithm classification......Page 269
10.3.2. The DES encryption algorithm......Page 270
10.3.3. The AES encryption algorithm......Page 271
10.3.4. Asymmetric block system: RSA......Page 272
10.3.5. Algorithms for stream ciphering......Page 273
10.4. Medical image encryption......Page 275
10.4.2. Coding images by asynchronous stream cipher......Page 276
10.4.3. Applying encryption to medical images......Page 277
10.4.4. Selective encryption of medical images......Page 279
10.5.1. Image watermarking and health uses......Page 283
10.5.2.1. Characteristics.......Page 284
10.5.2.2. The methods......Page 285
10.5.3. Confidentiality and integrity of medical images by data encryption and data hiding......Page 287
10.6. Conclusion......Page 290
10.7. Bibliography......Page 291
11.1. Introduction......Page 295
11.2. Brief overview of the existing applications......Page 296
11.3.1.1. Presentation, definitions and characteristics......Page 297
11.3.1.3. Improving the Quality of Service......Page 299
11.3.2.1. Presentation of these systems......Page 300
11.3.2.2. Wireless specificities......Page 302
11.4.1.2. Transmission outside hospital on fixed networks......Page 305
11.4.2.1. Inside fixed networks......Page 306
11.4.2.2. Inside mobile networks......Page 307
11.4.3. Presentation of some solutions and directions......Page 311
11.4.3.1. Use of error correcting codes......Page 312
11.4.3.2. Unequal protection using the Mojette transform......Page 315
11.5. Conclusion......Page 317
11.6. Bibliography......Page 318
Conclusion......Page 321
List of Authors......Page 323
Index......Page 327