Comprehensive Textbook of Clinical Radiology Volume IV: Abdomen

Title page
Table of Contents
Copyright
Foreword
Foreword
Foreword
Preface
Contributors
List of Illustrations
List of Tables
SECTION 7. General Abdomen
	7.1. Imaging techniques of abdomen and pelvis
		7.1.1. UNDERSTANDING THE ADULT ABDOMINAL RADIOGRAPH: TECHNIQUES AND INTERPRETATION
		7.1.2. OESOPHAGOGRAM
			7.1.2.1. BARIUM UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL SERIES
			7.1.2.2. BARIUM MEAL FOLLOW THROUGH (SMALL BOWEL SERIES)
			7.1.2.3. SMALL BOWEL ENEMA: TIPS TO PERFORM AND INTERPRETATION
			7.1.2.4. BARIUM ENEMA
			7.1.2.5. FISTULOGRAM
			7.1.2.6. HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY
		7.1.3. ULTRASOUND OF NORMAL ABDOMEN ANATOMY, TECHNIQUES, VARIATIONS, NOMOGRAMS AND SCANNING PROTOCOLS
		7.1.4. NORMAL ANATOMY AND FLOW PATTERNS IN ABDOMINAL VESSELS
		7.1.5. ULTRASOUND ASSESSMENT OF AORTA, ILIAC ARTERIES AND THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA
		7.1.6. DOPPLER ASSESSMENT OF MESENTERIC ARTERIES
		7.1.7. GENERAL PRINCIPLES OF ABDOMINAL IMAGING
			7.1.7.1. PERIANAL FISTULAE AND ITS EVALUATION BY TRANSPERIANAL SONOGRAPHY AND MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING
	7.2. Normal anatomy and normal variant
		7.2.1. CROSS SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF ABDOMEN
		7.2.2. NORMAL ANATOMY OF ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
			7.2.2.1. NORMAL VARIANTS: LIVER ANATOMY VARIANTS
	7.3. Normograms of abdomen and gastrointestinal tract
	7.4. Approach to radiological diagnosis
		7.4.1. APPROACH TO HIGH INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION IN A NEONATE
		7.4.2. APPROACH TO PHARYNGEAL AND OESOPHAGEAL POUCHES AND DIVERTICULA
		7.4.3. APPROACH TO OESOPHAGEAL DYSPHAGIA
		7.4.4. APPROACH TO OESOPHAGEAL LUMINAL NARROWING
		7.4.5. APPROACH TO GASTRIC FILLING DEFECTS
		7.4.6. APPROACH TO WIDENING OF C LOOP OF DUODENUM
		7.4.7. APPROACH TO MESENTERIC ISCHAEMIA
		7.4.8. APPROACH TO MESENTERIC CYSTIC LESIONS
		7.4.9. APPROACH TO SOLID MESENTERIC LESIONS
		7.4.10. APPROACH TO MISTY MESENTERY
		7.4.11. APPROACH TO COLITIS
		7.4.12. APPROACH TO WIDENED RETRORECTAL SPACE
		7.4.13. HEPATOBILIARY: APPROACH TO FOCAL LIVER MASS IN PAEDIATRICS
		7.4.14. APPROACH TO LIVER LESIONS WITH A CENTRAL SCAR
		7.4.15. APPROACH TO LIVER LESIONS CAUSING CAPSULAR RETRACTION
		7.4.16. APPROACH TO CYSTIC LIVER LESIONS
		7.4.17. APPROACH TO CYSTIC LESION OF PANCREAS
		7.4.18. APPROACH TO CYSTIC LESION OF PANCREAS – MACROCYSTIC LESION
		7.4.19. APPROACH TO OMENTAL PATHOLOGIES
	7.5. Paediatric imaging techniques of abdomen and pelvis
		7.5.1. MISCELLANEOUS PAEDIATRIC RADIOGRAPHY – TECHNIQUES AND INTERPRETATION: SKELETAL SURVEY
			7.5.1.1. BABYGRAM
			7.5.1.2. INVERTOGRAM
		7.5.2. UPPER GASTROINTESTINAL SERIES
		7.5.3. IMAGING MODALITIES IN PAEDIATRIC ABDOMEN
	7.6. Anorectal malformations
	7.7. Gastrointestinal masses in children
	7.8. Neonatal gastrointestinal disorders
	7.9. Upper gastrointestinal abnormalities (typically seen in infants and young children)
	7.10. Imaging in paediatric mesentery disorders
	7.11. Paediatric inflammatory bowel disease
	7.12. Intussusception
	7.13. Approach to acute abdomen
	7.14. Imaging and interventions in abdominal trauma
	7.15. Abdominal wall pathologies and hernias
	7.16. Pelvic floor imaging
		7.16.1. PELVIC FLOOR IMAGING – ANTERIOR AND MIDDLE COMPARTMENTS
		7.16.2. MR DEFECOGRAPHY AND ITS ROLE IN PELVIC FLOOR IMAGING
	7.17. Vascular interventions in gastrointestinal tract
	7.18. Nonvascular interventions in the abdomen
SECTION 8. Gastrointestinal Tract
	8.1. Oesophagus
		8.1.1. CLINICALLY RELEVANT EMBRYOLOGY OF OESOPHAGUS
		8.1.2. IMAGING TECHNIQUES – OESOPHAGUS
		8.1.3. ALGORITHMIC APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH OESOPHAGEAL DYSPHAGIA
		8.1.4. OESOPHAGEAL MOTILITY DISORDERS
		8.1.5. APPROACH TO INDIGESTION, NAUSEA, VOMITING AND GASTRO-OESOPHAGEAL REFLUX
		8.1.6. BENIGN NEOPLASMS OF OESOPHAGUS
		8.1.7. CA OESOPHAGUS
	8.2. Stomach
	8.3. Small bowel
		8.3.1. SMALL BOWEL IMAGING
		8.3.2. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASE
		8.3.3. IMAGING OF SMALL BOWEL ISCHAEMIA
		8.3.4. SMALL BOWEL OBSTRUCTION
		8.3.5. POSTOPERATIVE SMALL BOWEL IMAGING
	8.4. Colon
		8.4.1. EMBRIOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF COLON
		8.4.2. IMAGING TECHNIQUES FOR COLON
		8.4.3. IMAGING OF THE APPENDIX AND INTRAPERITONEAL FOCAL FAT INFARCTION
		8.4.4. INFLAMMATORY BOWEL DISEASES OF COLON
		8.4.5. DIVERTICULAR DISEASES OF COLON
		8.4.6. ISCHAEMIC COLITIS
		8.4.7. INFECTIOUS COLITIS
		8.4.8. NEOPLASTIC DISEASE OF COLON
		8.4.9. MISCELLANEOUS DISEASES OF COLON
	8.5. Rectum
	8.6. Peritoneum
SECTION 9. Hepatobiliary System
	9.1. Radiological techniques in hepatobiliary imaging
		9.1.1. PLAIN RADIOGRAPHY FOR HEPATOBILIARY IMAGING
		9.1.2. ULTRASOUND OF HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
		9.1.3. DOPPLER OF PORTAL VEIN
		9.1.4. INTRAOPERATIVE PANCREATIC AND HEPATIC ULTRASOUND
		9.1.5. MULTIDETECTOR CT OF THE HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM AND CHOLANGIOGRAPHY
		9.1.6. CT ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM AND INTERVENTIONS IN HEPATOBILIARY SYSTEM
		9.1.7. MRI LIVER TECHNIQUE, MRCP AND ERCP
		9.1.8. LIVER FAT AND IRON ESTIMATION INCLUDING SPECTROSCOPY AND LIVER ELASTOGRAPHY
	9.2. Normal anatomy and variants
	9.3. Normogram and normal values
	9.4. Approach to radiologic diagnosis
		9.4.1. APPROACH TO CONGENITAL PANCREATIC ANOMALIES
			Introduction
		9.4.2. APPROACH TO PANCREATIC CALCIFICATION
		9.4.3. APPROACH TO PERIAMPULLARY LESIONS
	9.5. Radiological signs – hepatobiliary system
	9.6. Embroyology and congenital anomalies of the hepatobiliary system
	9.7. Hepatobiliary system: Congenital anomalies
	9.8. Paediatric hepatobiliary lesions
		9.8.1. DIFFUSE PARENCHYMAL DISEASES OF THE LIVER
		9.8.2. PEDIATRIC BENIGN HEPATIC MASSES (INCLUDING INFECTIONS)
		9.8.3. IMAGING OF MALIGNANT PAEDIATRIC LIVER AND BILIARY TRACT LESIONS
		9.8.4. VASCULAR ANOMALIES OF PEDIATRIC LIVER
		9.8.5. DISEASES OF GALLBLADDER IN CHILDREN
		9.8.6. LIVER TRANSPLANTATION IN CHILDREN
	9.9. Imaging in portal hypertension and cirrhosis with emphasis on LI-RADS
	9.10. Diffuse liver disease
		Abnormalities of attenuation
	9.11. Focal liver lesions
	9.12. Vascular pathologies of liver
	9.13. Hepatic infections
	9.14. Liver transplant imaging
		Posttransplant imaging
	9.15. Imaging in biliary diseases
	9.16. Paediatric pancreatic pathologies
	9.17. Imaging in pancreatitis
	9.18. Imaging in solid pancreatic masses
	9.19. Cystic pancreatic masses
	9.20. Role of imaging in pancreatic transplant
	9.21. Paediatric splenic abnormalities
	9.22. Imaging of spleen and splenic pathologies
		9.22.1. CONGENITAL SPLENIC ABNORMALITIES
		9.22.2. SPLENIC INFECTION AND ABSCESS
		9.22.3. SPLENOMEGALY AND HYPERSPLENISM
		9.22.4. SPLENIC INFARCTION
		9.22.5. SPLENIC TRAUMA
		9.22.6. BENIGN LESIONS OF THE SPLEEN
		9.22.7. MALIGNANT LESIONS AND LYMPHOMA OF THE SPLEEN
		9.22.8. SPLENIC INTERVENTIONS
	9.23. Abdominal trauma
	9.24. Biliary interventions
		1. Percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage
		2. Biliary stenting
		3. Percutaneous cholecystostomy
		4. Biliary brush cytology and biopsy
		5. Biliary radiofrequency ablation
		6. Biliary internal radiotherapy
		7. Benign biliary strictures and bile leaks
		8. Other methods of biliary drainage
	9.25. Transarterial therapy for liver tumours
	9.26. Interventions in portal hypertension
	9.27. Interventional management of Budd–Chiari syndrome
	9.28. Portal vein embolization: Principle, technique and current status
	9.29. Postliver transplant complications and interventions
SECTION 10. Urinary Tract Disease
	10.1. Imaging techniques: Plain radiograph, conventional imaging, fluoro–cine techniques, USG doppler, CT/MR
	10.2. Anatomy, radiological anatomy, normal variants
	10.3. Normograms for the urinary tract
	10.4. Approach based algorithms
		10.4.1. RENOVASCULAR HYPERTENSION
		10.4.2. URINARY TRACT CALCIFICATIONS
		10.4.3. RENAL MASS FOR EVALUATION
		10.4.4. APPROACH TO HEMATURIA
		10.4.5. ALGORITHMIC APPROACH TO A PATIENT WITH BLADDER LESIONS
	10.5. Embryology of the urinary tract
	10.6. Conventional paediatric uroradiology
	10.7. Genitourinary anomalies
	10.8. Urinary tract infections (including vesicoureteric reflux and neurogenic bladder)
	10.9. Renal masses in children
	10.10. Retroperitoneal masses in children (including adrenals)
	10.11. Bladder and urethral abnormalities in children
	10.12. Kidney
		10.12.1. CYSTIC DISEASES OF KIDNEY
		10.12.2. INFECTIONS
			1. Acute bacterial pyelonephritis
			2. Emphysematous pyelonephritis
			3. Xanthogranulomatous pyelonephritis
			4. Renal and perinephric abscess
			Pyonephrosis
			5. Reflux nephropathy (RN)
			6. Renal sinus lipomatosis
			Renal replacement lipomatosis (RRL)
			7. Renal malakoplakia
			8. Renal fungal disease: Includes candidiasis and mucormycosis
			9. HIV-associated nephropathy
			10. Opportunistic renal infections in HIV
			11. Urogenital tuberculosis
			12. Parasitic infestation in gut
		10.12.3. RENAL FAILURE
			1. Hydronephrosis and obstructive uropathy
			2. Acute renal failure
			3. Chronic renal failure
			4. Glomerular diseases: An insight into imaging of nephritic and nephrotic pathologies
			5. Differential diagnosis of bilateral large smooth kidneys
			6. Approach to unilateral small kidney
		10.12.4. RENAL METABOLIC DISORDERS
			1. Nephrocalcinosis
			2. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria
		10.12.5. RENAL DISORDERS OF MIGRATION AND RENAL ANOMALIES
			Renal and genitourinary trauma
		10.12.6. UROLITHIASIS
	10.13. Bladder and urachus
	10.14. Ureter
	10.15. Urethra
		10.15.1. URETHRAL DIVERTICULUM (URETHROCELES)
		10.15.2. URETHRAL TRAUMA
		10.15.3. URETHRAL TUMOURS
	10.16. Adrenals
		10.16.1. ADRENAL ANATOMY AND IMAGING TECHNIQUES
		10.16.2. ADRENAL INCIDENTALOMA
		10.16.3. ADENOMA
		10.16.4. ROLE OF MULTIMODALITY IMAGING IN ADRENAL MALIGNANCIES
	10.17. Retroperitoneum
		10.17.1. CROSS-SECTIONAL IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE RETROPERITONEUM
		10.17.2. IMAGING TECHNIQUES AND PROTOCOLS FOR THE RETROPERITONEUM
		10.17.3. SOLID NONNEOPLASTIC LESIONS
		10.17.4. IMAGE-GUIDED INTERVENTIONS OF RETROPERITONEAL MASSES AND IMAGING OF POSTPROCEDURAL COMPLICATIONS
		10.17.5. IMAGING OF PRIMARY RETROPERITONEAL NEOPLASMS IN ADULTS
	10.18. Renal vascular imaging
		10.18.1. RENOVASCULAR DISEASE (RVD)
		10.18.2. SPONTANEOUS PERIRENAL HAEMORRHAGE AND RENAL AV MALFORMATIONS
		10.18.3. IMAGING IN ARTERIOVENOUS FISTULA FOR HAEMODIALYSIS ACCESS
	10.19. Imaging in urological complications after renal transplantations
	10.20. Endovascular management of renal artery stenosis
	10.21. Other renal vascular interventions
		10.21.1. NONVASCULAR RENAL INTERVENTION
		10.21.2. POSTRENAL TRANSPLANT INTERVENTIONS
	10.22. Surgical perspective
		10.22.1. IMAGING IN RENAL TRANSPLANT – A VASCULAR SURGEON’S PERSPECTIVE
		10.22.2. IMAGING FOR COMPLICATIONS AFTER BLADDER SURGERY
	10.23. Recent advances
		10.23.1. CONTRAST-ENHANCED ULTRASOUND IN ADULT GENITOURINARY IMAGING
		10.23.2. DUAL-ENERGY AND SPECTRAL IMAGING IN GENITOURINARY SYSTEM
		10.23.3. CT UROGRAPHY
		10.23.4. MR UROGRAPHY
SECTION 11. Reproductive System
	11.1. Radiological techniques in reproductive imaging
		11.1.1. ULTRASOUND MALE PELVIS
		11.1.2. ULTRASONOGRAPHY INGUINOSCROTAL REGION
		11.1.3. TRANSRECTAL ULTRASOUND OF PROSTATE
		11.1.4. USG FEMALE PELVIS
		11.1.5. TRANSVAGINAL ULTRASOUND
		11.1.6. 3D ULTRASOUND AND TOMOGRAPHIC ULTRASOUND IMGING (TUI)
		11.1.7. HYSTEROSALPHINGOGRAPHY
		11.1.8. SALINE INFUSION ‘SONOHYSTEROGRAPHY’
		11.1.9. MAGNETIC RESONANCE HYSTEROSALPINGOGRAPHY
		11.1.10. COMPUTED TOMOGRAM OF PELVIS
		11.1.11. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF THE FEMALE PELVIS
		11.1.12. PET-CT IN UROLOGY AND GYNAECOLOGY
	11.2. Anatomy and normal variants
		11.2.1. IMAGING ANATOMY OF MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		11.2.2. IMAGING ANATOMY OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
		11.2.3. IMAGING ANATOMY OF THE PERITONEAL SPACES
		11.2.4. NORMAL VARIANTS OF PROSTRATE
		11.2.5. NORMAL VARIANTS OF SCROTUM
		11.2.6. NORMAL VARIANTS OF URETHRA
	11.3. Nomogram (which plane, where, in tables)
	11.4. Radiologic approach to lesions (a systematic approach to clinical scenarios/radiological abnormality)
		11.4.1. OVARIAN CYST VERSUS BLADDER
		11.4.2. UTERINE VERSUS EXTRAUTERINE MASS
		11.4.3. BLADDER MASS VERSUS PROSTATE MASS
		11.4.4. OVARIAN MASS VERSUS PARAOVARIAN MASS
		11.4.5. OVARIAN CYST VERSUS HYDROSALPINX
		11.4.6. TESTICULAR TORSION VERSUS EPIDIDYMITIS
		11.4.7. OVARIAN TORSION VERSUS OHSS
		11.4.8. GARTNER’S DUCT CYST VERSUS BARTHOLIN’S GLAND CYST
	11.5. Signs in reproductive imaging
	11.6. Embryology
	11.7. Intersex disorders: Concepts, types and diagnostic approach
	11.8. Testis
	11.9. Epididymis
	11.10. Seminal vesicles
	11.11. Scrotum
		11.11.1. FOURNIER GANGRENE (NECROTIZING FASCIITIS): AN INFREQUENT TISSUE EATING DISEASE
		11.11.2. ABDOMINAL WALL HERNIA
		11.11.3. TESTICULAR TRAUMA
		11.11.4. VARICOCELE
	11.12. Prostate
	11.13. High-resolution ultrasound and colour doppler in penile pathologies and erectile dysfunction
	11.14. Imaging of paediatric female reproductive tract
		11.14.1. MÜLLERIAN DUCT ANOMALIES
		11.14.2. IMAGING OF FEMALE PELVIS IN CHILDREN
	11.15. Uterus
		11.15.1. ENDOMETRITIS
		11.15.2. UTERINE ARTERIOVENOUS MALFORMATION
		11.15.3. FIBROIDS
		11.15.4. ADENOMYOSIS
		11.15.5. ENDOMETRIAL POLYPS
		11.15.6. ENDOMETRIAL HYPERPLASIA
		11.15.7. NEOPLASM OF UTERUS
	11.16. Ovaries
		11.16.1. ADNEXAL (OVARIAN) TORSION
		11.16.2. BENIGN OVARIAN LESIONS
		11.16.3. TUBO-OVARIAN ABSCESS
		11.16.4. IMAGING OF EPITHELIAL AND TUBAL OVARIAN TUMOURS
	11.17. Fallopian tubes
		11.17.1. SALPINGITIS
		11.17.2. PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE
	11.18. Cervix
		11.18.1. CERVICITIS
		11.18.2. CERVICAL STENOSIS
		11.18.3. CERVICAL POLYPS
		11.18.4. CERVICAL CARCINOMA
	11.19. Vagina
		11.19.1. VAGINAL CYSTS
		11.19.2. VAGINAL MALIGNANCIES
		11.19.3. ENDOMETRIOSIS
	11.20. Imaging approach in infertility
		11.20.1. FOLLICULAR STUDY
		11.20.2. ROLE OF ULTRASOUND IN IVF PROCEDURES
	11.21. Genital tuberculosis
	11.22. Genitourinary interventions
	11.23. Genitourinary nonvascular interventions
	11.24. Recent advances in reproductive system
		11.24.1. MULTIPARAMETRIC MRI OF THE PROSTRATE
		11.24.2. MAGNETIC RESONANCE GUIDED FOCUSED ULTRASOUND SURGERY (MRgFUS)
	11.25. Urogenital malignancies
		11.25.1. IMAGING OF RENAL MALIGNANCIES IN ADULTS
		11.25.2. ROLE OF MULTIMODALITY IMAGING IN TESTICULAR MALIGNANCIES
		11.25.3. BLADDER CANCER