Comprehensive Glycoscience, Four-Volume Set: From Chemistry to Systems Biology

Front Cover......Page 1
Preface......Page 2
Editor-in-Chief......Page 3
Editors......Page 4
Permission Acknowledgments......Page 7
Notes to Index......Page 8
Section II: Synthesis of Carbohydrates
......Page 9
General Features of Monosaccharides......Page 10
Historical Background of Chirality in Carbohydrates......Page 11
Fischer Projection Formulas of Acyclic Forms......Page 12
Ketoses......Page 15
Deoxy sugars......Page 16
Amino sugars......Page 17
Reduction and oxidation of monosaccharides......Page 18
Cyclic Forms Using Fischer Projection Formulas......Page 19
Cyclic Forms Using Haworth Representations......Page 21
Monosaccharide Conformations......Page 24
Anomeric Effect......Page 27
Glycosides......Page 30
Naming Monosaccharide Derivatives......Page 31
Naming Oligosaccharides......Page 32
Naming Polysaccharides......Page 35
Naming Derivatized Oligosaccharides......Page 36
Torsion Angles for Glycosidic Linkages......Page 37
Exo-Anomeric Effect......Page 38
Naming Glycoproteins......Page 39
Naming Glycolipids......Page 42
Naming Cyclitols......Page 43
References......Page 45
Biographical Sketch......Page 46
Introduction......Page 47
Multiple Species and Functions of Proteoglycans in the Central Nervous System......Page 2861
Structure......Page 2235
Approach Based on Xenograft Research......Page 1699
Pectin......Page 2166
beta-Propeller-Fold Lectins......Page 55
O-GlcNAc Biosynthesis......Page 2906
Evolutionary Relationship between the pp-alpha-GalNAc-T's and beta4Gal-T1......Page 58
N- and O-Linked Sugar Chains Produced by Living Organisms Other Than Mammals......Page 61
Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccines......Page 3129
Diagnosis of CDG......Page 2908
Minor Glycosylations......Page 66
Glycosyl-Phosphatidylinositol (GPI) Anchors......Page 68
Structures of the Sugar Chains of Proteoglycans......Page 70
Glossary......Page 75
References......Page 76
Biographical Sketch......Page 80
1.03 Glycosphingolipid Structures......Page 81
Glycolipids Are the Predominant Glycans in the Nervous System......Page 1967
Introduction......Page 1011
Laetiporus sulfureus (Polyporaceae)......Page 2312
Epidemiology of H. pylori Infection......Page 3000
Plant endo-β-N-Acetylglucosaminidase Involved in Production of High-Mannose-Type Free N-Glycans......Page 1273
Antiglycosaminoglycan Mabs......Page 82
References......Page 117
Biographical Sketch......Page 129
1.04 Microbial Polysaccharide Structures......Page 131
Carbohydrate-Protein Interactions: Carbohydrate-Binding Modules......Page 2369
Introduction......Page 1267
Binding and Internalization of Toxins to HT-29 Cells......Page 2889
Releasing of N-Glycans......Page 132
The Antibody (Immunoglobulin) Isotypes......Page 2938
Glycosylsphingosines (Lyso-GSLs)......Page 498
Introduction......Page 2451
Without derivatization......Page 136
Hydrocyclone process......Page 142
Guar gum......Page 143
Effects of core fucosylation on effector activity......Page 3205
Escherichia coli......Page 144
Klebsiella......Page 147
Yersinia......Page 148
Pseudomonas......Page 149
The O-polysaccharide......Page 150
Porifera......Page 153
Chlamydia......Page 154
Neisseria, Haemophilus......Page 157
Synthesis of Antibody Oligosaccharides......Page 1629
Nematodes......Page 159
Biological Functions......Page 1529
The Antibody Oligosaccharide Attached to the Fc Region is Essential for Effector Function......Page 163
Lipoteichoic Acids......Page 164
Capsular and Exo-Polysaccharides......Page 165
Heteropolysaccharide Synthesis......Page 898
Siglec-10......Page 167
Gram-Positive Bacterial Cell Wall-Associated Polyols and Polysaccharides......Page 170
Mycobacterial Cell Wall Polysaccharides......Page 172
Mycoloyl-Arabinogalactan......Page 173
Extracellular Amyloidogenesis and Gangliosides......Page 3067
Mycobacterial Capsule Polysaccharides......Page 174
Polysaccharides of Pathogenic Fungi and Yeasts......Page 175
References......Page 176
Biographical Sketch......Page 187
Cell Wall Polysaccharides: Composition and Structure......Page 188
Structural Modifications of Helminth Glycosylated Antigens......Page 1868
Neoglycoproteins......Page 1497
Compaction Process of Mouse Preimplantation Embryo, and Autoaggregation of Mouse Embryonal Carcinoma F9 Cells......Page 189
Processing alpha-1,2-mannosidases in the Golgi apparatus......Page 1736
High-pH anion-exchange chromatography......Page 190
Dietary sialic acids......Page 191
Neoglycoprotein Synthesis......Page 1519
Intramolecular Binding......Page 192
Overview......Page 2959
Polypeptide O-β-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase......Page 193
Molecular Genetics of PNH......Page 1054
Extraction......Page 194
SabA......Page 3002
Conjugation Reactions Subsequent to Periodate Oxidation......Page 817
Role of O-Fucose in Notch Signaling......Page 195
Structure......Page 196
Glycosylamines as starting material......Page 2198
Glucuronoarabinoxylan......Page 198
Blood Group I and i Substances......Page 199
Storage xyloglucans......Page 200
Mode of action of intestinal immune system-modulating activity by plant polysaccharides......Page 1314
Mannans and galactomannans......Page 201
Carbohydrate Structure-Independent Activity through SCFAs Generated by Fermentation by the GI Microflora......Page 3239
Extraction......Page 202
References......Page 203
Biographical Sketch......Page 208
1.06 Protecting Group Manipulations in Carbohydrate Synthesis......Page 209
Xenotransplantation and Glycomedicine......Page 3089
Introduction......Page 2670
N-Linked Glycans......Page 1968
Regioselective Formation of the Protecting Groups......Page 214
Asteroidea (starfish)......Page 1987
Knockout Mice of Sulfatide Synthase......Page 215
Molecularly Imprinted Glycopolymers......Page 1628
Basic Science......Page 1871
Immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry......Page 717
Chemical Structure......Page 1552
Chlamydial infection......Page 723
Glycosylation Profiles of Immunoglobulins......Page 923
PAPS transporter deficiency......Page 223
Overview......Page 3203
Function of proteoglycans......Page 2633
Boletopsis leucomelas (Bankeraceae)......Page 2319
Legume lectins......Page 2126
The allyl ethers......Page 228
The silyl ethers......Page 231
The TBDMS and TBDPS ethers......Page 232
Function of O-GlcNAc modification......Page 233
GlcCer Synthase......Page 1705
Modification of the C5 substituent......Page 234
The benzoates......Page 236
Uses of laminaran......Page 237
Biosynthesis of the Blood Group P Antigens......Page 2075
Formation of acetals......Page 238
Regioselective hydrogenolysis of dioxane- and dioxolane-type benzylidene acetals......Page 241
Hydrogenolysis of molecules carrying dioxane and dioxolane rings......Page 242
Hydrogenolysis of symmetrical ketals......Page 243
Future perspectives......Page 247
Protection of Amine......Page 248
Rheumatoid Arthritis......Page 512
Role of α-1,6-Fucosyltransferase VIII in Receptor Functions......Page 2710
Perlecan-Null Mice and Human Genetic Diseases......Page 1828
Further Evidence of Pathological Significance of AbetaBinding to Gangliosides......Page 251
Combinatorial and Solid-Phase Synthesis of Glycodendrimers......Page 2560
Multivalent binding by garlic lectin......Page 254
Conclusion......Page 255
Catch-and-release purification......Page 256
References......Page 257
Biographical Sketch......Page 264
GnT-V and Cancer......Page 266
Introduction: HA Synthases Are Special Dual-Action Glycosyltransferases......Page 1458
Proteins that Bind D-Mannosides......Page 1550
Knockout Mice of the GalCer Synthase......Page 267
Galectins......Page 2594
Insulin Resistance as a Membrane Microdomain Disorder......Page 1077
Sulfur Derivative......Page 271
Mutation of Genes for Enzymes Involved in Biosynthesis of CS Chain......Page 2068
C-Glycosylation Involving Lewis Acid-Catalyzed Formation of Oxonium Ions......Page 273
Affinity and Avidity Determined by Surface Plasmon Resonance......Page 1147
Glycosyl Ester......Page 274
Orthoester......Page 275
1-O and S-Carbonates......Page 276
PAMAM-Based Glycodendrimers......Page 277
Indolocarbazoles......Page 2096
Glycosyl Phosphate Derivative......Page 279
Analyzing Charged Glycans......Page 281
1-O-Silyl Glycoside......Page 282
Vinyl Glycoside......Page 283
Regulation of Apoptosis by SCFAs......Page 284
Concluding Remarks......Page 3241
Anomeric Dehydration......Page 285
Addition......Page 287
1,2-Anhydro Sugar......Page 289
Others......Page 290
2-Deoxy-beta-Glycoside Synthesis......Page 293
beta-Mannoglycoside Synthesis......Page 298
Glucocerebrosidase (Glucosylceramidase; EC3.2.1.45, GH30)......Page 459
Nomenclature and classification of STs......Page 2015
Biomimetic Method......Page 302
Concluding Remarks......Page 304
References......Page 305
Biographical Sketch......Page 316
1.08 Synthesis of 2-Deoxy Glycosides......Page 317
Therapeutic Antibodies......Page 647
Elevation of Oxidative Stress and Carbonyl Stress by Glycation......Page 318
GSL Modified by Fatty Aldehyde or Plasmal......Page 319
Diabetic Cataract......Page 2090
O-Linked Glycan......Page 322
Transformations of Glycals under Temporary Anchimeric Assistance......Page 323
H. pylori Adhesins......Page 1644
Background......Page 899
Secretor/nonsecretor difference affecting E. coli infectivity......Page 2845
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Hemoglobinuria......Page 327
Functionalization on the Product Level......Page 328
Evolution......Page 1708
Synthesis of 6-O-Sulfosialylparagloboside and Sialyl LewisX Neoglycolipids Containing Lactamized Neuraminic Acid......Page 806
Classical Fimbrial Systems......Page 1179
References......Page 335
1.09 Polymer-Supported Oligosaccharide Synthesis......Page 338
Biosynthesis of the HNK-1 Carbohydrate......Page 1135
GlcAT-P Gene-Deficient Mice......Page 2855
Solution-Phase Polymer Support Synthesis......Page 352
Tag-Assisted Solution-Phase Synthesis......Page 360
Oligosaccharide Synthesis on a Fluorous Support......Page 367
Recognition of Both a Specific Peptide Sequence and Man5GlcNAc2 in IL-2 Receptor alpha Triggers Signal Transduction......Page 369
N-Linked Man-Trp......Page 2799
Synthesis of GnT Inhibitors......Page 373
Divergent Syntheses of Sialylated Complex-Type Glycan Chains......Page 377
Roles of Glycosphingolipids in Lipid Membrane Domain Functions......Page 2425
References......Page 378
Biographical Sketch......Page 381
Introduction......Page 382
Arabinogalactan......Page 3217
Formation of Core Structures in N-Glycan......Page 383
Glycan Structures of Yeasts......Page 2125
Anticancer Agents......Page 656
Selective Reaction with Acceptors......Page 400
Two Directional Glycosylation and Convergent Modular Synthesis......Page 406
Increasing Immunogenicity of Microbial Vaccines by alpha-gal Epitopes......Page 1726
Glycoconjugate Vaccines......Page 3131
Glossary......Page 411
Multivalent Glycopolymer Nanoparticles for the Detection of Molecular Recognition......Page 2178
Biographical Sketch......Page 416
1.11 Enzymatic Approaches to O-Glycoside Introduction - Glycosyltransferases......Page 417
Introduction......Page 3160
Introduction......Page 2055
General Statements......Page 418
Milk Oligosaccharides: Methodological Aspects......Page 3249
Introduction......Page 419
Galactosyltransferases (GalTs) in the synthesis of galactosides......Page 420
Nematoda......Page 422
Milk oligosaccharides......Page 2923
Proto-type galectins are structurally conserved in ectothermic vertebrates......Page 424
Glucansucrases......Page 426
Trimming of the terminal mannose......Page 427
Biosynthesis of GPI Anchor Precursors......Page 2956
Mode of action of mitogenic activity by bupleuran 2IIc......Page 3230
Polypeptide O-GalNAc transferase......Page 434
Polysialic acids......Page 435
Stage-Specific Glycan Epitopes during Embryogenesis......Page 598
Engineering of N-glycosylation pathway......Page 436
Glossary......Page 1686
Cestodes......Page 3040
Multiple glycosyltransferases......Page 439
Introduction......Page 610
Remodeling of N-Glycan in Pichia pastoris......Page 2073
Glossary......Page 446
References......Page 447
Biographical Sketch......Page 453
Preface......Page 454
Verotoxin-Induced Pathology......Page 3110
Importance of N-Glycan Site Occupancy......Page 457
Transglycosylation reaction and hydration of glycal......Page 1105
Structure......Page 2237
Addition of carbon nucleophiles to glycals via 1,2-episulfonium intermediates......Page 663
Substrate Specificity......Page 460
Siglec-6......Page 758
GnT-III+ST......Page 2870
Recent developments in electrochemical carbohydrate detection......Page 465
The Notch system......Page 1638
Recruitment of Leukocytes and E- and P-Selectins......Page 467
Cross Talk among the Cell Surface Glycoproteins......Page 1304
Granule-Bound Starch Synthase......Page 469
Glycopeptides (Chemoenzymatic Glycorandomization Proof of Concept)......Page 2046
Structure and Glycosyltransferases in the Biosynthetic Pathway of Glycolipids......Page 470
Medium engineering......Page 471
Biocatalyst modification......Page 473
Purification of Products of Glycosidase Catalysis......Page 474
Glycosidases in Multienzyme Reactions......Page 475
Glycosidases in Industry......Page 476
Mutant Glycosidases......Page 478
Enzymatic Formation of the Glycan-Protein/Peptide Link......Page 633
CDG-Ig......Page 1684
Acknowledgments......Page 481
References......Page 482
Biographical Sketch......Page 488
1.13 Synthesis of Monosaccharides and Analogs......Page 489
Short History of Studies on Milk Oligosaccharides......Page 3248
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome......Page 1589
Spanish Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Recognizes Human Neu5Acalpha2-6Gal Receptors......Page 3024
Human Milk Oligosaccharides: Quantitative Aspects......Page 494
O-GlcNAc Transferase......Page 1846
Diabetic Nephropathy......Page 704
Interactions of Immunoglobulin: Rheumatoid Factors and Cryoglobulins......Page 1369
Step 1......Page 1347
Asymmetric Synthesis of Carbohydrates Applying Organocatalysis......Page 501
beta-D-Glucan......Page 2325
UDP-Glucose: Glycoprotein Glucosyltransferase (UGGT): A Folding Sensor......Page 503
Synthesis of Amino Sugars by Aldol and Mannich Reactions......Page 506
Chain Elongation of Aldehydes through Nucleophilic Additions......Page 508
Other Recent Pathway Engineering Studies......Page 2099
Carrier Proteins......Page 3140
Function of Glycolipids......Page 2640
Synthetic strategies......Page 2532
The molecular and crystalline structure of a resin glycoside: Tricolorin A......Page 516
Local amino acids flanking the consensus sequence......Page 1893
The targeting effect......Page 2123
Aldehyde olefination and asymmetric epoxidation......Page 522
Aldehyde olefination and dihydroxylation......Page 523
Gelation of xyloglucan by addition of alcohol or sugar......Page 527
Allylmetal additions......Page 529
β-1,3-Galactosyltransferase......Page 2699
Aldol reaction......Page 531
Sugar-dependent nuclear import of glycosylated proteins......Page 2215
Proteolytic Digestion of Glycoproteins......Page 978
(But-2-en-1-yl) metal addition......Page 532
Nucleophilic addition of alpha-furyl derivatives......Page 533
Hydroxyalkylation of pyrrole derivatives......Page 534
alpha6-Sialyltransferases (ST6GalNAc)......Page 673
Achiral Aldehydes as Dienophiles......Page 536
Chiral Aldehydes as Dienophiles: Synthesis of Long-Chain Sugars......Page 537
CDG-Ik......Page 540
With chiral enol ethers as dienophiles......Page 541
Targeting antiviral drugs......Page 542
References......Page 937
N-Methyltriazoline-3,5-Dione as Dienophile: Synthesis of 1-Azafagomine......Page 545
Diels-Alder Additions......Page 546
Total synthesis of pentoses and hexoses......Page 547
Total syntheses of deoxyhexoses......Page 548
Total synthesis of aminodeoxyhexoses and derivatives......Page 551
CBM27: detailed analysis of mannan oligomer-specific recognition......Page 2390
Oligosaccharides as Tags for Quality Control of Glycoproteins......Page 555
[4+3]-Cycloadditions of Furan......Page 556
From Cyclopentadiene......Page 559
From Cycloheptatriene......Page 561
From Furfural......Page 563
Enantioselective Epoxidation of Allylic Alcohols......Page 564
Desymmetrization of meso-Dienols......Page 565
Kinetic Resolution of Racemic Allylic Alcohols......Page 567
Enantioselective Sharpless Dihydroxylation and Aminohydroxylation......Page 568
References......Page 573
Biographical Sketch......Page 582
1.14 Synthesis of Glycosides of Sialic Acid......Page 583
The Use of NMR Spectroscopy in Carbohydrate-Protein Molecular Interactions......Page 1242
Structure of C. elegans N-glycans......Page 584
Transfection of alpha-galactosidase cDNA in cells......Page 2782
The function of paucimannose N-glycans......Page 585
Phosphites and other O-R derivatives......Page 589
Prebiotics......Page 3279
1-C-Alkylated-1-deoxynojirimycins......Page 822
Modifications at C-3 (indirect methods)......Page 591
Experimental evidence......Page 2962
3-thio and 3-seleno auxiliaries......Page 592
N-Acetylacetamido......Page 594
Azido......Page 595
N-Trichloroethoxycarbonyl (N-Troc)......Page 596
Miscellaneous substituents at C-5......Page 597
Glycosyltransferases and Glycosidases in N-Glycan Synthesis......Page 600
Biographical Sketch......Page 603
Introduction......Page 605
Receptor Modifications in Glycobiology......Page 2440
Chondroitin Sulfate Proteoglycans......Page 1076
Structure of proteoglycans......Page 2630
In vivo expression of alpha-galactosidase......Page 887
CTLD-carbohydrate interactions......Page 612
Action of BGs toward Mucosal Immune System......Page 1501
Linear assembly......Page 614
Overview......Page 618
Conclusions and Future Prospects......Page 739
Immune Complex Clearance Activity......Page 2661
Entry of bacteria......Page 2966
Cardiotonic Steroids (Neoglycorandomization Proof of Concept)......Page 630
alpha-1,3-Fucosyltransferases......Page 631
Glycan-Related cDNA Microarray from the RIKEN Frontier Project......Page 1379
Function of Lectins......Page 1608
Molecular and Cell Biological Techniques......Page 635
The Double Knockout Mice of the GD3 Synthase and GM2/GD2 Synthase Genes......Page 1540
Glossary......Page 1829
Glossary......Page 637
References......Page 638
Biographical Sketch......Page 645
Antiglycosphingolipid Mabs......Page 648
S-Glycosides of Biological Relevance......Page 651
Procedures of C-Glycosidation......Page 652
Macrophages and Dendritic Cells: DC-SIGN......Page 2528
Amaranthin family......Page 658
Calcium-binding sites......Page 2593
Partial Acid Hydrolysis......Page 660
Modifications at C4 of Neu5Ac2en......Page 661
Step 4......Page 2017
Involvement of Perineuronal Proteoglycans in Neuronal Plasticity......Page 664
The Third Stage of N-Glycan Synthesis: Elongation and Capping of GlcNAc-Initiated Branches......Page 1744
C-Glycosylation via Ramberg-Backlund Reaction......Page 666
Procedures of S-Glycosylation......Page 667
R/S Configuration Determination of Pyruvic Acid Acetals......Page 668
S-Glycosylation via SN2 Reaction of 1-Thiosugar Donors with Activated Acceptors......Page 669
Overview of the Lectin Family......Page 670
Physical properties in solution......Page 675
Glossary......Page 677
References......Page 1218
Biographical Sketch......Page 682
1.17 Synthesis of Lipopolysaccharide, Peptidoglycan, and Lipoteichoic Acid Fragments......Page 684
Bacterial Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines......Page 2524
Technology Overview......Page 1243
The Influenza Virus Sialidase......Page 881
Generation of LLOs......Page 1753
Chronic gastritis......Page 1268
endo-alpha-Mannosidase......Page 1224
Chemical approaches......Page 2515
Secretory type......Page 696
Degradation of Glycoproteins in Cytosol......Page 698
Effect of Man Trimming on Degradation and Transport of Glycoproteins......Page 1853
Verotoxin Gb3-Binding Site......Page 949
Interactions of GSLs with TSPs and Integrins......Page 2841
References......Page 706
Biographical Sketch......Page 709
Synthesis of Glycosaminoglycans and Their Oligosaccharides......Page 711
Cestodes......Page 1388
Saturation Transfer Difference (STD) NMR......Page 1166
Overview of Synthetic Approaches......Page 713
Chemical synthesis......Page 715
Detection of C-Mannosylated Proteins in the Cell......Page 1825
Peptides that mimic carbohydrate and anti-idiotype antibodies to carbohydrate......Page 726
Chemoenzymatic synthesis......Page 734
Enzymatic synthesis......Page 735
References......Page 2506
Application of Defucosylated Therapeutic Antibodies......Page 1764
Biographical Sketch......Page 743
Introduction......Page 744
Trematodes......Page 3032
Retrosynthetic Analysis......Page 746
Biosynthesis of dolichol phosphate......Page 748
Transfer of the Oligosaccharide Moiety to Nascent Polypeptide......Page 2276
De novo synthesis from chirons......Page 752
Oligosaccharide Separations......Page 753
Role of Sialyltransferases in the Regulation of Immune Response and T cell Survival......Page 760
Assembly of the Glycan Chain......Page 763
Agrin......Page 2621
Biological functions......Page 1634
Influenza virus HA......Page 781
CDG-Ic......Page 2392
References......Page 788
Biographical Sketch......Page 792
1.20 Synthesis of Glycolipids......Page 793
Processing Enzymes......Page 1940
Bioactive conformations of sialyl Lewisx epitopes......Page 2510
CBM Types......Page 2373
Integrin......Page 2818
Remodeling of Yeast Glycans......Page 797
Remodeling of N-Glycan in S. cerevisiae......Page 1013
Fucosyltransferases involved in the construction of the L-selectin ligand......Page 2700
The C2GnT beta6-GlcNAc-Transferase Family......Page 1761
trans-Recognition: Gangliosides as Functional Receptors for Myelin-Associated Glycoprotein......Page 800
Synthesis of Glycolipid with Artificial Ceramides......Page 802
Synthesis of Artificial Ceramides......Page 805
Structural Differences of GPI Anchors between Host and Pathogens......Page 807
Biographical Sketch......Page 808
1.21 Glycosidase Inhibitors - Structure, Activity, Synthesis, and Medical Relevance......Page 810
Structure......Page 1925
Galactosemia......Page 812
Adhesion of Human Embryonal Carcinoma Cells through Globo-Series GSLs......Page 815
Gangliosides Regulate Axon Outgrowth after CNS Injury......Page 1557
N-Alkylated nojirimycins......Page 820
Control of dolichol phosphate synthesis......Page 2453
Starch granule structure......Page 1520
Plant Cellulose Synthases......Page 835
Molecular Biology......Page 837
Gelation of KGMs......Page 841
Natural Functions of Bacterial Exopolysaccharides......Page 1478
Glycoprotein Turnover......Page 1919
Synthesis of LacdiNAc Extensions......Page 847
Mannostatin and Aminocyclopentitol Analogs......Page 862
References......Page 869
Biographical Sketch......Page 878
Advantage of Yeast Research: Genetic Methods......Page 880
Glycoconjugates and Bacterial Infections: Botulinum Toxin......Page 2902
Specialized Traits of H. pylori......Page 2060
Animal Models......Page 3057
Virulence Factors......Page 2780
Types of GSL-Enriched Microdomains......Page 885
Lactase persistence, lactase nonpersistence, and congenital alactasia......Page 2728
Modification at C7-C9 of Neu5Ac2en......Page 891
Insecta......Page 892
Crustacea......Page 893
C6 amide side chains......Page 894
Heterocyclic side chains......Page 897
Installation of a hydrophobic side chain on the cyclohexene scaffold......Page 900
Modification of the C4 substituent......Page 903
Miscellaneous modifications to the cyclohexene scaffold......Page 904
H-deficient variants......Page 1570
Wegener's Granulomatosis and Microscopic Polyangiitis......Page 905
Neoglycoproteins as Immune Response Triggers......Page 2221
Cyclopentane derivatives as influenza virus sialidase inhibitors......Page 907
Pyrrolidine derivatives as influenza virus sialidase inhibitors......Page 909
Glossary......Page 911
References......Page 912
Biographical Sketch......Page 916
Impairment of Protein Function by Glycation......Page 918
O-GlcNAcase......Page 919
Organization of the Biosynthetic Pathways and Machineries......Page 2591
Protective Role......Page 2202
Engineering N-Glycan Site Occupancy......Page 920
Functional Roles of Simple Gangliosides and GlcCer-Based Glycosphingolipids in the Nervous System Revealed Using Mouse Genetics......Page 1928
In Vivo Functions of NKT Cells......Page 925
Diabetic Neuropathy......Page 3078
Metabolic Engineering of Sugar Nucleotide Biosynthesis......Page 926
Autoimmune Processes......Page 2028
Glycosphingolipids and Lipid Membrane Domains in the Nervous System......Page 930
HEV-Like Vessels in NSAID-Induced Gastritis......Page 931
Production of Complex Oligosaccharides by Sequential Multiglycosylation......Page 932
Interaction of KGM with Other Polysaccharides......Page 1576
Enzymatic Starch Conversion......Page 1538
Nod Factor Oligosaccharides......Page 936
Indigenous Enzymatic Modifications......Page 938
Kanzaki/Schindler Disease......Page 1876
References......Page 939
Biographical Sketch......Page 942
2.23 Biosynthesis of Starch......Page 1697
2.01 Strategies for the Structural Analysis of Carbohydrates......Page 943
Introduction: Structure and Function of Mammalian Epidermis......Page 944
Development and Reproduction......Page 1286
History......Page 945
Gb3 Tissue Distribution and Verotoxin Pathology......Page 1849
Fucose-Specific β-1,3-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases of the Fringe Family......Page 2006
Glossary......Page 958
Heparan Sulfate......Page 965
Sialidase (EC. 3.2.1.18, GH33)......Page 968
O-Fucosylglycan in Drosophila melanogaster......Page 1840
(i) Structure and properties......Page 1661
Lipid Membrane Domains in Oncogenic Transformation: GM3 and the Glycosynapse......Page 2428
Chemical Release of Glycoprotein N- and O-Glycans......Page 979
Galactomannans......Page 982
Composition and structure......Page 1419
Role of CGL in H. pylori Viability......Page 984
Enzymatic Release of Oligosaccharide Fragments by Endo-beta-galactosidases......Page 985
Separation Procedures......Page 986
Blood group ABH active oligosaccharides......Page 987
Other Plant Species and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii......Page 1712
Exoglycosidases......Page 992
Profiling of Glycoprotein Glycans......Page 995
Gellan......Page 998
Glycan Detection and Differentiation Assays/Lectin Microarrays......Page 999
Analysis of Sialic Acids......Page 1000
Final Remarks......Page 1001
References......Page 1002
Biographical Sketch......Page 1010
True Case of Molecular Mimicry......Page 1720
Heteroglycan......Page 1012
Release of Glycans from Glycoproteins......Page 1014
Plant......Page 2214
Glycosidase Inhibitors......Page 1433
GSLs as receptors for microbial exotoxins......Page 1483
ES-MS/MS using ion trap instrumentation......Page 1020
Fragmentation using MALDI-TOF/TOF instrumentation......Page 1023
Chemical and Enzymatic Digestion......Page 1024
Overview of the Sugar-Nucleotide Transporter Family......Page 2641
Is Vesicular Transport Required for Efficient Glycoprotein ERAD?......Page 1027
Other Glycodendrimers......Page 1874
Analysis of Murine Zona Pellucida......Page 1030
Analysis of Prokaryotic Glycoproteins......Page 1031
Summary......Page 1507
Automation of Data Interpretation......Page 1032
Automation of Sample Handling......Page 1033
References......Page 1034
Biographical Sketch......Page 1036
General NMR Spectroscopy of Carbohydrates and Conformational Analysis in Solution......Page 1043
Human Milk Oligosaccharides......Page 2574
Physical Forces......Page 2110
Siglec-3 (CD33)......Page 1167
Introduction......Page 1277
Conformational Analysis in Solution......Page 1052
Degradation......Page 1334
Overview......Page 2048
Immunoglobulin M......Page 2452
Specificity......Page 2208
Contribution of hydrogen bonding to the thermodynamics of binding......Page 1062
Molecular Simulations......Page 1063
Glossary......Page 1068
Acknowledgements......Page 1069
Reduction of Cell Adhesion to Fibronectin by GnT-V......Page 2991
Biographical Sketch......Page 1074
1H NMR Structural-Reporter-Group Concepts in Carbohydrate Analysis......Page 1075
Effects of Exogenous Gangliosides on the Activities of Growth Factor Receptors......Page 2370
Glycosidases and Lectins in the ER......Page 3168
Core structures......Page 1104
Peptic ulcers......Page 2764
GP3ST......Page 1107
Mitogenic Activity......Page 1110
Lumenal Nucleoside Diphosphatases......Page 2662
Final Remarks......Page 1115
References......Page 1125
Biographical Sketch......Page 1132
2.05 Oligosaccharide and Polysaccharide Conformations by Diffraction Methods......Page 1134
Glycoconjugates of Parasitic Helminth Infections......Page 2758
Glycosylation of Normal Human IgG......Page 1140
Crystalline Conformations of Polysaccharides......Page 1152
Proteoglycans in Perineuronal Nets......Page 2876
Electron Diffraction of Polysaccharides......Page 1156
The alpha1,3GT Gene......Page 3098
References......Page 2270
References......Page 1159
Biographical Sketch......Page 1161
2.06 X-Ray Crystallography of Lectins......Page 1162
Lectins Involved in Glycoprotein Sorting and Trafficking......Page 1165
Synthesis of CMW – Route II......Page 1626
Lipid Membrane Domains in Artificial Membranes......Page 2413
C-Type Lectin Domains......Page 1169
Plant Oligosaccharides Involved in Nitrogen-Fixing Symbiosis......Page 1553
Sugar Transport Mechanism and Carbon Catabolite Control in L. lactis......Page 1170
Enzymes that Act on Dicarbonyl Compounds......Page 1175
Lectin-Carbohydrate Interactions......Page 1177
Cross-Linking: Effect of Quaternary Structure on Ligand Binding......Page 1178
Two Types of Mucins Present in Gastric Mucosa......Page 1181
Pneumococcal Vaccine Clinical Trials......Page 3146
Viral Agglutinins......Page 1183
Acknowledgements......Page 1185
References......Page 1186
Biographical Sketch......Page 1189
Taxonomy of Eukaryotic Microorganisms......Page 1191
Immunomodulating Activity of Plant Polysaccharide Structures......Page 3216
Molecular Properties of GnT-V......Page 1193
N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase V (GnT-V)......Page 1195
Plant Oligosaccharides as Elicitors......Page 1788
Helicobacter pylori and Associated Diseases......Page 1198
α-1,6-Fucosyltransferase (Fut8)......Page 2627
Influence of Antibody Oligosaccharides on Antibody Function......Page 1201
Crystal Structure of beta-1,3-Glucuronyltransferase-P (beta3GlcAT-P or GlcA-P)......Page 1202
Crystal Structure of alpha-1,3-Galactosyltransferase (alpha3Gal-T)......Page 1204
Perspectives......Page 1206
Crystal Structure of alpha-1,4-N-Acetylhexosaminyltransferase (EXTL2)......Page 1208
Glossary......Page 1209
Crystal Structures of Ssp A Glycosyltransferase and Lgtc alpha-1,4-Galactosyltransferase......Page 1213
Crystal Structure of alpha-1,2-Mannosyltransferase from Yeast (Mnt1P)......Page 1214
Donor Sugar Specificity of the Mammalian Glycosyltransferases......Page 1215
Catalytic Mechanism of the Glycosyltransferases......Page 1216
Biographical Sketch......Page 1221
2.08 The Two-/Three-Dimensional HPLC Mapping Method for the Identification of N-Glycan Structures......Page 1222
Antibodies......Page 1223
Why Schistosoma spp. eggs are a special case......Page 1590
Hydrolysis of glycosides by glycosidases......Page 1225
Extension to 3-D mapping technique for sialyl PA-glycans......Page 1226
Application of HPLC Mapping Method......Page 1228
Mechanism of Enzymatic Reaction......Page 1396
Sialyltransferase......Page 3095
Application of the UC value diagrams......Page 1229
Cellulose Biosynthesis in Bacteria......Page 1232
O-Mannosylglycan in Drosophila melanogaster......Page 2461
Modification by Glycosylphosphatidylinositol......Page 2680
AXs from maternal tissues......Page 1236
Concluding Remarks......Page 1237
References......Page 1238
Biographical Sketch......Page 1240
Gradient considerations......Page 1245
Specific effects of α-mannosidase II-deficiency......Page 2695
Transmembrane type......Page 1248
Enhancing activity of immune complex clearance by ginseng RG-IIs......Page 3227
Aleuria aurantia (Pezizaceae)......Page 2322
Quantitative sialic acid analysis......Page 1251
Campylobacter jejuni Mimic of Gangliosides......Page 2005
Engineering of N-glycosylation pathway......Page 1525
Analysis of other monosaccharides......Page 1252
Chitin-binding CBMs that use a unique mechanism of ligand recognition......Page 1254
Immunological selection......Page 1255
HPAEC/PAD analysis of other carbohydrates......Page 1256
Catabolism, Pharmacokinetics, and Placental Transport......Page 2072
Sugar-Nucleotide Transporters in Drosophila melanogaster......Page 1263
Biographical Sketch......Page 1266
Glucosylceramides as Major Precursors of SC Ceramides......Page 2610
Mode of action of anticomplementary activity......Page 2258
Search Options Implemented in Existing Databases......Page 1274
Neural network formation......Page 2871
Future directions......Page 1276
Thalamocortical pathway......Page 1640
Glucooligosaccharides......Page 1278
Fructooligosaccharides......Page 1279
Nuclear magnetic resonance......Page 1280
Acknowledgement......Page 1281
Historical Consideration of Glycan Studies......Page 1381
References......Page 1282
Biographical Sketch......Page 1284
2.11 Molecular Modeling in Glycoscience......Page 1285
Milk Oligosaccharides......Page 1387
Glycosaminoglycan-Degrading Enzymes from Bacteria......Page 1889
Attachment of GPI to Proteins......Page 2497
B subunit co-crystal versus modeling structure......Page 3112
Monte Carlo method......Page 1293
MALT lymphoma......Page 2119
Legume lectins......Page 1295
EXT family protein gene mutations......Page 1298
Molecular surfaces and properties......Page 1299
References......Page 2482
Selected Examples......Page 1303
Isolation of Heterogeneous Membrane Subdomains......Page 1338
References......Page 3289
Overview......Page 3231
Carbohydrate-Protein Interactions......Page 1315
Previous Prospects......Page 1317
Databases......Page 1319
References......Page 1322
Biographical Sketch......Page 1326
2.12 Capillary Electrophoresis of Carbohydrates......Page 1327
Capillary Zone Electrophoresis......Page 1329
Detection of Carbohydrates by CE......Page 1337
Glycodendrimers Built on Aromatic Scaffolds......Page 2551
Hybrid Technique to MS......Page 1343
Type 1 fimbriae......Page 1351
Analysis of GAG oligosaccharides......Page 1355
F17 fimbriae......Page 2018
The H-D Antigen......Page 1356
Glycosidases......Page 1485
Fucosylated Glycans......Page 1358
Glossary......Page 1359
Biographical Sketch......Page 1364
Neoglycoproteins......Page 1365
Introduction and Scope of the Chapter......Page 1366
Basic Aspects of DNA Microarray Experiments......Page 1367
The Function of N-Glycans in C. elegans......Page 2654
Glycosidases and Glycosyltransferases in the Golgi......Page 1371
Conjugation Reactions Subsequent to Polysaccharide Cleavage at the Glycosidic Linkage......Page 1373
The alpha2,3ST Pig......Page 1374
Function of BST1: Quality Control......Page 1376
GPI-Anchored Protein is Important for the Transport of Lipid Microdomain-Associated Proteins......Page 2393
Pathway Information is Essential in Future Glycobiology Studies......Page 1382
References......Page 1383
References......Page 2029
Biographical Sketch......Page 1386
Existence of Chitosan in Nature......Page 1391
Biosynthesis by Plant Chitinases......Page 1392
Interaction of Carbohydrates within the same Membrane Plane (cis-CCI) and Cell Biological Significance......Page 1836
Anticomplementary Activity......Page 3222
Crystalline Structures of Chitin and Chitosan......Page 1400
References......Page 2579
Original Functions of Chitosan......Page 1404
Induced Functions of Chitin by Chemical Modifications......Page 1406
Glossary......Page 2824
References......Page 1409
Biographical Sketch......Page 1413
2.15 Exopolysaccharides from Lactic Acid Bacteria......Page 1414
Classification of Exopolysaccharides from LAB......Page 1416
Myelin and Myelination......Page 2039
Congenital Disorders of Glycosylation: N-Glycan Defects......Page 1426
Structure and mitogenic activity of pectin-type polysaccharides......Page 1427
Structure-function relationships......Page 1428
Cereal lectin......Page 2128
Sugar Catabolism in LAB......Page 1429
Sialylation of IgG-Fc Oligosaccharides......Page 2781
The Influence of Galactosylation on IgG-Fc Activities......Page 2945
Overall Structure of the Carbohydrate-Binding Domains......Page 1432
Coprinus cinereus (Coprinaceae)......Page 2324
HePS biosynthesis in L. lactis......Page 1434
The outliers: unique xylan-binding CBMs......Page 1435
Targeting antitumoral drugs......Page 2219
Supply of sugar nucleotides......Page 1437
Physiological Role of Exopolysaccharides......Page 1440
Exploiting the Native Properties of CBMs......Page 1441
Manufacture and Usage of Bacterial Exopolysaccharides......Page 1486
Bread Making......Page 1611
Biotherapeutic Agents......Page 1444
References......Page 1445
Biographical Sketch......Page 1456
O-Fucosylation of Glycoproteins......Page 1457
Heteropolysaccharides......Page 1460
F-Type Lectins......Page 2597
Physical Properties and Structure/Function Relationships......Page 1467
Antibody Oligosaccharide Structures......Page 1468
Xylooligosaccharides......Page 1472
References......Page 1474
General Aspects of Genes Involved in Polysaccharide Synthesis......Page 1475
Gelation of Galactomannan......Page 1568
Genetics of Xanthan Synthesis by X. campestris......Page 1477
Glossary......Page 3083
Metabolic Differences in GPI Anchor Biosynthesis between Host and Pathogens......Page 1481
Bacterial Hyaluronic Acid......Page 1487
Xanthan......Page 1488
Other Potential Exopolysaccharide Products......Page 1489
References......Page 1490
Biographical Sketch......Page 1494
Yeast and Fungal Polysaccharides......Page 1495
Multiple Proteoglycan Species in the Central Nervous System......Page 2775
Gb3 Receptor Mimics as an Approach to the Prevention of VT1-Induced Pathology......Page 2676
Glycan Structure of H. pylori Lipopolysaccharide......Page 2819
Defucosylated Antibody Production......Page 1504
Yeast Mannan......Page 1505
CDG-Ie......Page 1506
Biographical Sketch......Page 1513
2.18 Starch......Page 1514
Insoluble matrices......Page 3115
Liquid-crystalline model of starch structure......Page 1523
Glucuronyl C5-epimerase gene mutations......Page 2379
Ralstonia solanacearum......Page 1526
HAS2 null mutation......Page 1527
α-2,8-Sialyltransferases......Page 2289
Cationization......Page 1528
General remarks......Page 1530
Technology......Page 1531
Alfa-Laval/Raisio process......Page 1532
Testicans......Page 1533
Technology......Page 1534
General remarks......Page 1535
Sweet potatoes......Page 1536
Hydrolysis Products of Starch......Page 1537
Glucose isomerization/High-fructose syrups......Page 1539
Native and modified starches......Page 1541
Starch hydrolysates......Page 1542
References......Page 1543
Biographical Sketch......Page 1547
Storage Plant Polysaccharides: Xyloglucans, Galactomannans, Glucomannans......Page 1548
Introduction......Page 2774
Modification of galactomannans......Page 1554
A mechanism involving a covalent glycosyl-enzyme intermediate......Page 1838
Solution Properties......Page 1556
Characterization of Altered Conformation of GAbetaUsing Monoclonal Antibody Specific to GAbeta......Page 1560
Gelation of a Single Polysaccharide with and without Small Molecules......Page 1562
Gelation of xyloglucan by removing galactose residues......Page 1563
Use of glycosylated markers for diagnostics......Page 1565
GM2 activator protein......Page 1566
Function of O-fucosylglycan......Page 2637
Transgenic Pigs with Glycosyltransferase......Page 2067
Interactions with Other Polysaccharides......Page 1572
Proteoglycans in the Glial Scar......Page 2879
KGM/kappa-carrageenan......Page 1578
Applications......Page 1580
alpha3-Fuc-Transferases......Page 1769
References......Page 1582
Biographical Sketch......Page 1586
Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides in Storage Organs: Xylans (Food Applications)......Page 1588
Type 2 diabetes......Page 1591
Inulin......Page 1592
Hyalectans/lecticans......Page 1972
Inherited GPI deficiency......Page 2965
Models for AX structure in wheat and other cereals......Page 1596
Cyanovirin-N......Page 1598
Microsystis viridis lectin......Page 1599
Summary......Page 1600
Nonfucosylated hybrid-type glycoforms......Page 3204
Biosynthesis of AX......Page 1604
Gangliosides in Lipid Rafts: GD3-TAG1-Lyn Signaling......Page 2784
beta-1,4-Xylosyltransferase or xylan synthase EC 2.4.2.24......Page 1605
Other glycosyltransferases......Page 1606
Formation of HEV-Like Vessels Requires Continuous H. pylori Infection......Page 1607
Properties of AX gels......Page 1609
Cucurbitaceae phloem lectins......Page 2290
Milling......Page 1610
Glycosylation and Quality Control in the ER......Page 1688
Beer......Page 1613
Starch and Gluten Production......Page 1614
Dietary fiber in the large intestine......Page 1615
Sulfotransferases......Page 1770
Conclusion......Page 1616
References......Page 1617
Biographical Sketch......Page 1623
Seaweed Polysaccharides......Page 1625
Molecular structure......Page 1631
Cellular Function......Page 2375
Mechanism of gelation in relation with the chemical structure......Page 1636
Fucans/Fucoidans......Page 1641
Visualization of endogenous lectins with neoglycoproteins......Page 2212
Molecular structure......Page 1642
The Cis-AB phenotype......Page 2066
Adhesion of H. pylori to Gastric Epithelial Cells......Page 2896
Molecular structure......Page 1643
Benign tumor hypothesis......Page 1645
(ii) Molecular weight determination......Page 1646
Conformation and mechanism of gelation......Page 1647
Neurocan and brevican KOs and related mice......Page 1650
Uses of agar......Page 1651
Role of β-1,6-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase V in tumorigenesis, tumor metastasis and immune response......Page 1652
(iii) Size-exclusion chromatography......Page 1653
African sleeping sickness......Page 1654
Properties in solution......Page 1656
Mechansim of gelation......Page 1657
Polymer complexes......Page 1659
Uses of carrageenans......Page 1660
CBMs as molecular scaffolds......Page 2245
Funoran......Page 1662
References......Page 1664
Biographical Sketch......Page 1669
2.22 Biosynthesis of Cellulose......Page 1670
Arabinan......Page 1848
The Cellulose Synthesizing Complex......Page 1673
Orientation of Cellulose Microfibrils......Page 1674
Human Deficits in Ganglioside Biosynthesis Confirm Roles in Neural Homeostasis......Page 2895
Structure-Function, Characterization of the Cellulose Synthases......Page 1675
Lessons from Cellulose-Deficient Mutants......Page 1677
Siglec-12......Page 1678
The Role of a Cellulase in Cellulose Synthesis......Page 1683
Effect of GlcNAc(alpha1-4)-Capped O-Glycan on H. pylori Growth......Page 1685
A Sitosterol-Glucoside Primer for Cellulose Synthesis?......Page 1687
Sulfotransferases Acting on GlcNAc......Page 1690
Glossary......Page 1691
References......Page 1692
Biographical Sketch......Page 1695
Postglycosylation Modification of GSLs......Page 1698
N-Linked Protein Glycosylation in Eukaryotes......Page 1700
Galactooligosaccharides......Page 1703
Proteoglycans in Drosophila melanogaster......Page 1704
Overview......Page 1707
Rice......Page 1709
Neoglycoprotein Vaccines for Cancer......Page 2224
Other Plant Species......Page 1710
The H-D Antibody......Page 1711
Defects in O-Xylose GAGs......Page 1713
Roles of Starch Biosynthetic Enzymes in Amylopectin Biosynthesis......Page 1714
References......Page 1715
Glycosyltransferases and Glycosidases: Enzyme Mechanisms......Page 1832
TLR Subfamilies Specific to Fish......Page 2576
Galacturonooligosaccharides (Derived from Pectin)......Page 1724
Biographical Sketch......Page 1729
Introduction......Page 1730
Gastrointestinal Digestion/Absorption of Lactose and Milk Oligosaccharides......Page 3265
Effects of GSLs on Cell Growth through Modulation of GFRs......Page 1741
UDP-GlcNAc:alpha-3-D-Mannoside beta-1,4-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase IV......Page 1742
CDG-Ib......Page 2912
References......Page 1745
3.03 Biosynthesis of Mucin-Type O-Glycans......Page 1752
Hyaluronan Biosynthesis Systems from Microbes to Man......Page 2038
Initiation of O-Glycosylation......Page 1756
Biosynthetic Pathway for O-Fucosylation of TSRs......Page 1759
Glycoconjugates Associated with H. pylori......Page 3001
Cores 5-8......Page 1763
The beta3-GlcNAc-Transferase Family......Page 1765
alpha3-Sialyltransferases (ST3Gal)......Page 1766
Glossary......Page 1771
References......Page 1772
Biographical Sketch......Page 1778
Glycoconjugates and Neurological Diseases......Page 1779
Localization of GFRs in Detergent-Resistant Membranes (DRMs)......Page 1781
Modulating the Microdomain Localization of GFRs by Manipulating Endogenous Ganglioside Levels......Page 2445
Immunogenic Oligosaccharides of Plant Glycoproteins......Page 1786
MDR1 Plays a Role in Gb3 Synthesis......Page 3119
O-Glycans of Plant Glycoproteins and GPI-Anchored Proteins......Page 1790
Concluding Remarks......Page 1791
References......Page 2660
References......Page 1792
Biographical Sketch......Page 1795
3.05 Biosynthesis of Glycosaminoglycans and Proteoglycans......Page 1796
Antibodies as Therapeutic Agents......Page 3196
Metabolism of Sialic Acids......Page 2013
Modifications of CS......Page 1804
Biosynthesis of HS/Hep......Page 1806
Modifications of HS/Hep......Page 1808
The alpha-gal Epitopes on Autologous Tumor Vaccines......Page 1812
Selective Assembly of CS and HS onto the Linkage Region Tetrasaccharide......Page 1813
Acknowledgments......Page 1814
References......Page 1815
Biographical Sketch......Page 1820
Introduction......Page 1822
Diseases Caused by Encapsulated Bacteria......Page 2833
Nematodes......Page 1823
Intracellular Localization and Assembly of Glycosyltransferases......Page 1826
References......Page 2788
The Blood group ABH substances of erythrocytes......Page 2056
Transmembrane type......Page 1834
Substrates......Page 1835
Stability......Page 1927
References......Page 1837
Specificity......Page 1839
Conclusions......Page 1843
Biographical Sketch......Page 1845
Mutation of Genes for Enzymes Involved in the Biosynthesis of the Linkage Tetrasaccharide......Page 1847
Acceleration of AbetaAssembly in Presence of GAbeta (Seeding Ability)......Page 3061
The Influence of Fucose and Bisecting N-Acetylglucosamine on IgG-Fc Activities......Page 2244
EDEM, A Membrane Protein That Enhances the Glycoprotein ERAD......Page 1854
Introduction......Page 1855
Glycoprotein ERAD......Page 1856
Cytosolic Events on Glycoprotein ERAD......Page 1857
Glossary......Page 1858
References......Page 1859
Biographical Sketch......Page 1865
3.09 Degradation of Glycoproteins......Page 1867
Enzymes Related with Degradation of Glycoproteins......Page 1870
Complex Ganglioside Function in Neuronal Homeostasis and Axon-Myelin Stabilization......Page 2892
'Clicked' Glycodendrimers......Page 2545
Glycosylasparaginase......Page 1872
Characterization of the Carrier Protein......Page 1873
References......Page 2586
beta-Mannosidosis......Page 1875
Glycolipids in Drosophila melanogaster......Page 1877
Retrotranslocation and Ubiquitination of the ERAD Substrates......Page 1878
Overview and Cell Biology......Page 2917
Fate of Free Oligosaccharides Liberated from ERAD Substrates......Page 1880
Perspective......Page 1881
References......Page 1882
Biographical Sketch......Page 1885
3.10 Degradation of Glycosaminoglycans......Page 1887
cis-Prenyl transferase......Page 1890
Chondroitin ABC lyase (EC 4.2.2.4) (chondroitinase ABC)......Page 1891
Chondroitin B lyase (4.2.2.?) (chondroitinase B, dermatanase)......Page 1892
Heparin lyase III (EC 4.2.2.8), (heparitinase I)......Page 1894
Endo-beta-galactosidase (EC 3.2.1.103)......Page 1895
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase (IUBMB common name) (EC 3.2.1.35) (endo-beta-N-acetylhexosaminidase, testicular-type hyaluronidase, hyaluronate 4-glycanohydrolase)......Page 1896
Investigation of the C16S Toxin Receptor......Page 2582
Hyaluronoglucosaminidase from somatic tissues (formerly called lysosomal hyaluronoglucosaminidase) (EC 3.2.1.35)......Page 1897
Hyaluronidase from stonefish......Page 1898
Protein O-fucosyltransferase 1......Page 1899
Heparanase-1 (Hspe1)......Page 1900
Animal enzymes acting on the linkage region between the core protein and the glycosaminoglycan chain of proteoglycan......Page 1901
Endo-beta-glucuronidase......Page 1902
The Need for Next-Generation Therapeutic Antibodies......Page 3198
References......Page 1903
Biographical Sketch......Page 1908
3.11 Degradation of Glycolipids......Page 1909
Verotoxin GSL Receptor Binding......Page 3111
Lysosomal Degradation of GSLs......Page 1911
Nuclear Transport......Page 2762
Overview......Page 2025
Glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored type......Page 1912
ABO, Hh, and Sese genes......Page 2061
Preparation of Cellular Fractions Enriched in Lipid Membrane Domains......Page 2416
N-Glycosylation in insect cells......Page 3172
Nonlysosomal Degradation of GSLs......Page 1915
Background for GAbetaGeneration at Molecular and Neurobiological Levels......Page 1917
Cellular Responses to Injuries in the Central Nervous System......Page 1918
References......Page 1920
Biographical Sketch......Page 1924
Synthesis of CMW – Route III......Page 2806
Overview......Page 1929
N-Glycolylneuraminic Acid......Page 1931
The GnT-III Pig......Page 3097
Xenotransplantation......Page 2711
Glossary......Page 1935
Glycosylation of Therapeutic Antibodies and Perspective......Page 1936
Biographical Sketch......Page 1939
The Significance of the alpha-gal Epitope in Xenotransplantation......Page 1943
Analysis of Tumor Vaccines Expressing alpha-gal Epitopes in an Experimental Animal Model......Page 1946
Conversion of Tumor Lesions into 'Xenograft' by Intratumoral Expression of alpha-gal Epitopes......Page 1947
References......Page 1948
Biographical Sketch......Page 1951
Introduction: Exploring the Origin of Glycan Differentiation......Page 1952
Galbialpha1-4Gal in Nature......Page 1953
Protein Glycation In Vivo......Page 1954
Biosynthetic Pathway for O-Fucosylation of EGF Repeats......Page 2778
Conclusion......Page 1963
References......Page 1964
Biographical Sketch......Page 1966
Type A chitin-binding CBMs......Page 2381
Cestoda......Page 1978
Polychaeta......Page 1979
NG2......Page 2867
Hirudinea......Page 1981
Gastropoda......Page 1982
Cephalopoda......Page 1986
Xerocomus chrysenteron (Boletaceae)......Page 2317
Holothuroidea, Crinoidea, and Ophiuroidea (sea cucumber, feather star, and brittle star)......Page 1990
Urochordata......Page 1991
References......Page 1993
Biographical Sketch......Page 1998
Cell Recognition Based on Homotypic trans-CCI......Page 1999
GlcNAcbeta1-N-Asn Linked N-Glycans......Page 2001
Protein Substrates......Page 2002
TLRs in Gene Evolution......Page 2578
References......Page 2007
Biographical Sketch......Page 2010
3.17 Sialic Acids......Page 2011
Autoaggregation of Sponge Cells through their Glycosyl Array of Proteoglycan......Page 2014
Plant lectins with ricin-B domains......Page 2286
Structure and properties......Page 2019
Pathological implications......Page 2024
Glycopathology of Sialic Acids......Page 2027
Aggrecan and its gene KO mice......Page 2744
Biographical Sketch......Page 2037
N-Glycan......Page 2040
Existing Unconjugated Polysaccharide Vaccines......Page 3127
alpha-Galactosidase Treatment......Page 3092
Glossary......Page 2043
UDP-Sugar and Acceptor Substrate Specificity......Page 2045
Increased Formation of HEV-Like Vessels is Correlated with Progression of Inflammation......Page 3003
Potential Future Research Areas......Page 2050
Glossary......Page 2051
Biographical Sketch......Page 2054
Blood group ABH substances of human plasma......Page 2059
Neurodegeneration......Page 2767
Galactose residues......Page 2238
Molecular biological investigations on the glycosyltransferases encoded by the ABO, Hh, and Sese genes......Page 2062
The subgroups A1 and A2......Page 2065
Biosynthesis of Blood Group Lewis Determinants......Page 2071
The Antigens I and i......Page 2076
Polyagglutination......Page 2078
Tn Antigen......Page 2079
Lectins in Drosophila melanogaster......Page 2642
Biographical Sketch......Page 2084
Indolocarbazoles......Page 2085
Glycopeptides......Page 2088
Total Synthesis of Oligosaccharides Containing a Reactive Group for Conjugation......Page 3133
Glycorandomization......Page 2100
References......Page 2105
Biographical Sketch......Page 2107
Overview......Page 2109
Involvement of additional hydrogen bonding in extended site interaction......Page 2112
Nonlinearity of the DeltaDeltaH and DeltaDeltaG values of the individual hydroxyl groups of 1......Page 2114
Homologous lectins with conserved binding sites interact with the same ligand through the same set of hydrogen bonds but with different binding thermodynamics......Page 2115
Hydrophobic interactions......Page 2116
Heveins......Page 2279
ITC measurements of carbohydrate binding to ConA under osmotic stress......Page 2120
Correlation of the DeltaDeltaH (H2O - D2O) data for analogs 2-11 with differences in the location of ordered water in the DGL and ConA complexes with trimannoside 1......Page 2121
Correlation of the DeltaDeltaH (H2O - D2O) data for Me alphaMan and Me alphaGlc with differences in the location of ordered water in the DGL and ConA complexes with trimannoside 1......Page 2122
Carbohydrate conformation......Page 2124
Biochemical defects in PNH......Page 2960
Mannose-binding proteins......Page 2131
Selectins......Page 2132
The location of the sequence on polypeptide chain and its proximity to the C-terminus......Page 3167
I-type lectins......Page 2139
Glossary......Page 2142
Asialoglycoprotein receptor......Page 2143
Legume lectins and galectins......Page 2146
ITC-determined n values are inversely proportional to the functional valency of multivalent carbohydrates......Page 2147
TDeltaS does not directly increase in proportion to the valency of multivalent carbohydrates binding to ConA and DGL......Page 2148
Range of microscopic affinity constants for multivalent carbohydrates binding to ConA and DGL......Page 2150
Range of microscopic Ka values for ASF binding to galectins......Page 2152
Substrate Competition in Core Glycosylation......Page 3042
Specificity......Page 2242
Xenopus laevis lectin XL35......Page 2155
A multivalent carbohydrate can form a unique cross-linked complex with a lectin in the presence of other carbohydrates......Page 2156
The structures of the carbohydrates and lectins determine their cross-linking properties......Page 2159
References......Page 2160
Biographical Sketch......Page 2164
3.22 Glycopolymers......Page 2165
Sequence-Based Families......Page 2372
Highly Efficient Enzymatic Sugar Elongation Reaction on Glycopolymers......Page 2169
Multivalent Carbohydrate Presentation on a Peptide Backbone to Control the Topology of Carbohydrates......Page 2173
Sequential Glycopeptides with Both Designated Density and Desired Orientation of Carbohydrate Side Chains......Page 2175
Two-Dimensional Glycolipid Polymers for the Multivalent Presentation of Proteins......Page 2180
Using a Two-Dimensional Glycopolymer as a Sensing Device......Page 2181
Protein Glycomics by Chemoselective Glycoblotting on a Polymer Nanoparticle......Page 2183
References......Page 2186
Biographical Sketch......Page 2188
3.23 Neoglycoproteins......Page 2189
Historical Aspects......Page 2190
Commercially available dendrimer cores......Page 2531
Reductive amination......Page 2194
Formation of thiourea linkages......Page 2195
Formation of amide linkages......Page 2196
N-Glycosylamino acid derivatives as starting material......Page 2199
Preparation of glycocluster-based neoglycoproteins......Page 2200
Evidencing avidity with lectins......Page 2205
Principle of SPR......Page 2207
NeuAc residues......Page 2209
Use of neoglycoproteins to assess the binding strength of small ligands to lectins......Page 2210
Evidencing lectins in animal cells with labeled neoglycoproteins......Page 2211
Acrosome reaction induced by neoglycoproteins containing Man and GlcNAc......Page 2217
Drug Targeting......Page 2218
Monocot Man-binding lectins......Page 2292
Targeting oligonucleotides......Page 2220
Proteins used to prepare antigenic neoglycoproteins......Page 2222
Glossary......Page 2226
References......Page 2227
Biographical Sketch......Page 2232
3.24 Siglecs......Page 2234
Cancer......Page 2481
Occurrence and biological functions......Page 2239
PIG-A gene......Page 2240
Occurrence and biological functions......Page 2241
Diabetic Atherosclerosis......Page 2243
The recognition of simple sugars......Page 2295
References......Page 2246
History of Recombinant Therapeutic Antibodies......Page 2250
Attachment of beta-N-acetylglucosaminyl phosphate diester in GPI-anchor glycans......Page 2255
GPI-Anchor Glycan Recognition of Cytokines in Relation to Their Physiological Activities......Page 2264
Glossary......Page 2269
Biographical Sketch......Page 2273
3.26 Plant Lectins......Page 2274
Subdivision in Families of Structurally and Evolutionary Related Proteins......Page 2277
Jacalins......Page 2281
Step 7......Page 2288
HS3ST-1 KO mouse......Page 2737
alpha-1,2-Fucosyltransferases......Page 2294
Analyses Appropriate for Bulk Conjugate......Page 3143
The recognition of complex glycans......Page 2298
Role of lectins interacting with foreign glycans......Page 2299
A dynamic event: CBM35 undergoes conformational changes upon binding......Page 2301
Cytoplasmic/nuclear plant lectins are ubiquitous among plants......Page 2302
Role of lectins in signaling......Page 2303
Linking Molecular and Functional Evolution of Plant Lectins......Page 2304
References......Page 2305
Biographical Sketch......Page 2309
3.27 Mushroom Lectins......Page 2311
Acknowledgements......Page 2601
Hericium erinaceus (Hydnaceae)......Page 2326
Conclusions......Page 2327
References......Page 2328
Biographical Sketch......Page 2331
Microbial Lectins......Page 2332
Discovery, Structural Determination, and Detection......Page 2793
Influenza Viruses......Page 2333
Influenza C HEF......Page 2340
Bacterial Lectins......Page 2345
P fimbriae......Page 2351
β-1,4-Galactosyltransferase in growth and fertilization......Page 2696
Step 6......Page 2599
References......Page 2365
Biographical Sketch......Page 2368
Type C CBMs......Page 2374
Glycosyltransferases and the Notch Signaling System......Page 2697
Interactions with Polysaccharides......Page 2377
Dolichol kinase......Page 2380
Type C chitin-binding CBMs......Page 2382
Molecular determinants of xylan recognition......Page 2384
beta-Glucan has a unique coiled structure......Page 2386
Molecular determinants of beta-glucan binding......Page 2387
Recent Topics......Page 2388
Toxin Delivery......Page 2394
CBMs and fiber modification......Page 2395
CBMs as diagnostic tools......Page 2396
CBMs used to enhance enzyme efficiency......Page 2397
Structure of lipids......Page 2970
References......Page 2398
Biographical Sketch......Page 2403
3.30 Lipid Membrane Domains in Glycobiology......Page 2405
Segregation of Membrane Lipids......Page 2412
Campylobacter jejuni Genes Associated with Guillain-BarreacuteSyndrome......Page 2414
Lipid Membrane Domains, Caveolae and Caveolins, Noncaveolar Domains......Page 2419
Artificial Manipulation of Lipid Membrane Domain Composition......Page 2422
Glossary......Page 2430
Glossary......Page 2431
Biographical Sketch......Page 2438
Structure-anticomplementary activity relationship......Page 3161
References......Page 2448
Biographical Sketch......Page 2450
Immunoglobulin Glycoforms......Page 2458
Fucose/bisecting GlcNAc residues......Page 2462
Small leucine-rich proteoglycans......Page 2736
References......Page 2465
Biographical Sketch......Page 2468
Generation of Antibodies to Carbohydrate......Page 2470
Binding Specificities......Page 2478
Biographical Sketch......Page 2489
Carbohydrate-Carbohydrate Interaction in Basic Cell Biology......Page 2491
VT1 Antineoplastic Activity In Vivo......Page 2740
cis-CCI in Formation of GD1a and GD1b Ganglioside Complex as Novel Target Antigen in the Development of GuillainndashBarreacuteSyndrome......Page 2503
Perspective......Page 2504
Utilization of Milk Oligosaccharides: Future Trends......Page 2505
Biographical Sketch......Page 2508
3.35 The Use of NMR Spectroscopy in Carbohydrate–Protein Molecular Interactions......Page 2509
Bioactive conformation of UDP-Gal bound to human blood group B galactosyltransferase......Page 2512
Concluding Remarks......Page 2519
Biographical Sketch......Page 2523
Glycodendrimers......Page 2530
Boltornreg-Based Glycodendrimers (Hyperbranched Polymers)......Page 2543
Conclusions......Page 2568
Biographical Sketch......Page 2573
Function of Fish TLRs and their Natural Ligands......Page 2577
Biographical Sketch......Page 2580
4.02 Innate Immunity:
 NKT Cells......Page 2581
Introduction......Page 2982
Future Perspective......Page 2584
Biographical Sketch......Page 2588
4.03 Lectin Repertoires in Invertebrates and Ectothermic Vertebrates:
 Their Roles in Embryogenesis and Innate Immunity......Page 2589
Step 5......Page 2958
Neuronal cell adhesion and neurite elongation in culture......Page 2600
References......Page 2602
Biographical Sketch......Page 2605
4.04 Skin Glycobiology......Page 2608
Regulation of GlcCer'ase Activity in the Epidermis and Stratum Corneum......Page 2613
Glossary......Page 2614
Biographical Sketch......Page 2617
4.05 Drosophila Development, RNAi, and Glycobiology......Page 2619
GlcNAcbeta1-O-Ser/Thr Linked O-Glycans......Page 2656
Biosynthetic pathway of GAGs and the glycosyltransferases and sulfotransferases involved in this pathway......Page 2631
Function of O-mannosylglycan......Page 2635
Enzymes and core proteins in O-GlcNAc modification......Page 2636
Somatic mutation of PIG-A......Page 2961
References......Page 2645
Biographical Sketch......Page 2649
4.06 Glycobiology of Caenorhabditis elegans......Page 2650
Xylbeta1-O-Ser Linked O-Glycans: Glycosaminoglycans/Proteoglycans......Page 2657
alpha-1,6-Fucosyltransferase......Page 2663
Concluding Remarks......Page 2664
Glossary......Page 3151
Biographical Sketch......Page 2669
Synthesis of N- and O-Glycans in S. cerevisiae......Page 2671
Remodeling of O-Glycan in Yeast......Page 2679
Gb3 Mimics Inhibit HIV Infection......Page 3118
Concluding Remarks......Page 2685
References......Page 2686
Biographical Sketch......Page 2688
4.08 Knockout Mice and Glycoproteins......Page 2689
β-1,2-N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferase I required for the midgestation period......Page 2690
N-Acetylglucosamine-6-sulfotransferase-2......Page 2702
N-Acetylglucosamine-6-sulfotransferase-1 and double knockout mice......Page 2703
Fucosyltransferases involved in generation of E- and P-selectin ligands......Page 2704
Role of ST3Gal I in T cell survival......Page 2706
Intestinal Immune System-Modulating Activity......Page 2708
Role of β-1,4-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase in stability of glucose transporter 2......Page 2709
References......Page 2712
Biographical Sketch......Page 2715
4.09 Knockout Mice and Glycolipids......Page 2716
Knockout Mice of a Sulfatide Synthase and Ganglioside Synthases......Page 2718
Double Knockout of GD3 Synthase and GM2/GD2 Synthase......Page 2719
Knockout Mice of Gb3/CD77 Synthase......Page 2720
Perspective and Limitation of Gene Knockout Strategy in the Function Analysis of Glycosphingolipids......Page 2721
Glossary......Page 2722
Knockout Mice and Proteoglycans......Page 2725
Introduction......Page 2726
Sulfate donor, PAPS deficiency......Page 2730
EXT2 KO mouse......Page 2733
NDST family protein gene mutations95,96......Page 2735
N-glycan processing in plant cells......Page 2738
C4ST-1-deficient mouse......Page 2739
Yeast......Page 2741
Link protein KO mice......Page 2745
Versican/PG-M KO mice......Page 2746
Small Leucine-Rich Proteoglycans......Page 2747
References......Page 2750
Biographical Sketch......Page 2756
Signal Transduction......Page 2763
Cancer......Page 2766
Concluding Remarks......Page 2768
Glossary......Page 2769
Biographical Sketch......Page 2773
O-Linked Mannosylation......Page 2776
GOS/FOS......Page 3287
Effects of O-Fucose Saccharides on the Physical Interaction between Notch and its Ligands......Page 2785
The Role of O-Fucose in Protein Quality Control......Page 2786
Glossary......Page 2787
Biographical Sketch......Page 2791
Purification and Cloning of GnT-V......Page 2795
Prospective Functions of C-Mannosylation in the Cell......Page 2798
Chemical Synthesis of CMW and Related Compounds......Page 2800
Immunoassay for CMW in Physiological Fluids......Page 2807
References......Page 2808
Biographical Sketch......Page 2811
Signaling and Glycoproteins......Page 2813
Important Glycosylated Receptors Expressed on Cell Surface......Page 2817
Sugar Remodeling Regulates Growth Factor Receptor-Mediated Intracellular Signaling......Page 2821
N-Glycosylation of Integrins Plays an Important Role in their Biological Functions......Page 2822
Contribution of the Fucosylation of TGF-βRII to Emphysema-Like Changes in Fut8-/- Mice Lungs......Page 2823
Biographical Sketch......Page 2829
4.15 Structure and Functional Interaction of Glycosphingolipids Inducing Signal Transduction to Affect Cellular Phenotype......Page 2831
Models of GSL Structures and their Interactions......Page 2836
GSL Antigens, Markers, and Receptors......Page 2838
GSL-Mediated Cell Adhesion......Page 2840
Role of GSLs in Disease Development......Page 2842
References......Page 2846
Biographical Sketch......Page 2852
4.16 The HNK-1 Carbohydrate in the Nervous System......Page 2853
How Does the HNK-1 Carbohydrate Function?......Page 2857
Summary......Page 2858
Biographical Sketch......Page 2859
Perlecan......Page 2863
Neuroglycan-C......Page 2868
APP-related proteoglycans......Page 2869
O-GalNAc Glycans of Mucin Type......Page 2907
Axonal Growth and Pathfinding......Page 2873
Retinotectal or retinocollicular pathway......Page 2874
Proteoglycans and Injury Repair of the Central Nervous System......Page 2878
Glossary......Page 2880
References......Page 2881
Biographical Sketch......Page 2886
4.18 Neural Functions of Glycolipids......Page 2887
Dysmyelination in Mice Lacking Galactosylceramides......Page 2890
References......Page 2898
Biographical Sketch......Page 2901
CDG-Ia......Page 2911
CDG-If......Page 2913
CDG-Ii......Page 2914
CDG-IIb......Page 2915
NK Cell Receptor and Glycoantigen......Page 3102
CDG-IIe......Page 2916
Other Putative Glycosyltransferase-Associated CMDs......Page 2918
Hereditary Multiple Exostosis......Page 2919
O-GalNAc Defects......Page 2920
Classical Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition......Page 2921
Diagnostic Challenges......Page 2925
Identification of Specific Proteins and Contribution to Complex Diseases......Page 2926
References......Page 2927
Biographical Sketch......Page 2933
Human IgG Glycosylation in Inflammation and Inflammatory Disease......Page 2935
IgG-Fc Effector Functions: Inflammatory Cascades......Page 2942
Immune Responses to Unconjugated Polysaccharides......Page 2944
Conclusions and Future Perspectives......Page 2950
References......Page 2951
Biographical Sketch......Page 2954
Diseases Associated with GPI Anchors......Page 2955
Caenorhabditis elegans: A parasitic nematode model......Page 3039
Hemolytic anemia......Page 2964
Defucosylated Antibodies as Next-Generation Therapeutic Antibodies......Page 3210
Pathogens' GPI Anchors Crucial for Infection and Survival......Page 2967
Malaria......Page 2968
Tuberculosis......Page 2969
Core biosynthesis......Page 2971
Inositol acylation......Page 2972
Glycerolipid remodeling......Page 2973
GPI glycan side-chain modification......Page 2974
References......Page 2975
Biographical Sketch......Page 2980
beta1-6 GlcNAc Branching and Malignant Transformation......Page 2984
Increased beta1-6 GlcNAc Branching on Glycoproteins in Proteins Secreted into Conditioned Medium, as Judged by L4-PHA Lectin Blot......Page 2985
Experimental Metastasis......Page 2986
Combinations of OS......Page 2987
N-Glycan of Asn 772 is Important for the Stabilization of Matriptase......Page 2989
Discussion......Page 2992
References......Page 2993
Biographical Sketch......Page 2997
4.23 Glycoconjugates and Bacterial Infections: Helicobacter pylori......Page 2999
Antibiotic Function of GlcNAc(alpha1-4)-Capped O-Glycans against H. pylori......Page 3005
Antibiotic Function of GlcNAc(alpha1-4) Residues......Page 3007
References......Page 3008
Biographical Sketch......Page 3010
4.24 Glycoconjugates and Bacterial Infections: Botulinum Toxin......Page 3012
Conclusion......Page 3019
References......Page 3020
Biographical Sketch......Page 3022
The alpha-gal Epitope......Page 3023
Highly Pathogenic and Potentially Pandemic H5N1 Avian Influenza Viruses and the Molecular Mechanism of the Transmission of the Viruses into Humans......Page 3025
References......Page 3026
Biographical Sketch......Page 3029
4.26 Glycoconjugates of Parasitic Helminth Infections......Page 3030
References......Page 3046
Biographical Sketch......Page 3050
Carbohydrate Mimicry as a Cause of Guillain-BarreacuteSyndrome......Page 3052
Campylobacter jejuni Infection......Page 3053
Confirmation of GAbetaGeneration in Human and Monkey Brains......Page 3064
Microheterogeneity: Control of N-Glycan Processing in the Secretory Compartments......Page 3068
Glycation and Disease......Page 3071
Protein Glycation and Diseases......Page 3077
Enzymes that Act on the Amadori Products (Deglycating Enzymes)......Page 3079
Glycation Inhibitors......Page 3081
References......Page 3084
Biographical Sketch......Page 3087
Combination of alpha-1,2-fucosyltransferase (alpha1,2FT) and alpha-galactosidase......Page 3093
iGb3 Synthase......Page 3099
The Non-Gal Antigen......Page 3100
Other Unknown Glycoantigens......Page 3101
PERV Infectivity to Human Cell and N-Linked Sugars......Page 3103
References......Page 3105
Biographical Sketch......Page 3109
Super twig......Page 3116
Soluble monomeric Gb3 glycolipid mimics......Page 3117
Acknowledgements......Page 3120
4.31 Bacterial Carbohydrate-Based Vaccines......Page 3123
The Role of the Glycocalyx in Virulence and the Role of Antisaccharide Antibodies in Protection from Disease......Page 3124
The Structures of Polysaccharides Used in Vaccine Manufacture......Page 3126
Typhoid Vaccines Based on the Vi Polysaccharide......Page 3128
Analyses Carried Out on Final Fills......Page 3145
Immune Responses to Glycoconjugate Vaccines......Page 3148
The Molecular Mechanism by which Glycoconjugates Elicit an Immune Response......Page 3149
Combination Vaccines......Page 3150
References......Page 3152
Biographical Sketch......Page 3159
N-Glycan Site Occupancy......Page 3162
Mevalonate synthesis......Page 3164
Fc receptor upregulation of macrophages and enhancing activity of immune complex clearance by bupleuran 2IIb......Page 3226
Conversion of Man5GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol to Glc3Man9GlcNAc2-P-P-Dol......Page 3165
Control of oligosaccharyltransfer activity......Page 3166
IL-6-producing activity on murine B-cells by bupleuran 2IIc......Page 3170
Addition of galactose and sialic acid......Page 3171
Trimming of glucose and mannose......Page 3173
Degradation of the intermediates by N-acetylglucosaminidase and alpha-mannosidase......Page 3175
Core fucosylation......Page 3177
Nucleotide sugars......Page 3178
Nucleotide sugar transporter......Page 3179
Protection of the intermediate from degradation......Page 3180
Galactosylation......Page 3181
Core (alpha1-3)-fucosylation......Page 3182
Addition of (beta1-4)-linked galactose to N-glycans......Page 3184
Inhibition of polymannosylation......Page 3185
Sialylation......Page 3186
References......Page 3187
Biographical Sketch......Page 3194
Physiological Mechanism of Action of Therapeutic Antibodies......Page 3197
Structure of Recombinant Therapeutic Antibodies......Page 3199
Effects of bisecting N-acetylglucosamine on effector activity......Page 3206
References......Page 3211
Biographical Sketch......Page 3214
Structure and intestinal immune system-modulating activity of plant polysaccharides......Page 3233
Pharmacokinetics of Bioactive Plant Polysaccharides......Page 3236
Antimetastasis and Antitumor Activities......Page 3238
Glossary......Page 3242
References......Page 3243
Biographical Sketch......Page 3247
Milk Oligosaccharides in Nonhuman Mammals......Page 3257
Biological Significance of Milk Oligosaccharides......Page 3266
Biosynthesis and Evolution of Milk Oligosaccharides and Lactose......Page 3267
Laboratory Synthesis of Milk Oligosaccharides and Milk Oligosaccharide-Like Compounds......Page 3270
Glossary......Page 3271
References......Page 3272
Biographical Sketch......Page 3276
Introduction......Page 3278
Fructooligosaccharides......Page 3282
Biographical Sketch......Page 3294