Composite Materials: Design and Applications

Content: Preface    Acknowledgments    Author    Section I: Principles of Construction    Composite Materials: Interest and Physical Properties    What Is a Composite Material?    Broad Definition    Main Features    Fibers and Matrices    Fibers    Materials for Matrices    What Can Be Made Using Composite Materials?    A Typical Example of Interest    Some Examples of Classical Design Replaced by Composite Solutions    Main Physical Properties    Manufacturing Processes    Molding Processes    Contact Molding    Compression Molding    Vacuum Molding    Resin Injection Molding    Injection Molding with Prepreg    Foam Injection Molding    Molding of Hollow Axisymmetric Components    Other Forming Processes    Sheet Forming    Profile Forming    Forming by Stamping    Preforming by Three-Dimensional Assembly    Automated Tape Laying and Fiber Placement    Practical Considerations on Manufacturing Processes    Acronyms    Cost Comparison    Ply Properties    Isotropy and Anisotropy    Isotropic Materials    Anisotropic Material    Characteristics of the Reinforcement/Matrix Mixture    Fiber Mass Fraction    Fiber Volume Fraction    Mass Density of a Ply    Ply Thickness    Unidirectional Ply    Elastic Modulus    Ultimate Strength of a Ply    Examples    Examples of High-Performance Unidirectional Plies    Woven Ply    Forms of Woven Fabrics    Elastic Modulus of Fabric Layer    Examples of Balanced Fabric/Epoxy    Mats and Reinforced Matrices    Mats    Example: A Summary of Glass/Epoxy Layers    Microspherical Fillers    Other Classical Reinforcements    Multidimensional Fabrics    Example: A 4D Architecture of Carbon Reinforcement    Example: Three-Dimensional Carbon/Carbon Components    Metal Matrix Composites    Some Examples    Unidirectional Fibers/Aluminum Matrix    Biocomposite Materials    Natural Plant Fibers    Natural Vegetable Fiber-Reinforced Composites    Manufacturing Processes    Nanocomposite Materials    Nanoreinforcement    Nanocomposite Material    Mechanical Applications    Manufacturing of Nanocomposite Materials    Tests    Sandwich Structures    What Is a Sandwich Structure?    Their Properties Are Surprising    Constituent Materials    Simplified Flexure    Stress    Displacements    Some Special Features of Sandwich Structures    Comparison of Mass for the Same Flexural Rigidity  EI     Deterioration by Buckling of Sandwich Structures    Other Types of Damage    Manufacturing and Design Problems    Example of Core Material: Honeycomb    Shaping Processes    Inserts and Attachment Fittings    Repair of Laminated Facings    Nondestructive Inspection    Main Nondestructive Inspection Methods    Acoustic Emission Testing    Conception: Design and Drawing    Drawing a Composite Part    Specific Properties    Guide Values of Presizing    Laminate    Unidirectional Layers and Fabrics    Correct Ply Orientation    Laminate Drawing Code    Arrangement of Plies    Failure of Laminates    Damages    Most Frequently Used Criterion: Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion    Presizing of the Laminate    Modulus of Elasticity-Deformation of a Laminate    Case of Simple Loading    Complex Loading Case: Approximative Proportions according to Orientations    Complex Loading Case: Optimum Composition of a Laminate    Notes for Practical Use Concerning Laminates    Conception: Fastening and Joining    Riveting and Bolting    Local Loss of Strength    Main Failure Modes in Bolted Joints of Composite Materials    Sizing of the Joint    Riveting    Bolting    Bonding    Adhesives Used    Geometry of the Bonded Joints    Sizing of the Bonding Surface Area    Case of Bonded Joint with Cylindrical Geometry    Examples of Bonding    Inserts    Case of Sandwich Parts    Case of Parts under Uniaxial Loads    Composite Materials and Aerospace Construction    Aircraft    Composite Components in Aircraft    Allocation of Composites Depending on Their Nature    Few Comments    Specific Aspects of Structural Strength    Large Transport Aircraft    Regional Aircraft and Business Jets    Light Aircraft    Fighter Aircraft    Architecture and Manufacture of Composite Aircraft Parts    Braking Systems    Helicopters    Situation    Composite Areas    Blades    Rotor Hub    Other Working Composite Parts    Airplane Propellers    Propellers for Conventional Aerodynamics    High-Speed Propellers    Aircraft Reaction Engine    Employed Materials    Refractory Composites    Space Applications    Satellites    Propellant Tanks and Pressure Vessels    Nozzles    Other Composite Components for Space Application    Composite Materials for Various Applications    Comparative Importance of Composites in Applications    Relative Importance in terms of Mass and Market Value    Mass of Composites Implemented according to the Geographical Area    Average Prices    Composite Materials and Automotive Industry    Introduction    Composite Parts    Research and Development    Motor Racing    Wind Turbines    Components    Manufacturing Processes    Composites and Shipbuilding    Competition    Vessels    Sports and Leisure    Skis    Bicycles    Tennis Rackets    Diverse Applications    Pressure Gas Bottle    Bogie Frame    Tubes for Offshore Installations    Biomechanical Applications    Cable Car    Section II: Mechanical Behavior of Laminated Materials    Anisotropic Elastic Medium    Some Reminders    Continuum Mechanics    Number of Distinct phiijkl Terms    Orthotropic Material    Transversely Isotropic Material    Elastic Constants of Unidirectional Composites    Longitudinal Modulus El    Poisson Coefficient    Transverse Modulus Et    Shear Modulus Glt    Thermoelastic Properties    Isotropic Material: Recall    Case of Unidirectional Composite    Thermomechanical Behavior of a Unidirectional Layer    Elastic Constants of a Ply in Any Direction    Flexibility Coefficients    Stiffness Coefficients    Case of Thermomechanical Loading    Flexibility Coefficients    Stiffness Coefficients    Mechanical Behavior of Thin Laminated Plates    Laminate with Midplane Symmetry    Membrane Behavior    Apparent Elastic Moduli of the Laminate    Consequence: Practical Determination of a Laminate Subject to Membrane Loading    Flexure Behavior    Consequence: Practical Determination of a Laminate Subject to Flexure    Simplified Calculation for Bending    Thermomechanical Loading Case    Laminate without Midplane Symmetry    Coupled Membrane-Flexure Behavior    Case of Thermomechanical Loading    Section III: Justifications, Composite Beams, and Thick Laminated Plates    Elastic Coefficients    Elastic Coefficients for an Orthotropic Material    Reminders    Elastic Behavior Equation in Orthotropic Axes    Elastic Coefficients for a Transverse Isotropic Material    Elastic Behavior Equation    Rotation about an Orthotropic Transverse Axis    Case of a Ply    Damage in Composite Parts
 Failure Criteria    Damage in Composite Parts    Industrial Emphasis of the Problem    Influence of Manufacturing Process    Typical Area and Singularities in a Same Part    Degradation Process within the Typical Area    Form of a Failure Criterion    Features of a Failure Criterion    General Form of a Failure Criterion    Linear Failure Criterion    Quadratic Failure Criterion    Tsai-Hill Failure Criterion    Isotropic Material: The von Mises Criterion    Orthotropic Material: Tsai-Hill Criterion    Evolution of Strength Properties of a Unidirectional Ply Depending on the Direction of Solicitation    Bending of Composite Beams of Any Section Shape    Bending of Beams with Isotropic Phases and Plane of Symmetry    Degrees of Freedom    Perfect Bonding between the Phases    Equilibrium Relationships    Constitutive Equations    Technical Formulation    Energy Interpretation    Extension to the Dynamic Case    Case of Beams of Any Cross Section (Asymmetric)    Technical Formulation    Notes    Torsion of Composite Beams of Any Section Shape    Uniform Torsion    Torsional Degree of Freedom    Constitutive Equation    Determination of PHI(y, z)    Energy Interpretation    Location of the Torsion Center    Coordinates in Principal Axes    Summary of Results    Flexion-Torsion Coupling    Bending of Thick Composite Plates    Preliminary Remarks    Transverse Normal Stress sigmaz    Transverse Shear Stress tauxz and tauyz    Assumptions     Displacement Field    Strains    Constitutive Equations    Membrane Behavior    Bending Behavior    Transverse Shear Behavior    Equilibrium Relationships    Transverse Equilibrium    Equilibrium in Bending    Technical Formulation for Bending    Stress due to Bending    Characterization of Warping Increments in Bending etax and etay    Particular Cases    Warping Functions    Consequences    Energy Interpretation    Examples    Orthotropic Homogeneous Plate    Sandwich Plate    Conclusion    Section IV: Applications    Applications Level 1    Simply Supported Sandwich Beam    Poisson Coefficient of a Unidirectional Layer    Helicopter Blade    Drive Shaft for Trucks    Flywheel in Carbon/Epoxy    Wing Tip Made of Carbon/Epoxy    Carbon Fiber Coated with Nickel    Tube Made of Glass/Epoxy under Pressure    Filament-Wound Pressure Vessel: Winding Angle    Filament-Wound Pressure Vessel: Consideration of Openings in the Bottom Heads    Determination of Fiber Volume Fraction by Pyrolysis    Reversing Lever Made of Carbon/PEEK (Unidirectional and Short Fibers)    Glass/Resin Telegraph Pole    Unidirectional Layer of HR Carbon    Manipulator Arm for a Space Shuttle    Applications Level 2    Sandwich Beam: Simplified Calculation of the Shear Coefficient    Procedure for a Laminate Calculation Program    Kevlar/Epoxy Laminates: Stiffness in Terms of the Direction of Load    Residual Thermal Stress due to the Laminate Curing Process    Thermoelastic Behavior of a Glass/Polyester Tube    Creep of a Polymeric Tube Reinforced by Filament Wound under Thermal Stress    First-Ply Failure of a Laminate: Ultimate Strength    Optimum Laminate for Isotropic Plane Stress    Laminate Made of Identical Layers of Balanced Fabric    Carbon/Epoxy Wing Spar    Elastic Constants of a Carbon/Epoxy Unidirectional Layer, Based on Tensile Test    Sailboat Hull in Glass/Polyester    Balanced Fabric Ply: Determination of the In-Plane Shear Modulus    Quasi-Isotropic Laminate    Pure Torsion of Orthotropic Plate    Plate Made by Resin Transfer Molding     Thermoelastic Behavior of a Balanced Fabric Ply    Applications Level 3    Cylindrical Bonding    Double-Lap Bonded Joint    Composite Beam with Two Layers    Buckling of a Sandwich Beam    Shear due to Bending in a Sandwich Beam    Shear due to Bending in a Composite Box Beam    Torsion Center of a Composite U-Beam    Shear due to Bending in a Composite I-Beam    Polymeric Column Reinforced by Filament-Wound Fiberglass    Cylindrical Bending of a Thick Orthotropic Plate under Uniform Loading    Bending of a Sandwich Plate    Bending Vibration of a Sandwich Beam    Appendix A: Stresses in the Plies of a Carbon/Epoxy Laminate Loaded in Its Plane    Appendix B: Buckling of Orthotropic Structures    Bibliography    Index