Complications in Anesthesia, Second Edition

Cover......Page 1
Section Editors......Page 2
Copyright......Page 3
Dedication......Page 4
Preface......Page 8
Contributors......Page 10
Acknowledgments......Page 26
Vasodilator Drugs......Page 29
Vasopressors: Vasoconstrictor Drugs......Page 33
Inotropic Drugs......Page 37
Chronotropic Drugs......Page 40
Drugs Affecting the Renin-Angiotensin System......Page 43
PhosphodiesteraseInhibitors......Page 46
Digitalis......Page 50
Anticholinergics......Page 54
Adenosine......Page 58
Class I Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Ventricular Proarrhythmia......Page 62
Class II Antiarrhythmic Drugs: β-Blockers—Heart Block or Bradycardia......Page 66
Class III Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Potassium Channel Blockers......Page 70
Class IV Antiarrhythmic Drugs: Calcium Channel Blockers......Page 74
Disorders of Potassium Balance......Page 79
Magnesium......Page 85
Perioperative Fluid Management......Page 88
Volatile Anesthetics: Organ Toxicity......Page 92
Nitrous Oxide: Neurotoxicity......Page 95
Intrathecal Opiates......Page 98
Barbiturates: Porphyrias......Page 100
Ketamine......Page 104
Nonbarbiturate Anesthetics......Page 106
Succinylcholine......Page 111
Non depolarizing Neuromuscular Relaxants......Page 115
Antihistamines:H1- and H2-Blockers......Page 118
α2-AdrenoreceptorAgonists......Page 120
Anaphylaxis andAnaphylactoid Reactions......Page 123
Antibiotics......Page 127
Antidepressants......Page 131
Chemotherapeutic Agents......Page 136
Chemical Dependency: Opioids......Page 145
Chemical Dependency: Nonopioids......Page 148
Reversal Agents: Naloxone and Flumazenil......Page 154
Steroids......Page 157
Antiemetic Drugs......Page 160
Preanesthetic Evaluation: False-Positive Tests......Page 167
Preanesthetic Evaluation: Inadequate or Missing Test Result......Page 170
Cardiac Risk Assessment......Page 173
Herbals and Alternative Medicine......Page 176
Difficult Airway: Cannot Ventilate, Cannot Intubate......Page 185
Difficult Airway: Opiate-Induced Muscle Rigidity......Page 200
Unstable Cervical Spine, Atlantoaxial Subluxation......Page 202
Dental Injuries......Page 207
Laryngeal and Tracheal Injury......Page 210
Pulmonary Aspiration......Page 212
Bronchospasm......Page 215
Perioperative Hypoxia......Page 219
Patients with Seizure Disorders......Page 226
Blood and Blood Products: Transfusion Reaction......Page 228
Blood and Blood Products: Hepatitis and HIV......Page 233
Nosocomial Infections: Bacterial Pneumonia......Page 236
Postobstruction Pulmonary Edema......Page 239
Latex Reactions in Health Care Personnel......Page 243
Spinal Anesthesia: Post–Dural Puncture Headache......Page 249
Local Anesthetic Neurotoxicity: Cauda Equina Syndrome......Page 253
Local Anesthetic Systemic Toxicity......Page 256
Spinal Hematoma......Page 261
Infectious Complications of Central Neuraxial Block......Page 265
Epidural Anesthesia: Unintended Intrathecal Injection......Page 268
Epidural Anesthesia: Unintended Subdural Injection......Page 270
Interscalene Nerve Block: Potential Severe Complications......Page 274
Supraclavicular and Infraclavicular Block: Pneumothorax......Page 277
Celiac Plexus Block: Side Effects and Complications......Page 280
Acute and Chronic Pain Management......Page 283
Side Effects of Neuraxial Opioids......Page 287
Complications in Orthopedic Outpatients Not Receiving Peripheral Nerve Blocks......Page 291
Anticoagulants and Peripheral Nerve Block......Page 295
Chronic Nonsteroidal Anti-inflammatory Drug Use......Page 299
Opioid Tolerance......Page 304
Continuous Nerve Blocks: Perineural Local Anesthetic Infusion......Page 308
Persistent Paresthesia......Page 311
Anticoagulation Initiation and Reversal for Cardiac Surgery......Page 317
Hemodilution and Blood Conservation......Page 321
Troubleshooting Common Problems during Cardiopulmonary Bypass......Page 325
Bleeding after Cardiac Surgery......Page 331
Perioperative Myocardial Ischemia and Infarction......Page 335
Perioperative Hypertension......Page 339
Postoperative Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 341
Perioperative Tachyarrhythmias......Page 345
Tachyarrhythmias with Ventricular Preexcitation......Page 350
Long QT Syndromes and Ventricular Arrhythmias......Page 353
Bradyarrhythmias......Page 357
Adverse Neurologic Sequelae: Peripheral Nerve Injury......Page 362
Adverse Neurologic Sequelae: Central Neurologic Impairment......Page 365
Postoperative Acute Renal Failure......Page 368
Postoperative Respiratory Failure......Page 373
Major Organ System Dysfunction after Cardiopulmonary Bypass......Page 378
Fast-Track Cardiac Surgery......Page 382
Thoracic Surgery......Page 387
One-Lung Ventilation......Page 391
Mediastinal Masses......Page 398
Complications after Pneumonectomy......Page 402
Carotid Endarterectomy......Page 406
Thoracic Aortic Aneurysm......Page 410
Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Repair......Page 416
Cardiovascular Device Therapy......Page 420
Patients with Cardiac Rhythm Management Devices......Page 425
Mechanical Assist Devices......Page 433
Hyperglycemia and Diabetic Ketoacidosis......Page 441
Hypothermia......Page 445
Hyperthermia......Page 449
Angioedema and Urticaria......Page 452
Disorders of Water Homeostasis: Hyponatremia and Hypernatremia......Page 455
Metabolic Acidosis and Alkalosis......Page 462
Adrenal Insufficiency......Page 468
HIV Infection and AIDS......Page 472
Hypothyroidism: Myxedema Coma......Page 477
Hyperthyroidism: Thyroid Storm......Page 480
Sarcoidosis......Page 483
Perioperative Management of Dialysis-Dependent Patients......Page 488
Perioperative Care for Patients with Hepatic Insufficiency (Cirrhosis)......Page 492
Porphyrias......Page 496
Acute Pancreatitis......Page 499
Autonomic Hyperreflexia......Page 503
Perioperative Management of Patients with Muscular Dystrophy......Page 505
Myasthenic Disorders......Page 510
Parkinson’s Disease......Page 516
Alzheimer’s Disease......Page 519
Sepsis, Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, and Multiple Organ Dysfunction Syndrome......Page 522
Perioperative Care of ImmunocompromisedPatients......Page 526
Thermally Injured Patients......Page 530
Complications from Toxic Ingestion......Page 534
Pipeline Source Failure......Page 541
Flowmeters......Page 544
Proportioning Systems......Page 547
Oxygen Flush Valve......Page 550
Anesthesia Circuit......Page 553
Vaporizers......Page 557
Carbon Dioxide Absorbers......Page 560
Mechanical Ventilators......Page 563
Scavenging Systems......Page 566
Humidifiers......Page 569
Intravenous Drug Delivery Systems......Page 572
Patient Warming Systems......Page 576
Rapid Fluid and Blood Delivery Systems......Page 579
Surgical Diathermy and Electrocautery......Page 582
Electrical Safety......Page 586
Fires in the Operating Room......Page 588
Laser Complications......Page 593
Pulse Oximetry......Page 596
Inspiratory and Expiratory Gas Monitoring......Page 600
Transesophageal Echocardiography......Page 603
Arterial Blood Pressure Monitoring......Page 605
Central Venous Pressure Monitoring......Page 608
Pulmonary Artery Pressure Monitoring......Page 614
Intracranial Pressure Monitoring......Page 617
Pediatric Laryngospasm......Page 625
Difficult Pediatric Airway......Page 629
Anesthetic Complications of Fetal Surgery: EXIT Procedures......Page 633
Postoperative Apnea in Infants......Page 637
Intraoperative Cardiac Arrest......Page 641
Sedation of Pediatric Patients......Page 645
Muscle Relaxants......Page 649
Delayed Emergence in Pediatric Patients......Page 653
Postintubation Croup......Page 657
Postobstruction Pulmonary Edema in Pediatric Patients......Page 660
Hypoxemia......Page 663
Perioperative Aspiration Pneumonitis......Page 667
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting......Page 670
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection......Page 675
Latex Allergy......Page 677
Malignant Hyperthermia......Page 680
Hypoglycemia and Hyperglycemia......Page 683
Pulmonary Hypertension......Page 685
Hypothermia in Pediatric Patients......Page 689
Cardiomyopathies......Page 693
Anterior Mediastinal Mass......Page 696
Air Emboli......Page 699
Complications of Massive Transfusion......Page 703
Perioperative Psychological Trauma......Page 708
Emergence Agitation......Page 711
Adenotonsillectomy......Page 714
Ophthalmic Problems and Complications......Page 718
Intracranial Hypertension......Page 727
Venous Air Embolism......Page 730
Posterior Fossa Surgery......Page 734
Pituitary Tumors: Diabetes Insipidus......Page 738
Intracranial Aneurysms: Rebleeding......Page 740
Intracranial Aneurysms: Vasospasm and Other Issues......Page 745
Arteriovenous Malformation: Normal Perfusion Pressure Breakthrough......Page 750
Pediatric Neurosurgery......Page 754
Head Injury......Page 758
Spinal Cord Injury......Page 763
Corneal Injury......Page 767
Open Globe Injury......Page 771
Retrobulbar Block......Page 773
Laryngoscopy and Microlaryngoscopy......Page 776
Foreign Body Aspiration......Page 779
Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy......Page 785
Preterm Labor......Page 789
Fetal Intrauterine Surgery......Page 792
Fetal Distress......Page 796
Antepartum Hemorrhage......Page 800
Postpartum Hemorrhage......Page 805
Pulmonary Aspiration in the Parturient......Page 808
Embolic Events of Pregnancy......Page 812
Peripartum Neurologic Complications......Page 815
Postpartum Headache Other Than Post–Dural Puncture Headache......Page 821
Nonobstetric Surgery during Pregnancy......Page 825
Cardiopulmonary Bypass in Pregnancy......Page 828
Postoperative Hepatic Dysfunction......Page 831
Surgery in the Morbidly Obese......Page 836
Complications of Carcinoid Tumors......Page 840
Complications of Thyroid Surgery......Page 843
Complications of Adrenal Surgery......Page 848
Complications of Trauma Surgery......Page 853
Complications of Laparoscopic Surgery......Page 857
Postoperative Urinary Retention......Page 862
Intraoperative Penile Erection......Page 866
Complications of Transurethral Surgery......Page 869
Complications of Radical Urologic Surgery......Page 872
Complications of Lithotripsy......Page 876
Autonomic Dysreflexia......Page 879
Complications of Deliberate Hypotension: Visual Loss......Page 881
Fat Embolism Syndrome......Page 885
Thromboembolic Complications......Page 888
Methylmethacrylate......Page 891
Extremity Tourniquets......Page 893
Complications of Spinal Surgery......Page 897
Postoperative Respiratory Insufficiency......Page 903
Postoperative Peripheral Neuropathy......Page 907
Delayed Emergence......Page 911
Postoperative Delirium......Page 914
Intractable Nausea and Vomiting......Page 916
Unanticipated Hospital Admission and Readmission......Page 919
Uncontrolled Pain......Page 922
Hemodynamic Instability......Page 925
Anesthesia for Electroconvulsive Therapy......Page 929
Cardioversion......Page 932
Radiation Oncology......Page 935
Embolization Procedures......Page 938
Catheter Ablation for Arrhythmias......Page 941
Magnetic Resonance Imaging......Page 944
Misidentification of a Patient......Page 947
Syringe Swaps......Page 950
Quality Assurance......Page 953
Cost Containment......Page 956
Alleged Malpractice......Page 959
The Hostile-Combative Patient......Page 962
Awareness under Anesthesia......Page 965
Adverse Outcomes: Withheld Information or Misinformation......Page 968
Patient Confidentiality......Page 970
Do-Not-Resuscitate Orders in the Operating Room......Page 972
The Jehovah’s Witness Patient......Page 974
Index......Page 977