Complexity Metrics in Engineering Design: Managing the Structure of Design Processes

10.1.1 Extended Event-driven Process Chains......Page 3
  10.1.4 Unified Modeling Language......Page 7
  10.1.6 Integrated Definition Method......Page 9
  10.1.8 Yet Another Workflow Language......Page 11
  10.1.10 Petri-Nets......Page 13
  10.1.12 Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)......Page 15
  7.1.5 Reflection......Page 20
 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS......Page 21
Cover......Page 1
  10.1.2 Object-oriented Event-driven Process Chains......Page 5
 BACKGROUND OF THIS RESEARCH......Page 12
 10.2 Conversion of a process with logic operators......Page 18
  10.2.1 Rule 1: Resolve all logical connections......Page 19
 LIST OF SOFTWARE TOOLS......Page 22
Complexity Metricsin Engineering Design......Page 4
 1.1 Preface......Page 24
 10.3 Nesting of Boolean operators......Page 25
 10.4 The complete Structural Process Architecture......Page 27
  1.2.2 Modeling the process as an EPC process chart......Page 32
  10.5.5 Number of interfaces between domains......Page 34
  1.2.4 Conclusion: Systematic analysis of a process chart......Page 35
  10.5.7 Relational density......Page 37
 Structural significance......Page 40
  1.4.2 Basic requirements of the solution......Page 42
  1.4.3 Targeted audience......Page 43
  10.5.12 Degree distribution......Page 47
  System......Page 50
  10.5.15 Number of independent sets......Page 53
  10.5.16 Number of reachable nodes......Page 55
 Structural significance......Page 57
 Structural significance......Page 59
 10.1 Structural content of process modeling methodologies......Page 2
  10.1.3 Integrated Business-Process Modeling (IUM)......Page 6
 FOREWORD BY THE AUTHORS......Page 8
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS......Page 14
  10.2.4 Rule 4: Logic operators as additional entities......Page 23
  10.5.2 Number of nodes......Page 30
 THE RELEVANCE OF COMPLEXITY METRICS......Page 10
  10.5.1 Number of domains......Page 29
  10.5.3 Number of edges......Page 31
  10.5.8 Number of unconnected nodes......Page 39
 6.3 Using and adapting the framework......Page 17
  1.2.1 Description of the process......Page 28
  10.5.4 Number of classes......Page 33
 CONTENTS......Page 16
  1.3.1 The problem: Systematic analysis of a process chart......Page 36
  1.3.2 Basic hypotheses and research questions......Page 38
  1.3.3 The approach used in this research......Page 41
  1.4.4 What this book is not about......Page 44
  1.4.5 Related fields of science......Page 45
 Structural significance......Page 46
 2.1 Structural complexity of a system......Page 48
  10.5.13 Fan criticality......Page 49
  Modeling complex systems......Page 51
  Relationship types......Page 52
  Views to a system: Native and aggregated networks......Page 54
  Complexity......Page 56
  2.1.2 Graph Theory......Page 58
  2.1.3 Matrix-based methodologies to manage structures......Page 60
 Structural significance......Page 61
  10.5.20 Node connectivity......Page 62
  10.5.21 Edge connectivity......Page 63
 Structural significance......Page 64
  10.5.22 Number of paths......Page 65
 Structural significance......Page 66
  2.1.4 Network Theory......Page 67
 Structural significance......Page 68
  10.5.24 Weight of an edge......Page 69
 Structural significance......Page 70
  2.1.5 Other approaches to managing complex systems......Page 71
  2.1.6 Summary......Page 72
  10.5.26 Centrality of path (based on degree)......Page 73
  2.2.1 Processes in Engineering Design......Page 74
  10.5.27 Degree of progressive oscillation......Page 75
 Structural significance......Page 76
  10.5.28 Height of hierarchy......Page 77
  10.5.29 Width of hierarchy......Page 78
  2.2.2 Goals of analyzing, improving and managing processes......Page 79
 Structural significance......Page 80
  2.2.3 Process models and their structural content......Page 81
 Comparing and recombining process models......Page 82
  10.5.32 Forerun factor......Page 83
 Comparison of common process models and their structures......Page 84
  10.5.33 Tree-robustness......Page 85
  10.5.34 Maximum nesting depth......Page 86
  2.2.4 Strategies to analyze design processes and models......Page 87
  10.5.35 Number of cliques......Page 88
  2.2.5 Summary......Page 89
  2.3.1 Basics and measurement foundation......Page 90
 Structural significance......Page 91
  10.5.37 Cluster-coefficient (global)......Page 92
 Structural significance......Page 93
  2.3.3 Metrics in software engineering......Page 94
  10.5.39 Module quality 2 (compactness)......Page 95
 Structural significance......Page 96
  2.3.4 Metrics in process management......Page 97
 Structural significance......Page 98
  10.5.41 Number of cycles per node......Page 99
  2.3.5 Metrics for engineering design processes......Page 100
  10.5.42 Number of cycles per edge......Page 101
  2.3.6 The limits of using metrics in an organization......Page 102
  10.5.43 Number of feedbacks......Page 103
  2.3.7 Summary......Page 104
 Structural significance......Page 105
 2.4 Directions from the state of the art......Page 106
 Structural significance......Page 107
 3.1 Solution design process......Page 108
 3.2 Requirements for the solution design......Page 109
 3.3 Constituents of the solution......Page 110
 Structural significance......Page 111
 3.4 Overall concept: Analysis procedure......Page 112
 Setting goals for analysis......Page 113
 Information acquisition......Page 114
 Modeling......Page 115
 4.1 Design processes as a multi-layered network......Page 116
 4.2 MDM-based modeling of the structure of a process......Page 117
  10.5.52 Control-Flow Complexity......Page 118
 The need for a meta-model......Page 119
 10.6 Computability of metrics......Page 120
 The complete Structural Process Architecture (SPA) model......Page 122
  4.4.2 Inclusion of attributes to nodes and edges......Page 126
 10.9 Complete results of case study 7.2......Page 128
 The relationship types in the Structural Process Architecture......Page 121
  4.4.1 Alignment of the process structure with the product architecture......Page 124
  4.4.3 Decision points modeled as Boolean operators......Page 129
 MDM-based modeling of logic operators......Page 133
 4.5 Building the process model......Page 135
  4.5.1 Generating a process model......Page 136
  4.5.2 Aggregate views recombining domains and relationship types......Page 138
  4.5.3 Example of a process model for engineering release management......Page 145
 4.6 Conclusion: MDM-based process modeling......Page 147
5. Complexity Metrics for Design Processes......Page 148
  5.1.1 Basic and combined structural characteristics......Page 150
  5.1.2 Solution principles for structural metrics......Page 152
  5.1.3 Evaluation of structural characteristics using structural metrics......Page 153
  5.1.4 Structural outliers......Page 157
  5.2.1 A comprehensive set of complexity metrics......Page 158
  5.2.2 Relevance and limits of basic structural metrics......Page 162
  5.2.3 Relevance and limits of combined and specific structural metrics......Page 165
  5.2.4 Classification of available metrics......Page 172
  5.3.1 The process in focus......Page 174
  5.3.2 Overview of the analyses using structural complexity metrics......Page 176
  5.3.3 Analyses using complexity metrics for the overall process model......Page 177
  5.3.4 Analyses using complexity metrics for each task......Page 178
  5.3.5 Analyses using complexity metrics for each module......Page 182
  5.3.6 Conclusions for the regarded process......Page 184
 5.4 Conclusion: Structural metrics......Page 186
 6.1 Existing frameworks to facilitate the analysis of a system......Page 188
  6.1.1 Quality Function Deployment and the House of Quality......Page 189
  6.1.2 Goal-Question-Metric......Page 190
  6.1.3 Balanced Scorecard......Page 191
  6.1.4 Directions and requirements......Page 193
 6.2 Systematic access to the structure of a process......Page 194
  6.2.1 Goals and questions of structural process analysis......Page 195
  6.2.2 Allocation of metrics, domains and relationship-types......Page 200
  6.2.3 Identifying structural outliers......Page 202
 6.3 Using and adapting the framework......Page 204
 6.4 Conclusion: S-GQM framework for structural analysis......Page 205
 7.1 Electronic control unit design: General analysis in Automotive Development......Page 206
  7.1.1 Goals and focus of the project......Page 207
  7.1.3 Analysis and findings......Page 210
  7.1.4 Implications and validation......Page 223
  7.1.5 Reflection......Page 225
 7.2 Automotive design process at Audi AG: Analysis of interfaces......Page 226
  7.2.1 Goals and focus of the project......Page 227
  7.2.2 The process model used......Page 228
  7.2.3 Analysis and findings......Page 233
  7.2.4 Implications and validation......Page 238
  7.2.5 Reflection......Page 239
 7.3 Conclusions from the case studies......Page 240
 8.1 Summary of results......Page 241
  8.2.1 Strengths and weaknesses......Page 242
  8.2.2 Implications for industry......Page 245
  8.2.3 Implications for Research......Page 247
9. References......Page 249
10. Appendix......Page 284
 10.1 Structural content of process modeling methodologies......Page 285
  10.1.1 Extended Event-driven Process Chains......Page 286
  10.1.2 Object-oriented Event-driven Process Chains......Page 288
  10.1.3 Integrated Business-Process Modeling (IUM)......Page 289
  10.1.4 Unified Modeling Language......Page 290
  10.1.5 Structured Analysis and Design Technique (SADT) and IDEF 0......Page 291
  10.1.6 Integrated Definition Method......Page 292
  10.1.7 Business Process Modeling Notation......Page 293
  10.1.8 Yet Another Workflow Language......Page 294
  10.1.9 Signposting......Page 295
  10.1.10 Petri-Nets......Page 296
  10.1.11 Process Module Methodology......Page 297
  10.1.12 Program Evaluation and Review Technique (PERT)......Page 298
  10.1.13 OMEGA......Page 299
 10.2 Conversion of a process with logic operators......Page 301
  10.2.1 Rule 1: Resolve all logical connections......Page 302
  10.2.2 Rule 2: Neglect the operators......Page 304
  10.2.3 Rule 3: Translate operators into probabilities......Page 306
  10.2.5 Rule 5: Logic operators as additional entities with their characteristics......Page 307
 10.3 Nesting of Boolean operators......Page 308
 10.4 The complete Structural Process Architecture......Page 310
 10.5 List of structural metrics......Page 311
  10.5.1 Number of domains......Page 312
  10.5.2 Number of nodes......Page 313
  10.5.3 Number of edges......Page 314
 Structural significance......Page 315
  10.5.4 Number of classes......Page 316
  10.5.5 Number of interfaces between domains......Page 317
 Structural significance......Page 318
  10.5.6 Number of edges per node......Page 319
  10.5.7 Relational density......Page 320
 Structural significance......Page 321
  10.5.8 Number of unconnected nodes......Page 322
 Structural significance......Page 323
  10.5.9 Activity / Passivity......Page 324
 Structural significance......Page 325
  10.5.10 Degree correlation (nodes)......Page 326
 Structural significance......Page 327
  10.5.11 Degree correlation (edges)......Page 328
 Structural significance......Page 329
  10.5.12 Degree distribution......Page 330
 Structural significance......Page 331
  10.5.13 Fan criticality......Page 332
 Structural significance......Page 333
  10.5.14 Synchronization points / distribution points......Page 334
 Structural significance......Page 335
  10.5.15 Number of independent sets......Page 336
 Structural significance......Page 337
  10.5.16 Number of reachable nodes......Page 338
  10.5.17 Reachability of a node......Page 339
 Structural significance......Page 340
  10.5.18 Proximity......Page 341
 Structural significance......Page 342
  10.5.19 Relative centrality (based on between-ness)......Page 343
 Structural significance......Page 344
  10.5.20 Node connectivity......Page 345
  10.5.21 Edge connectivity......Page 346
 Structural significance......Page 347
  10.5.22 Number of paths......Page 348
 Structural significance......Page 349
  10.5.23 Path length......Page 350
 Structural significance......Page 351
  10.5.24 Weight of an edge......Page 352
 Structural significance......Page 353
  10.5.25 Centrality of path (based on centrality)......Page 354
 Structural significance......Page 355
  10.5.26 Centrality of path (based on degree)......Page 356
 Structural significance......Page 357
  10.5.27 Degree of progressive oscillation......Page 358
 Structural significance......Page 359
  10.5.28 Height of hierarchy......Page 360
  10.5.29 Width of hierarchy......Page 361
  10.5.30 Tree criticality......Page 362
 Structural significance......Page 363
  10.5.31 Snowball factor......Page 364
 Structural significance......Page 365
  10.5.32 Forerun factor......Page 366
 Structural significance......Page 367
  10.5.33 Tree-robustness......Page 368
  10.5.34 Maximum nesting depth......Page 369
 Structural significance......Page 370
  10.5.35 Number of cliques......Page 371
 Structural significance......Page 372
  10.5.36 Cluster-coefficient (local)......Page 373
 Structural significance......Page 374
  10.5.37 Cluster-coefficient (global)......Page 375
 Structural significance......Page 376
  10.5.38 Module quality 1 (flow of information)......Page 377
  10.5.39 Module quality 2 (compactness)......Page 378
 Structural significance......Page 379
  10.5.40 Number of cycles......Page 380
 Structural significance......Page 381
  10.5.41 Number of cycles per node......Page 382
 Structural significance......Page 383
  10.5.42 Number of cycles per edge......Page 384
 Structural significance......Page 385
  10.5.43 Number of feedbacks......Page 386
  10.5.44 Activation of cycle......Page 387
 Structural significance......Page 388
  10.5.45 Number of starting points for iterations......Page 389
 Structural significance......Page 390
  10.5.46 Iterative oscillation......Page 391
 Structural significance......Page 392
  10.5.47 Bipartite density......Page 393
 Structural significance......Page 394
  10.5.48 Number of organizational interfaces......Page 395
 Structural significance......Page 396
  10.5.49 Cognitive weight......Page 397
  10.5.50 Degree of non-planarity......Page 398
 Structural significance......Page 399
  10.5.51 McCabe Cyclomatic Number......Page 400
  10.5.52 Control-Flow Complexity......Page 401
 Structural significance......Page 402
 10.6 Computability of metrics......Page 403
 10.7 Classification of metrics......Page 405
 10.8 GQM-Framework for metrics......Page 409
 10.9 Complete results of case study 7.2......Page 411
11. Keyword index......Page 414