Competition in Word-Formation

Competition in Word-Formation
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Table of contents
Chapter 1
Towards a competition-based
word-formation theory
	1. Introduction
	2. Fundamental questions
		2.1 Onomasiological and semasiological perspectives
		2.2 Triggers and outcomes of competition
	3. Questions about form
		3.1 Competition between instantiations
		3.2 Competition between morphological processes
		3.3 Form-based resolutions
			3.3.1 The marginalization or total loss of a rivaling form
			3.3.2 Blocking
			3.3.3 Base selection
	4. Questions about meaning
		4.1 Lexical and word-formational semantics
		4.2 The synonymy condition in competition
		4.3 Meaning-based resolutions
			4.3.1 Distinguishing features or contexts of propositional synonymy
			4.3.2 Distinguishing features or contexts of near synonymy and sense synonymy
				4.3.2.1 Lexical semantic features
				4.3.2.2 Syntagmatic contexts
	5. Macro-level competition
		5.1 Macro-level competition in transcategorial change
		5.2 Macro-level competition in other lexical functions of word-formation
		5.3 Macro-level competition beyond the boundaries of word-formation
	6. Concluding remarks
Part 1 Competition in affixation
Chapter 2 A lexicalist approach to affixal rivalry and its explanatory basis
	1. Introduction
	2. Derivational polysemy in the LSF
		2.1 Framework
		2.2 The polysemy question
		2.3 Three theoretical elements to explain the polysemy question
	3. Personal and participant nominalization in English
		3.1 -er and ‑ee
		3.2 LSF analysis
			3.2.1 Transitive-verb-based doublets
			3.2.2 Ditransitive-verb-based doublets
			3.2.3 Morphological correspondence rules
	4. Personal and participant nominalization in Japanese
		4.1 Deverbal nominalization
		4.2 LSF analysis
			4.2.1 Transitive or ditransitive-verb-based ‑te and ‑mono nominalizations
			4.2.2 Intransitive-verb-based ‑te and ‑mono nominalizations
		4.3 Denominal nominalization
		4.4 Interim summary
	5. Base selection
		5.1 Features rather than labels
		5.2 Inclusion rather than mutual exclusion
	6. Conclusion
	Funding
	Acknowledgements
Chapter 3 Actional nominalization in Present-Day English in the light of the Referenced Index of Competition
	1. Introduction
	2. Method
	3. Competition, productivity and nominalization
		3.1 Morphological competition
		3.2 The synchronic status of -ment
	4. The environment of competition in English nominalization
		4.1 The Referenced Index of Competition
		4.2 An assessment of cluster competition through C*
		4.3 General trends and particularities
	5. Conclusions
	Appendix 1. Nominalizations in the sample (by alphabetical order)
Chapter 4 Measuring affix rivalry as a gradient relationship
	1. Introduction
	2. Rivalry and polyfunctionality
	3. Measures of rivalry
		3.1 Quantifying competition
		3.2 Possible measures
			3.2.1 Similarity coefficients
			3.2.2 Complementary indices
	4. Case study
		4.1 Data collection
		4.2 Semantic analysis
		4.3 Results
			4.3.1 General information
			4.3.2 Incidence-based measures
			4.3.3 Abundance-based measures
			4.3.4 Comparison of the different measures
	5. Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
	Supplementary material
Chapter 5 Exploring linguistic competition in English derivatives ending in ‑ie and ‑o through a cognitive-onomasiological approach
	1. Introduction
	2. The scope of study
		2.1 The evaluative suffixes ‑ie and ‑o
		2.2 Affix rivalry, evaluative morphology, and the onomasiological approach
	3. Methodology
		3.1 Stage 1
		3.2 Stage 2
		3.3 Stage 3
	4. Results and discussion
		4.1 Morphosemantic analysis of ‑ie/-o derivatives pertaining to DP1 and DP2
		4.2 An onomasiological analysis of DP1 and DP2 types that are in competition
			4.2.1 The quality model
			4.2.2 The patient model
			4.2.3 The object and action models
			4.2.4 Affixal rivalry through the lens of the prototype approach
	5. Conclusions
Chapter 6 Diminutive formation in Modern Greek
	1. Introduction
	2. The basic characteristics of diminution
	3. Diminution in Modern Greek
	4. Productivity and constraints
		4.1 Nominal suffixes
		4.2 Adjectival suffixes
		4.3 The prefix ipo‑ and prefixoids
		4.4 Summary of the properties of diminutive morphological means
	5. Competition and complementarity
		5.1 Less productive suffixes and “niche productivity”
		5.2 Rivalry between adjectival suffixes and the prefixoid psilo-
		5.3 Affixal rivalry between the prefixoid psilo‑ and the suffix ‑áki
		5.4 Rivalry between suffixation and prefixation
		5.5 Rivalry between affixes and prefixoids
		5.6 Rival prefixoids
		5.7 Interim summary
	6. (Nearly) synonymous diminutives
	7. Conclusion
	Acknowledgments
Part 2 Macro-level competition, the lexicon and its interfaces
Chapter 7 Competition between affixation and conversion in Present-Day English denominal verbs
	1. Introduction
	2. Conversion and affixation in Present-Day English
		2.1 Noun-to-verb conversion
			2.1.1 Definition of conversion and delimitation of its scope
			2.1.2 Semantic specifications of conversion
		2.2 Noun-to-verb affixation
			2.2.1 Prefixation
			2.2.2 Suffixation
	3. Competition between conversion and affixation
		3.1 Competition on a formal level
			3.1.1 Definition of formal competition
			3.1.2 Competition within the onomasiological approach
		3.2 Competition on a semantic level
			3.2.1 Definition of semantic competition
			3.2.2 The issue of synonymy
		3.3 The resolution of competition
		3.4 Previous studies on morphological competition
	4. Hypotheses and methodology
		4.1 Hypothesis and aims of this study
		4.2 Data selection
			4.2.1 Dictionary data
			4.2.2 Corpus data
			4.2.3 Collecting formal doublets
	5. Results and discussion
		5.1 Morphological and etymological features of the base nouns
			5.1.1 Etymology and origin of the simplex inputs
			5.1.2 Morphological analysis of the complex inputs
		5.2 Phonological features of the base nouns
			5.2.1 Number of syllables
			5.2.2 Vowel versus consonant phonemic ending
		5.3 Semantic analysis of the denominal verbs
			5.3.1 Verbal semantics categories
			5.3.2 The semantics of converted and affixed verbs
			5.3.3 The semantics of doublets
			5.3.4 Semantic competition in doublets
	6. Conclusion
Chapter 8 A diachronic perspective on competition in denominal verb formation in Italian
	1. Introduction
	2. Dataset
	3. How nouns surface as verbs in Italian
		3.1 Denominal verbs
		3.2 Denominal verbs
			3.2.1 ‘be (like a) n’
			3.2.2 ‘(make) become (like a) n’
			3.2.3 ‘make n’
				3.2.3.1 ‘make [put, cover oneself in, produce, develop, etc.] n’
				3.2.3.2 ‘make (undergo) [provoke, arouse, cause to acquire, etc.] n’
				3.2.3.3 ‘(cause to) become [bring together, arrange, etc.] a n’
				3.2.3.4 ‘(cause to) become [divide, break into, etc.] n’
			3.2.4 ‘to have [to be in, feel, show, etc.] n’
			3.2.5 Spatial meanings
				3.3.5.1 Locatum
				3.2.5.2 Location
			3.2.6 Instrumental meanings
			3.2.7 Weather verbs
			3.2.8 Mapping between derivational processes and semantic types
	4. Analysis
		4.1 Base nouns and verbal derivation
		4.2 Verb derivatives
			4.2.1 Diachronic distribution and competition at a macro-level
			4.2.2 Diachronic distribution and competition at a micro-level
	5. Conclusions
Chapter 9 Competition of lexicon vs. pragmatics in word formation
	1. Introduction
	2. Lexicon/morphology and pragmatics
	3. Japanese lexical V-V compounds and pragmatics
		3.1 V-V compounds and argument synthesis
		3.2 Simple cases of argument synthesis
		3.3 Complex cases of argument synthesis 1
		3.4 Complex cases of argument synthesis 2
		3.5 Complex cases of argument synthesis 3
		3.6 Summary
	4. Unattractive alternatives
	5. Conclusion
	Acknowledgements
Chapter 10 [N1 + N2], [N + A], and [N1 + de + N2]
	1. Introduction
	2. Internal structure of the three types of construction
		2.1 [N1 + N2]
		2.2 [N1 + A]
		2.3 [N1 + de + N2]
		2.4 Lexical nature of endocentric naming constructions
	3. Theoretical status of the three types of construction
		3.1 Different approaches to compounding
		3.2 The non-restrictive approach
		3.3 The scalar approach
		3.4 The restrictive or lexicalist approach
		3.5 The constructionist approach
		3.6 Analogical formation and conditional productivity of [N1 + N2]
		3.7 Productive constructions with a specific N2
		3.8 Summary
	4. Complementarity and competition
		4.1 [N1 + N2] and [N1 + A]
		4.2 [N1 + N2] with specific N1 and [N1 + A]
		4.3 [N1 + de + N2] vs. [N1 + N2] and/or [N1 + A]
		4.4 Competition with constructions with other prepositions
	5. Conclusion
	Funding
	Acknowledgements
Chapter 11 Revisiting Poser’s (1992) “Blocking of phrasal constructions by lexical items” from the perspective of the economy of language use principle
	1. Introduction
	2. Blocking in the past research
	3. Blocking operates between a word and its periphrasis
		3.1 A few basic facts of the Japanese language
		3.2 Poser’s generalization
	4. Economy of language use
	5. Theoretical implication
	6. Concluding remarks
	Appendix
Index