Compatible Solutes Engineering for Crop Plants Facing Climate Change

Foreword
Contents
Chapter 1: Recent Advances in Plant Adaptation to Climate Change – An Introduction to Compatible Solutes
	1.1 Introduction
	1.2 An Overview of Compatible Solutes Functions in Plants
	1.3 Role of Compatible Solutes in Tolerating Abiotic Stress in Plants
	1.4 Physiological Response of Compatible Solutes in Adaptation to Climate Changes
	1.5 Enhancing Synthesis of Compatible Solutes Through Genetic Engineering
	1.6 Conclusion and Future Prospects of Compatible Solutes in Adapting Climate Changes in Plants
	References
Chapter 2: Osmosensing and Signalling in Plants: Potential Role in Crop Improvement Under Climate Change
	2.1 Introduction
	2.2 Lexicon and Conception of Plant Osmosensing
	2.3 Probe of Plant Osmosensors
		2.3.1 Two-Component System or Membrane-Localized Kinases
		2.3.2 Mechanosensitive (MS) Channels
		2.3.3 Phospholipase C
		2.3.4 Observation of the Cell Wall and Receptor-like Kinases (RLKs)
		2.3.5 Aquaporins
	2.4 Molecular Mechanism of Osmosensing: An Overview
		2.4.1 Osmotic Imbalances Across Cell Membrane
		2.4.2 Increased Cell Membrane Tension
		2.4.3 Changed Integrity of the Cell Wall
	2.5 Osmotic Stress Perception, Sensing, and Signalling in Plants
	2.6 Potential Role in Crop Improvement Under Climate Change
	2.7 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 3: Amino Acids Other Than Proline and Their Participation in Abiotic Stress Tolerance
	3.1 Introduction
	3.2 Drought and Salinity Tolerance
		3.2.1 Endogenous Accumulation
		3.2.2 Amino Acid Biosynthetic Genes and Their Use in Engineering Plant Drought and Salt Tolerance
		3.2.3 Exogenous Application
	3.3 Temperature Stress Tolerance
		3.3.1 Endogenous Accumulation
		3.3.2 Amino Acid Biosynthetic Genes and Their Use in Engineering Plant Heat and Cold Tolerance
		3.3.3 Exogenous Application
	3.4 Tolerance to Other Abiotic Stresses
		3.4.1 Endogenous Accumulation
		3.4.2 Amino Acid Biosynthetic Genes and Their Use in Engineering Plant Tolerance to Other Abiotic Stresses
		3.4.3 Exogenous Application
	3.5 Amino Acid–Based Biostimulants and Abiotic Stress Tolerance
	3.6 Concluding Remarks
	References
Chapter 4: Engineering Glycine Betaine Biosynthesis in Alleviating Abiotic Stress Effects in Plants
	4.1 Introduction
	4.2 Osmoprotectants
		4.2.1 Mechanism of Osmoprotectant Action
		4.2.2 Osmoprotectant Accumulation in Response to Adverse Environmental Conditions
			4.2.2.1 Proline
			4.2.2.2 GB and Polyamines
			4.2.2.3 Sugar and Sugar Alcohols
				Mannitol
				Trehalose
	4.3 Glycine Betaine
		4.3.1 Biosynthesis of GB
			4.3.1.1 Comparative Analysis of the GB Biosynthetic Pathway
		4.3.2 Glycine Betaine: Targets for Metabolic Engineering Toward Enhancing Stress Tolerance
			4.3.2.1 Exogenous Application of GB
			4.3.2.2 Spatial and Temporal Distribution of GB in Plants Under Abiotic Stress
			4.3.2.3 GB Biosynthetic Genes Tailored for Improved Plant Stress Tolerance
		4.3.3 Transgenic Plants Engineered to Synthesize GB for Enhanced Tolerance to Stress
			4.3.3.1 Rice (Oryza sativa)
			4.3.3.2 Arabidopsis thaliana
			4.3.3.3 Tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum)
			4.3.3.4 Potato (Solanum tuberosum)
			4.3.3.5 Wheat (Triticum aestivum)
			4.3.3.6 Maize (Zea mays)
			4.3.3.7 Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)
		4.3.4 Mechanisms of Protection Against the Damaging Effects of Stress
			4.3.4.1 Protective Effect of GB in Reproductive Organs of Plants Under Abiotic Stress
			4.3.4.2 Protection of the Photosynthetic Machinery and Detoxification of ROS During Abiotic Stress
		4.3.5 GB-Induced Expression of Specific Genes
	4.4 Limitations to the Engineering of the GB Biosynthetic Pathway
	4.5 Methods to Overcome Limitations
	4.6 Conclusion
	4.7 Future Prospects
	References
Chapter 5: Improvement of Abiotic Stress Tolerance by Modulating Polyamine Pathway in Crop Plants
	5.1 Introduction
	5.2 Different Form and Types of Polyamines
	5.3 Polyamines Biosynthetic Pathways in Plants
	5.4 Polyamines Catabolism
	5.5 The Functional Role of Polyamines at the Cellular Level and During the Developmental Stage
	5.6 Role of Polyamines Within Plants During Abiotic Stress
		5.6.1 Functional Role During High-Temperature Stress
		5.6.2 Functional Role During Cold and Chilling Stress
		5.6.3 Functional Role During Water and Drought Stress
	5.7 Genetic Engineering of Polyamines Pathways for Abiotic Stress Tolerance
	5.8 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
	References
Chapter 6: Engineering Fructan Biosynthesis Against Abiotic Stress
	6.1 Introduction
	6.2 What Is Abiotic Stress?
		6.2.1 Drought Stress
		6.2.2 Heat Stress
		6.2.3 Chilling Stress
		6.2.4 Salt Stress
		6.2.5 Heavy Metal Toxicity
			6.2.5.1 Cadmium (Cd)
			6.2.5.2 Mercury (Hg)
			6.2.5.3 Lead (Pb)
			6.2.5.4 Arsenic (As)
		6.2.6 Oxidative Stress
		6.2.7 Signal Transduction Pathways
	6.3 Mechanism Evolved by the Plants to Combat Abiotic Stress
	6.4 Molecular Mechanisms of Plants During the Abiotic Stress
	6.5 Sugar and Its Role in Growth and Development as Well as Abiotic Stress
		6.5.1 Sugar Response to Abiotic Stress
		6.5.2 Sugar-Associated Gene Regulation in the Abiotic Stress
		6.5.3 Fructan and Its Biosynthesis Mechanism and Metabolism
			6.5.3.1 Biosynthesis of Fructan
			6.5.3.2 Role of Fructan in Different Forms of Abiotic Stress
	6.6 Fructan Bioengineering
	6.7 Breeding Approaches
	6.8 Examples of the Utilization of Genes in the Crop Improvement Program
	6.9 Transgenic Approaches
	6.10 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
Chapter 7: The γ-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA) Towards Abiotic Stress Tolerance
	7.1 Introduction
	7.2 GABA Shunt and GABA Metabolism
	7.3 GABA: Significance Under Abiotic Environmental Constraints
		7.3.1 Salt Stress
		7.3.2 Drought Stress
		7.3.3 Temperature Stress
		7.3.4 Heavy Metal Stress
	7.4 Conclusion and Prospects
	References
Chapter 8: Sugar Alcohols and Osmotic Stress Adaptation in Plants
	8.1 Introduction
	8.2 Sugar Alcohols (Polyols)
		8.2.1 Mannitol or Mannitol
		8.2.2 Sorbitol
		8.2.3 Inositol or Myo-Inositol
	8.3 Metabolism of Sugar Alcohols
	8.4 Osmotic Stress in Plants
	8.5 Sugar Alcohols in Osmotic Stress Adaptation
	8.6 Sugar Alcohols in Transformation Studies
	8.7 Conclusion and Future Outlook
	References
Chapter 9: Cross-talk of Compatible Solutes with Other Signalling Pathways in Plants
	9.1 Introduction
	9.2 Signalling Cascades for Osmolytes Production
	9.3 Compatible Solutes
	9.4 Molecular Mechanism to Understand Cross-Talk
		9.4.1 Glycine Betaine Biosynthesis
	9.5 Glycine Betaine and Hormone Response
	9.6 Proline Biosynthesis
	9.7 Proline and Hormone Response
	9.8 Ethylene Role in Stress Signalling
	9.9 Carbohydrates
	9.10 Sugar as a Signalling Molecule
	9.11 Amino Acids
	9.12 Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid (GABA)
	9.13 Conclusions
	References
Chapter 10: Effect and Importance of Compatible Solutes in Plant Growth Promotion Under Different Stress Conditions
	10.1 Introduction
	10.2 Plant Growth and Stress
	10.3 Stress and Its Types
		10.3.1 Abiotic Stressors of Plants
		10.3.2 Cold or Freezing
		10.3.3 Drought Stress
		10.3.4 Salt Stress
		10.3.5 Heat Stress
		10.3.6 Plant Under Biotic Stress
	10.4 Role of Compatible Solute on the Growth of the Plant in Stress
	10.5 Types of Compatible Solutes
		10.5.1 Amino Acid
		10.5.2 Sugars
		10.5.3 Phosphodiester
		10.5.4 Polyols
	10.6 Conclusion
	References
Chapter 11: Compatible Solute Engineering: An Approach for Plant Growth Under Climate Change
	11.1 Introduction
	11.2 Compatible Solutes
	11.3 Polyols
	11.4 Different Approaches Involved in Engineering
	11.5 Role of Compatible Solutes in Plant Growth
	11.6 Effect of Climate Change on Plant Growth
	11.7 Role of Compatible Solutes Engineering in Plant Growth under Climatic Stress
	11.8 Disadvantages
	11.9 Future Prospects
	11.10 Conclusion
	References
Index